Endocrine

Heart

What produces atrial natriurectic peptide which reduces blood pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium concentration?

Skin

What produces cholecalciferol, the precusor of vitamin D?

Hormones

What regulates the metabolic function of other cells (target cells)?

G protein

What regulatory protein that is mostly amino acid based is involved in Second Messengers?

Placenta

What releases hormones that influence the course of pregnancy?

Adipose tissue

What releases leptin, which is involved in the sensation of satiety, and stimulates increased energy expenditure?

Kidneys

What secretes erythropoietin, which signals the production of red blood cells?

Nervous

What system can modify both "turn on" factors (humoral, neural, hormonal) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) that effect the endocrine system?

Hormones

What tend to have prolonged effects?

Steroid

What type of hormone is involved in Direct gene activation?

Blood glucose level feedback

When levels rise: beta cells secrete insulin, stimulates transport of glucose across all cell membranes and use by all tissues When levels decline: alpha cells secrete glucagon, stimulates glycogen breakdown and release by liver, switch to other methods of nutrition in most tissues

Sympathetic Nervous system

When under stress, the body needs more glucose. The hypothalamus and what system are activated to supply ample glucose?

Posterior pituitary

Which area of the brain is made of axons of hypothalamic neurons and stores ADH and Oxytocin?

Islets of Langerhans

Which cells in the pancreas produce hormones (endocrine product)?

Pineal gland

Which endocrine gland is a small gland hanging from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain?

Thyroid

Which endocrine gland is composed of follicles that produce the glycoprotein thyroglobulin?

Thymus

Which endocrine gland is extensive in children, but small and fibrotic in adults?

Thymus

Which endocrine gland is located deep to the sternum in the thorax?

Pancreas

Which endocrine gland is triangular, has both exocrine and endocrine cells and is located behind the stomach?

Adrenal Glands

Which endocrine glands are paired, pyramid-shaped organs atop the kidneys?

Adrenal Glands

Which endocrine glands are structurally and functionally, two glands in one?

Parathyroid glands

Which gland has cells arranged in cords containing oxyphil and chief cells?

Adrenal Medulla

Which gland is made up of chromaffin cells that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Pineal gland

Which gland secretes melatonin?

Pancreas and gonads

Which glands produce both hormones and exocrine products?

Mineralocorticoids

Which group of hormones regulates the electrolyte concentration of extracellular fluids?

TH

Which hormone consists of two closely related iodine-containing compounds?

GH

Which hormone encourages liver breakdown of glycogen?

GH

Which hormone encourages the use of fats for fuel?

PTH

Which hormone enhances the reabsorption of CA2++ and the secretion of phosphate by the kidneys?

TH

Which hormone has mechanisms of activity that are similar to steroids?

T4

Which hormone has two tyrosine molecules plus four bound iodine atoms?

T3

Which hormone has two tyrosines with three bound iodine atoms?

ADH

Which hormone helps to avoid dehydration or water overload by preventing urine formation?

PTH

Which hormone increases absorption of CA2++ by intestinal mucosal cells?

GH

Which hormone increases sulfur uptake for chondroitin sulfate synthesis?

ADH

Which hormone influences water balance?

Calcitonin

Which hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates Ca++ uptake into bone?

Glucagon

Which hormone is a 29-amino-acid polypeptide hormone that is a potent hyperglycemic agent?

Oxytocin

Which hormone is a strong stimulant of uterine contraction?

Calcitonin

Which hormone is an antagonist to the parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

TH

Which hormone is concerned with increasing metabolic rate and heat production?

ADH

Which hormone is goverened by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus that monitor the solute concentrations of the blood?

PRL

Which hormone is inhibited by PIH?

Melatonin

Which hormone is involved with Day/Night cycles, physiological processes that show rhythmic variations (body temperature, sleep, appetite)?

Calcitonin

Which hormone is produced by the parafollicular cells of the Thyroid gland?

TH

Which hormone is regulated by negative feedback?

TH

Which hormone is the body's major metabolic hormone?

Aldosterone

Which hormone is the most important mineralocorticoid?

Oxytocin

Which hormone leads to increased intensity of uterine contractions, ending in birth?

Calcitonin

Which hormone lowers blood calcium levels in children, but is not very effective in adults?

Insulin

Which hormone lowers blood sugar levels, enhances transport of glucose into body cells, and counters metabolic activity that would enhance blood glucose levels (lipolysis)?

Aldosterone

Which hormone maintains Na+ balance by reducing excretion of sodium and increasing reabsorption of Na+ by the kidneys?

TH

Which hormone plays a role in maintaining blood pressure, regulating tissue growth, developing skeletal and nervous system, and maturation and reproductive capabilities?

Glucagon

Which hormone promotes glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to glucose), gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates), and release of glucose to the blood from liver cells?

Cortisol

Which hormone provokes gluconeogenesis and raises blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids?

PTH

Which hormone regulates calcium balance in the blood?

PTH

Which hormone stimulate osteoclasts to digest bone matrix?

FSH

Which hormone stimulates gamete (egg or sperm) production?

LH

Which hormone stimulates gonadal hormones?

GH

Which hormone stimulates most cells, but targets bone and skeletal muscle?

Oxytocin

Which hormone stimulates smooth muscle contraction in breasts and uterus?

ACTH

Which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids (glucocorticoids)?

GH

Which hormone stimulates uptake of amino acids and incorporates into cellular protein?

Oxytocin

Which hormone triggers milk ejection ("letdown" reflex) in women producing milk?

PRL

Which hormone, in females, stimulates milk production by the breast?

in the plasma membrane of the liver

epinephrine binds to receptors where

Adrenaline

epinephrine is also known as

water soluble

epinephrine is what type of hormone water soluble or lipid-soluble

Which of the formed elements contains hemoglobin and transports respiratory gases?

erythrocytes

Specifically, what is the production of red blood cells called?

erythropoiesis

____________-and progesterone are hormones that are responsible for development and function of female reproductive system, sex characteristcs, menstrual cycle, etc.

estrogen

What hormones secreted by gonads

estrogen progesterone testosterone

ovary hormones

estrogens, progestins, inhibin

Acromegaly:

excessive bone and cartilage growth, facial abnormalities, large hands and feet Growth hormone: pituitary gland itself Somatostatin: block hormone release

polyphagia

excessive hunger

This ______________phase of the stress response begins if the stress lasts for a few hours. Dominant hormones are glucocorticoids. Energy demands remain high, but Glycogen reserves nearly exhausted.

resistance

thymus

resistance to disease

Progesterone

responsible for the maintenance of the uterus

RIFLE

risk of injury injury type failure loss of function eskd

crin/o

secrete

neurohormones

secreted by specialized cells of the brain

testosterone

secreted by the testicles, stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics

Pineal Gland

secretes melatonin in inverse proportion to sunlight, regulates circadian rhythms

How many oxygen molecules can be transported by one hemoglobin molecule?

four

adren/o-

gland

endocrine glands

glands which secrete hormones

In the pancreatic islets, Alpha cells secrete ______________, which raises blood sugar

glucagon

Low blood glucose will stimulate the release of _________ (think pancreas)

glucagon

________________affect glucose, homeostasis, and cortisol. They are from the adrenal cortex.

glucocorticoids

glyc/o-

glucose, sugar

Together GhRH/GhIH regulate which hormone?

hGH

pituitary gland

hangs from the infudibulum below the hypothalamus and functions to secrete hormones that control the activity of other endocrine glands (master gland)

virile

having the nature, properties, or qualities of an adult male

Heart

natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) kidney, hypothalamus, adrenal gland increase water and salt loss at kindeys; decrease thirst, suppress secretion of ADH and aldosterone Produces natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) when blood volume becomes excessive Oppose renin-angiotensin system by reducing blood volume and blood pressure Kidneys cannot work if the blood pressure is too LOW But the heart cannot pump if the blood pressure is too HIGH

myopia

nearsighted

Most hormonal regulation is by __________ ____________

negative feedback

Nervous system VS Endocrine system -Faster responses, briefer effects, acts on specific target. -Important for short term crisis mgmt

nervous sytem

Endocrine and Nervous Systems

nervous: crisis management (short lived effects) endocrine system (longer term changes) in physiology and behavior. Coordinates cellular activity on a large scale but is unable to handle split second responses

hypothalamic relationship with pituitary gland (posterior)

neurons in the hypothalamus extend down to the posterior pituitary gland, which is a storage area for hypothalamic hormones

The most abundant leukocytes are __________.

neutrophils

Granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain specifically (acidic, basic, or both) with Wright's stain Are larger and usually shorter-lived than RBCs Have lobed nuclei Are all phagocytic cells

phagocytic WBC

neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes

post oliguric

not fully recovered urine increased intrarenal AKI

hypogonadism

the condition of deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands

gynecomastia

the condition of excessive mammary development in the male

hypergonadism

the condition of excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands

hyperinsulinism

the condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream

puberty

the condition of first being capable of reproducing sexually

glycogen

the form in which the liver stores the excess glucose

the anterior pituitary gland

the growth hormone is secreted by which gland

gonads

ovaries in females and testicles in males; gamete-producing glands

hyperparathyroidism

the overproduction of the parathyroid hormone (PTH), causing the condition known as hypercalcemia

Which hormone promotes milk ejection in the mammary glands following childbirth. (hint. it also stimulates contractions)

oxytocin

posterior pituitary hormones

oxytocin and ADH

pancreatalgia

pain in the pancreas

What organ lies between inferior border of stomach and proximal portion of small intestine and produces digestive enzymes and hormones.

pancreas

pancreatic/o-

pancreas

This is usually 4 pea sized glands embedded in lobes of thyroid glands. The principal cells produce PTH which raises blood calcium levels by increasing osteoclast activity

parathyroid

parathyroid/o-

parathyroid

parathyroid gland hormones

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

hormones the parathyroid gland secretes?

parathyroid hormone (PTH) calcitonin

Anatomy and hormones of anterior pituitary

pars distalis (TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, GH) large bulbous region pars tuberalis pars intermedia (MSH)

hyperpituitarism

pathology resulting in the excessive secretion by the anterior lobe of the ituitary gland

oral glucose tolerance test

performed to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and to aid in diagnosing hypoglycemia

prerenal causes

perfusion to kidney obstruction of kidney decrease BP decreased HR diuretics edema acites fever VD (vomit, diarrhea) NVD kidney functions normally, but not enough blood

Hyperinsulinism

What is the term for excessive insulin secretion that results in hypoglycemia?

Receptors

What may be intracellular or located on the plasma membrane?

Ovary

What organ in the abdominopelvic cavity of females produce estrogens and progesterone?

Cortex

What part of the Adrenal gland synthesizes and releases steroid hormones called corticosteroids?

the hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin releasing hormone(TSH0 which cause the anterior pituitary gland to secret a thyroid stimulating hormone.

what happens if thyroid hormone drops in the blood

the anterior pituitary gland continues to secrete TSH which causes the thyroid to enlarge

what happens when there are low level of thyroid hormone

it inhibits a response that reduces the initial stimulus, this prevents something excessive form occurring. An example would be the release of acid into the stomach.

what is a negative feedback and an example

DES, it can disrupt estrogen which can lead to vaginal cancer, miscarriage and other complications

what is an example of a endocrine disruptor and what does it do

epinephrine when being use in fight or flight

what is an example of a multiple response hormone

the sucking of a baby which stimulate the production of milk

what is an example of a simple neuroendocrine pathway

salivary glands, and they carry secreted substances into body surfaces and body cavities

what is an example of exocrine glands and what do they do

prostaglandins and play fiction in the immune system

what is an example of local regulators and what fuction do they play.

liver, and liver responds to GH by releasing insulin like growth factors this stimulates bone and cartilage growth

what is an organ that is influenced by the growth hormone and how does it work

decreases the level of Ca in the blood by stimulating depositions in bones and secretion by kidneys

what is calcitonin

reinforces a stimulus to produce an even greater response. An example would be the suckling of a baby, child birth

what is positive feedback and an example

it can function as local regulator and neurotransmitter

what is so special about nitric oxide in the body

thyroid hormone

what is the only iodine-containing molecule that is synthesized in the body

increases blood flow to tissues

what is vasodilation

the pituitary gland composed of the posterior pituitary gland and the anterior pituitary gland

what to glands are related to the hypothalamus

Neurotransmitters

what type of molecules are used in synaptic signaling

Paracrine and Autocrine

what type of signaling play roles in blood pressure, nervous system, and reproduction

paracrine and autocrine signaling

what type of signaling use local regulators.

What is the target organ(s) for ACTH?

adrenal cortex

Posterior pituitary lobe

What is a downgrowth of hypothalamic neural tissue?

gamete

a reproductive cell, sperm in the male and ova (eggs) in the female

Hormones

Inducing secretory activity in target cells is a cellular change produced by what?

prerenal

decreased perfusion to kidney obstruction increased kidney

Acetezolamide (Diamox)

decreases production of aqueous humor; a side effects: Gastric distress

In _______ diabetes, no insulin is produced.

type 1

In______ diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin.

type 2

Fourth

Ca2 opens calcium channels or binds calmodulin is what step in the PIP2-Calcium signaling mechanism?

parathyroid

Calcium absorption

POMC

What is a prohormone that has been isolated from the pituitary and is enzymatically split into ACTH, opiates, and MSH?

Pituitary gland

What is a two-lobed organ that secretes nine major hormones?

Blood glucose levels

What is one example of the Nervous system overriding normal endocrine controls?

Endocrine System

What is the body's second great controlling system?

endocrine and neuroendocrine signaling

what are the only 2 signaling types that use the bloodstream

polypeptides, steroids, amines

what are the three major classes of hormones

androgens, estrogen, progesterone

what are the three sex hormones

hypothalamus

what coordinates endocrine signaling

it makes and relates hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus

what does the anterior pituitary gland do

it stores and secrete hormones made in the hypotahlamus

what does the posterior pituitary gland do

it releases a thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland

what does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) do

Thyroid gland

What is the largest endocrine gland, located in the anterior neck, consisting of two lateral lobes connected by a median tissue mass called the isthmus?

Liver

What is the major target for Glucagon?

Adenohypophysis

What is the name for the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that is composed of glandular tissue and release a number of hormones?

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

What is the name for the nerve bundle that connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland?

Neurohypophysis

What is the name for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neural tissue) together with the indundibulum?

ADH

With high solutes, which hormone is synthesized and release, thus preserving water?

ADH

With low solutes, which hormone is not released, thus causing water loss from the body?

Three types of hormones

1) amino acid/peptide derived

Where does the hormone come from? -Eicosanoids like leukotrienes and prostaglandins A) Placenta B) Stomach C) Adipose (fat) D) All body cells

D

Hematocrit

(packed cell volume, PCV): percentage of RBCs in centrifuged whole blood male: 40-54 (avg = 46) female: 37-47 (avg = 42)

Adrenal Glands

-Cortex (outside) -Medulla (inside) Regulates sodium and electrolyte balance; affects carbohydrate, fat, protein metabolism; influences development of sexual characteristics; sustains fight-or-flight response

retinal detachment

-TRAUMA most frequent cause -sudden visual disturbances -flashes of light -blurred vision w/ floaters

thyroid

-energy and metabolism

cataract

-gradual clouding/blurred vision -halos around objects -diplopia -photophobia

Endocrine System consists of...

-hypothalamus -thyroid -pancreas -ovaries -pituitary -parathyroid -thymus -adrenal glands

macular degeneration

-no cure -aka Age related (see perhipial but not straight) -safety concerns -AMD -#1 cause of vision loss in people over 60 (dry vs wet) dry more common -distortion of straight lines -gradual haziness -progresses to dark circle in center

blood disease nomenclature

-penia (poverty): too little of a cell type in the blood -cytosis: too much of a cell type in the blood -emia: refering to the presence of something (anything) in the blood

nystagmus

-rapid eye movement

macular degeneration causes

-smokers -diabetic -HTSN

Which blood type is the best in emergency settings (hint: which type can be given to anyone?) Which blood type is the lucky one that can receive blood from any donor?

0 negative: no antigens, no antibodies have anything against it: no antigens, no one else have issues receiving no antibodies cause any issues with it. Universal donor. Receiving blood you can only taken O negative blood, none from anyone else AB positive you can take any blood type no antibodies against any blood type

Inhibition of adenylate cyclase

1) G protein 2) PDE activated- phosphodiesterase 3) cAMP to AMP 4) reduction in cAMP leads to reduced enzyme activity examples; epinephrine and norepinephrine receptors

mechanism for T3/T4 release

1) TSH sensitive ion pump lets iodide into thyroid gland 2) diffusion of iodide into follicule 3) enters follicle 4) thyroglobulin contain follicle transported to cell membrane via endocytosis 5) lysosomal digestion of thyroglubulin, transported back to follicle and recycled 6) t4/T3 diffused into blood stream

5 types of WBCs

1. Neutrophils 2. Lympocytes 3. Monocytes 4. Eosinophils 5. Basophils Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

posterior pituitary hormones

1.)synthesize antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates physiology and behvior 2.) oxytocin regulates milk secretion by the mammmary glands

post renal

2 wks to a year may never return to normal

Monocytes

2-8% of circulating WBCs Are large and spherical Enter peripheral tissues and become macrophages Phagocytes that engulf large particles and pathogens Secrete substances that attract immune system cells and fibroblasts to injured area

What is the average normal pH range of blood?

7.35-7.45

oliguric phase

8-15 days progressive decrease urine output dialysis may be required decreased GFR part of intrarenal AKI

GFR

90-120 60-89 stage 1 30-59 stage 2 less than 15 stage 5

Anterior pituitary hormones -Target of this hormone is: Thyroid gland -Effect: Secrete thyroid hormones T3 and T4 A) TSH B) ACTH C) FSH/LH

A

Hormone activity -Excess hormone, produces a decrease in number of receptors, receptors undergo endocytosis and are degraded, decreases sensitivity of target cell to hormone A) Down regulation B) Up regulation C) Paracrine local D) Autocrine local

A

Hormones from anterior pituitary -Promotes milk secretion by mammary glands A) PRL B) ACTH C) MSH

A

Hormones from anterior pituitary -Stimulate synthesis and secretion of 1 or more hormones at anterior lobe A) Releasing hormones B) Inhibiting hormones

A

Hormones from anterior pituitary -Stimulates secretion of insulin like growth factors that promote growth, protein synthesis A) hGH B) TSH C) FSH D) LH

A

Identify the thyroid gland. Select from letters A-D.

A

Regulating hGH -Low blood sugar triggers the release of __________from the hypothalamus which leads to increase hGH A) GNRH B) GHIH C) Low blood sugar D) High blood sugar

A

The adrenal Medulla secretes: -Potent stimulator of heart and metabolic activities A) Epinephrine B) Norepinephrine

A

Two kinds of glands -Ducted A) Exocrine b) Endocrine

A

Where does the hormone come from? -Atrial naturetic peptide A) Heart B) Skin C) Kidneys D) Liver

A

Where does the hormone come from? -Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) A) Placenta B) Stomach C) Adipose (fat) D) All body cells

A

Hormones from anterior pituitary -Tropic hormone, stimulates glucocorticoid secretion by adrenal cortex A) PRL B) ACTH C) MSH

B

Pancreas

A unique gland with both exocrine and endocrine functions Exocrine: acinar cells produce enzymes for digestion Endocrine: islet cells produce hormones for blood glucose regulation Lies between inferior border of stomach and proximal portion of small intestine

A liver cell responds to insulin by A) Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen. B) Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon. C) Releasing glucagon. D) Releasing insulin. E) Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose.

A) Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the anterior pituitary, which has traditionally been called the "master endocrine gland." A) True B) False

A) True

Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins? A) activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP B) activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of phospholipase C, activation of DAG and IP3 C) activation of a G protein, tyrosine kinase receptor, phosphorylation of intracellular proteins

A) activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor? A) chaperone proteins [chaperonins] B) receptors can't enter the nucleus until the hormone is bound to it C) transcription factors

A) chaperone proteins [chaperonins]

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen? A) decreased insulin secretion B) decreased cardiac output C) decreased or difficulty breathing D) decreased sweating

A) decreased insulin secretion

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. A) hypophyseal portal system B) feedback loop C) general circulatory system D) hepatic portal system

A) hypophyseal portal system

What type of hormone bind to receptors located on the cell membrane? A) water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine B) lipid- soluble hormones, such as thyroid hormones and cortisol

A) water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine

Blood typing

ABO and Rh factor A has surface antigen A B has surface antigen B AB has both antigens A and B O has neither A nor B A has type B antibodies B has type A antibodies O has both A and B antibodies AB has neither A nor B antibodies

CRH is released to stimulate the anterior pituitary to release what hormone?

ACTH

Adenohypophysis

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) is produced by a chemical signal sent by the Hypothalamus to where?

Adrenal cortex

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) receptors are only found on certain cells in what area of this organ?

This hormone from the posterior pituitary will decrease urine, and sweat production, and work to increase blood pressure.

ADH

Hypothalamus

ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) is synthesized by the nuclei of what?

Hypothalamus

ADH and Oxytocin are synthesized in what area of the brain?

GH

All anterior pituitary hormones affect their target cells via a cAMP second messenger except which hormone?

hypothalamus

ADH, oxytocin (via posterior pituitary gland) and regulatory hormones secretes regulatory hormones (releasing hormones) to the anterior pituitary, which then releases stimulating hormones (tropic hormones) PRF - prolactin-releasing factor TRH - thyrotropin-releasing hormone CRH - corticotropin-releasing hormone GnRH - gonadotropin-releasing hormone GH-RH - growth hormone-releasing hormones

endocrine system is part of the::

ANS autonomic nervous system

Effects of TSH

Absence causes thyroid follicles to become inactive: neither synthesis nor secretion occur When present, binds to membrane receptors in thyroid Stimulates iodide transport into cells Stimulates thyroglobulin production Stimulates release of T3 and T4 Major factor in the rate of Thyroid hormone release is TSH concentration in circulating blood

5 Effects of insulin

Accelerates glucose uptake (all cells) Accelerates glucose utilization and enhanced ATP production Stimulates glycogen formation Stimulates amino acid absorption and protein synthesis Stimulates triglyceride formation in adipose tissue

Third

Activated G protein activates the effector enzyme adenylate cyclase is what step in the cAMP Second Messenger signaling mechanism?

Hormones

Activating or deactivating enzymes systems in target cells is a cellular change produced by what?

Fourth

Adenylate cyclase generates cAMP (second messengers) from ATP is what step in the cAMP Second Messenger signaling mechanism?

Second Messenger Hormones: activation of adenylate cyclase

Adenylate cyclase is activated 1) G protein is activated when a hormone binds to a receptor 2) adenylate cyclase activated 3) cAMP acts as a second messenger 4) activates kinase which opens ion channels and activates enzymes (examples: epinephrine and norepinephrine, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, ADH, ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH, glucagon)

Hormones

Adipose cells, pockets of cells in the walls of the small intestines, stomach, kidney, and the heart are other organs and tissues that produce what?

RB Fate

After 100-120 days: 10% hemolyze in the blood 90% removed by macrophages in the spleen (especially), the liver and the bone marrow and heme is recycled: heme degraded to biliverdin (green) biliverdin converted to bilirubin (yellowish) Bilirubin leaves Mphage, binds to albumin, tranported to liver for excretion in bile (high levels of bilirubin in jaundice) In colon, bacteria convert bilirubin to urobilinogens and stercobilinogens - colors feces Some is absorbed into circulation and eliminated by kidneys in urine - colors urine

Insulin

After glucose enters the cell, which hormone triggers enzymatic activity that catalyzes the oxidation of glucose for ATP production, polymerizes glucose to form glycogen, and coverts glucose to fat (particularly in adipose tissue)?

The ____________phase of the stress response is dominated by the hormone epinephrine, this is the "fight or flight" response. An immediate response to stress directed by the ANS

Alarm

Plasma Proteins

Albumins (60%): major component of osmotic pressure of plasma Transport proteins for fatty acids, thyroid hormones, steroid hormones Globulins (35%): antibodies (immunoglobulins) and transport proteins: hormone-binding proteins metalloproteins apolipoproteins (lipoproteins) steroid-binding proteins Fibrinogens (4%)-functions in blood clotting (form fibrin) Others (1%) including hormones

ADH

Alcohol inhibits the release of which hormone and causes copious urine output?

Eosinophils

Also called acidophils 2-4% of circulating WBCs Attack large parasites by excreting toxic compounds Sensitive to allergens Control inflammation with enzymes that counteract inflammatory effects of neutrophils and mast cells

neutrophils

Also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes 50-70% of circulating WBCs Pale cytoplasm granules with lysosomal enzymes and bactericides (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide) Phagocytes that are the first to attack bacteria, engulf and digest pathogens with defensins Release prostaglandins and leukotrienes (inflammation and alarm call) Form pus

Growth Hormone details

Also called somatotropin Stimulates cell growth and replication throughout the body, promote protein synthesis Causes liver to release somatomedins, which act on many cells too and mediate the majority of GH effects Production regulated by 2 hypothalamic hormones: growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH) growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GH-IH) also called somatostatin Dual negative feedback: on itself and an additional layer that inhibits its release.

General Adaptation Syndrome

Also called stress response How bodies respond to stress-causing factors GAS divided into 3 phases: alarm phase immediate response to stress directed by ANS Dominant hormone is epinephrine ("Fight or flight") Energy reserves mobilized (glucose) resistance phase Entered if stress lasts longer than few hours Dominant hormones are glucocorticoids Energy demands remain high Glycogen reserves nearly exhausted after several hours of stress exhaustion phase homeostatic regulation breaks down Mineral imbalance Failure of one or more organ systems will prove fatal

Hormones

Altering plasma membrane permeability or potential (open/close ion channels) in target cells is a cellular change produced by what?

Amino acid based

Amines and thyroxine (tyrosine), peptide, and protein hormones belong to what class of hormones?

hyopthalamic relationship with pituitary gland (anterior)

Anterior: hypothalamus secretes hormones to the capillary bed on the anterior pituitary, which stimulate the release of those hormones (there are two capillary beds, one primary capillary plexus, and then a secondary capillary plexus on the anterior pituitary. median eminence contains a capillary bed with fenestrated capillaries. First bed: oxygen, picks up hormones second bed delivers hormones most hormones are out of the blood by the second capillary bed and do not go into the blood stream

Hormones

Autocrines and Paracrines are not considered what since they are not long-distance chemical signals?

Anterior pituitary hormones -Target:Adrenal Cortex -Effect:Glucocorticoid secretion (cortisol/corticosterone) A) TSH B) ACTH C) FSH/LH

B

Hormone activity -Deficiency of hormone produces an increase in the number of receptors, target tissue more sensitive to the hormone A) Down regulation B) Up regulation C) Paracrine local D) Autocrine local

B

Hormones from anterior pituitary -Prevents synthesis and secretion of hormones from anterior lobe A) Releasing hormones B) Inhibiting hormones

B

Hormones from anterior pituitary -Tropic hormone that stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid A) hGH B) TSH C) FSH D) LH

B

Regulating hGH -When the blood sugar is high, ___________is released from the hypothalamus, it results in decreased hGH A) GNRH B) GHIH C) Low blood sugar D) High blood sugar

B

The adrenal Medulla secretes: -Influential on peripheral vasoconstriction and BP A) Epinephrine B) Norepinephrine

B

Two kinds of glands -Ductless, secrete products into interstitial fluid, diffuse into blood A) Exocrine b) Endocrine

B

Where does the hormone come from? -Gastrin, cholecystokinin A) Placenta B) Stomach C) Adipose (fat) D) All body cells

B

Where does the hormone come from? -Initiates synthesis of calcitrol---> vitamin D A) Heart B) Skin C) Kidneys D) Liver

B

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor? A) cortisol B) ADH (vasopressin) C) angiotensin II D) aldosterone

B) ADH (vasopressin)

What is the target organ of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)? Select from letters A-D. A) A. Hypothalamus B) B. Anterior pituitary C) C. Thyroid gland D) D. Target cells

B) B. Anterior pituitary

A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. A) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males. B) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. C) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH. D) A hormone made in the adenohypophysis cannot influence fertility.

B) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________. A) hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene B) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers C) peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers D) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit

B) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones? A) prolactin (PRL) B) GH (growth hormone) C) oxytocin D) thyroid hormones

B) GH (growth hormone)

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones? A) phosphorylation of intracellular proteins B) activation of genes, which increase protein synthesis in the cell C) increasing protein kinases

B) activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress? A) cortisol B) epinephrine C) aldosterone D) ADH (vasopressin)

B) epinephrine

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called A) negative feedback. B) homeostasis. C) positive feedback. diabetes. D) None of the above.

B) homeostasis.

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized? A) posterior pituitary B) hypothalamus C) anterior pituitary D) kidney

B) hypothalamus

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex? A) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B) oxytocin C) cortisol

B) oxytocin

Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone? A) phospholipase C B) phosphodiesterase C) adenylate cyclase D) protein kinase C

B) phosphodiesterase

Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty? A) cortisol B) thyroid hormone C) insulin

B) thyroid hormone

Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor? A) intracellular receptors B) tyrosine kinase receptors C) G proteins

B) tyrosine kinase receptors

Humoral, Neural, Hormonal

What are the three major types of stimuli that cause endocrine glands to synthesize and release hormones?

Normal characteristics of blood

Blood is a sticky, opaque fluid with a metallic taste Color varies from scarlet to dark red High viscosity (due to cells) Temperature is 38C Normal pH range = 7.35-7.45 Blood volume (liters) = 7% of body weight (kilograms): adult male: 5 to 6 liters adult female: 4 to 5 liters

Target cell

Blood levels of the hormone is one of three factors in activating what?

Hormones

Blood levels of what vary only within a narrow desirable range?

PRL

Blood levels of which hormone rise toward the end of pregnancy?

Anterior pituitary hormones -Target:Testes/Ovaries -Effect:secrete inhibin, estrogens, androgens, progestins, etc. A) TSH B) ACTH C) FSH/LH

C

FSH and LH

What are the two gonadotropin hormones?

Hormone activity -Local hormones that act on neighboring cells A) Down regulation B) Up regulation C) Paracrine local D) Autocrine local

C

Hormones from anterior pituitary -Tropic hormone. Ovaries initiates development of oocytes, testes stimulates testosterone production A) hGH B) TSH C) FSH D) LH

C

Hormones from anterior pituitary -Unknown role in humans, but related to stress A) PRL B) ACTH C) MSH

C

Hypothalamus

What area of the brain has both neural functions and releases hormones (neuroendocrine organ)?

Regulating hGH -GHTH from hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary to release more hCH, and increase glycogen breakdown in liver when this is detected. A) GNRH B) GHIH C) Low blood sugar D) High blood sugar

C

What is the target organ of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)? Select from letters A-D

C

Where does the hormone come from? -Leptin A) Placenta B) Stomach C) Adipose (fat) D) All body cells

C

Where does the hormone come from? -Renin, erythropoietin A) Heart B) Skin C) Kidneys D) Liver

C

Which letter represents the adrenal glands? Select from letters A-D.

C

Acinar

What cells in the pancreas produce an enzyme-rich juice used for digestion (exocrine product)?

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors? A) Epinephrine B) Insulin C) Cortisol

C) Cortisol

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face." A) Addison's disease B) pheochromocytoma C) Cushing's disease

C) Cushing's disease

When blood glucose levels are low A) Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen. B) The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. C) The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. D) The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. E) The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

C) The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do? A) phosphorylates a protien B) Directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome C) acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene D) activates a protein kinase

C) acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland? A) luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) B) growth hormone (GH) C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) D) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons? A) control secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B) control secretion of thyroid hormones C) control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) D) control secretion of oxytocin

C) control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

What cells release parathyroid hormone? A) follicular cells B) oxyphil cells C) parathyroid cells D) parafollicular cells

C) parathyroid cells

Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels? A) α1 receptors B) α2 receptors C) β receptors

C) β receptors

chronic kidney disease

CKD CRF ESRF then you are ****ed

three types of hearing loss

CONDUCTIVE -hearing loss due to problems with ear canal, ear drum or middle ear or little bones SENSORY NEURAL -problems of the inner ear (nerve related) MIXED -damage to outer or middle and inner ear or auditory nerve

Endocrine functions of prancreatic islets

Cells form clusters called pancreatic islets, or islets of Langerhans Alpha cells: produce glucagon Beta cells: secrete insulin

Autocrines

Chemical that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them are called what?

RBC maintenance

Circulating erythrocytes - the number remains constant and reflects a balance between RBC production and destruction Too few RBCs leads to tissue hypoxia release of EPO from kidneys Too many RBCs causes undesirable blood viscosity, EPO levels drop

C-Cells

Clear cells: produce calcitonin (CT) and lowers blood Ca2 levels in children

Thyroid hormone actions

Control "background" rate of cell metabolism Exert greatest effects on metabolically active tissue Calorigenic Effect: cell consumes more energy resulting in increased heat generation Responsible for strong, immediate, and short-lived increase in rate of cellular metabolism (kind of neural-like) mitochondira have receptors

Adrenal Cortex: Zona Fasciculata

Cushing's disease: Overproduction of glucocorticoids (hypercortisolism) The other causes: reduced glucose metabolism, lipids + amino acids mobilize, buildup of fat around belly, cheeks, base of neck, hypertension, reduced muscle mass Cushings: mobilize too many exogenous steroids, endogenous disease most often due to pituitary oversecretion of ACTH Addison's disease Underproduction of glucocortcoids (and often mireralcorticoids) One causes: weakness, weight loss, stress intolerance, low blood pressure, skin coloration changes Addisons disease: cannot deal with stress well- John F. Kennedy: not enough glucocorticoids: cannot mobilize glucocordicoids

Hormones

What circulates to all tissues but only activate cells referred to as target cells?

Diabetes Mellitus

What disease results from hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin?

Hormone activity -Local hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them A) Down regulation B) Up regulation C) Paracrine local D) Autocrine local

D

Hormones from anterior pituitary -Tropic hormone, ovaries stimulates ovulation, testes stimulates testosterone production A) hGH B) TSH C) FSH D) LH

D

Regulating hGH -When this is detected, the hypothalamus releases GHIH which tells the anterior pituitary to release less hGH, and glycogen breakdown does not occur. A) GNRH B) GHIH C) Low blood sugar D) High blood sugar

D

Where does the hormone come from? -Angiotensinogen and erythropoietin, as well as insulin like GF A) Heart B) Skin C) Kidneys D) Liver

D

Colloid

What fills the lumen of the follicles and is the precusor of thyroid hormone?

Identify the pancreas. Select from letters A-D. A) A B) B C) C D) D

D) D

Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum? A) tyrosine kinase B) cAMP C) DAG D) IP3

D) IP3

Body cells that respond to insulin include A) Intestinal cells only. B) Muscle cells only. C) Liver cells and muscle cells only. D) Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. E) Liver cells only.

D) Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? A) Muscle cells. B) Cells in the pancreas. C) Intestinal cells. D) Liver cells. E) Liver cells and cells in the pancreas.

D) Liver cells.

Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? A) a change in membrane potential B)the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis C) an increase in enzymatic activity D) direct control of the nervous system

D) direct control of the nervous system

Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? A) estrogen B)cortisone C) aldosterone D) epinephrine

D) epinephrine

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma? A) cool, dry skin B) low blood glucose C) slow heart rate D) heart palpitations

D) heart palpitations

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone? A) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) B) a circadian rhythm of release C) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) D) negative feedback

D) negative feedback

Gastrointestinal tract

What has enteroendocrine cells that release local-acting digestive hormones?

Hormones

What have lag times ranging from seconds to hours?

Parathyroid Hormone

What hormone causes CA2+ concentrations to rise and therefore removes the stimulus?

diabetes insipidus vs SIADH

DIABETES INSIPIDUS -high urinary output -low levels ADH -hypernatremia -dehydration -lose too much fluid SIADH -LOW urinary output -High levels ADH -hyponatremia -over hydration -retain too much fluid

Humoral

Declining blood Ca2+ concentraton stimulates the parathyroid glands to secrete PTH (parathyroid hormone) is an example of what major stimuli?

Antidieuretic Hormone (ADH)

Decreases amount of water lost at kidneys Promotes thirst Special hypothalamic neurons monitor the blood concentration Elevates blood volume and pressure Release inhibited by alcohol Humoral regulation

Hematopoiesis

Development of all the cells of the lymphoid/myeloid lineage Includes: RBCs, all types of WBCs, and platelets All start out as hemocytoblasts, a pluripotent stem cell: Myeloid stem cells give rise to RBCs, platelets and some WBCs Lymphoid stem cells give rise to lymphocytes only Occurs in red bone marrow (axial and epiphyses)

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes means "like a siphon" because frequent urination is a chief symptom (polyuria). Also polydipsia, polyphagia Type I (IDDM): destroys beta cells in islets. Result? Treatment? Type II: cells become less sensitive to insulin (insulin resistance). Result? Treatment? Cf. diabetes insipidus

No

Does the anterior pituitary have any direct neural contact with the hypothalamus?

Autoregulation

Down-regulation: Continued presence of a hormone triggers a decrease in number of hormone receptors. High levels of a particular hormone cause cells to become less sensitive to it. Up-regulation: Absence of a hormone triggers increase in number of hormone receptors, cells become more sensitive

When blood glucose levels are high A) The liver releases insulin. B) The pancreas releases glucose. C) The pancreas releases glucagon. D) The liver releases glucagon. E) The pancreas releases insulin.

E) The pancreas releases insulin.

ECF versus IF

Extra: high in O2 low in CO2 and opposite for intracellular Plasma proteins are only found in the blood Everything else in the plasma does leave

Kidneys

EPO (Erythropoietin): red bone marrow, intestinal lining, bone, kidneys Stimulates RBC production, calcium and phospohate absorption, Ca2 release from bone, inhibits PTH secretion Calcitrol (from vitamin D) renin Erythropoietin (EPO): Stimulates red blood cell production by bone marrow, more RBCs elevate blood volume Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which is then converted to angiotensin II at the lungs

Zona Fasciculata

Endocrine cells are larger and contain more lipids than zona glomerulosa In response to ACTH, produces glucocorticoids: cortisol (hydrocortisone) and corticosterone liver converts cortisol to cortisone

Endocrine system

Enter the blood stream and act on specific cells that have receptors Preserve homeostasis and regulated by negative feedback Long term regulation and adjustments of homeostatic mechanisms • Fluid and electrolyte balance • Cell and tissue metabolism • Growth and development • Reproductive functions • Response to stress (assists nervous system)

Cortisol

Excessive levels of this hormone depress cartilage and bone formation, inhibit inflammation, depress the immune system, and promote changes in cardiovascular, neural, and gastrointestinal function. What is it?

Body Fluid Composition

Extracellular Fluid (ECF) = Interstitial fluid (IF) and plasma plus a few other body fluids such as CSF Plasma and IF exchange water, ions, & small solutes across capillary walls Intracellular Fluid (ICF) = fluid inside cells ECF and ICF differ in their levels of: O2 and CO2 Dissolved proteins: plasma proteins do not pass through capillary walls (too large)

Inhibin will suppress __________secretion in both males and females.

FSH

This hormone initiates the formation of follicles within the ovary. It sitmulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen, and sperm production in testes

FSH

hormones that the anterior pituitary gland secretes

FSH LH ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) prolactin MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) GH TSH (thyroid stimulating hormones)

Adenohypophysis

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) is produced by a chemical signal sent by the Hypothalamus to where?

True of False: Diapedesis is the process by which red blood cells move into tissue spaces from the interior of blood capillaries.

False

True or False Excess levels of Glucocorticoids increase immune activity

False

True or False: Growth hormone solely exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones.

False

True or False: The normal RBC "graveyard" is the liver.

False

Parathyroid Glands

Four, embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland Produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) Two cell types Chief (principal) cells secrete PTH which increases calcium in the blood (darker in color) Oxyphil cells (lighter in color- don't know what they do) both regulate blood calcium levels

thymus

Function: T - Cells - immunity - The function of the thymus is to receive immature T cells that are produced in the red bone marrow and train them into functional, mature T cells that attack only foreign cells

Second

G protein binds and activates a phospholipase enzyme is what step in the PIP2-Calcium signaling mechanism?

Adenohypophysis

GH (Growth Hormone) is produced by a chemical signal sent by the Hypothalamus to where?

Growth hormone deficiency

GH - Too much: Causes: Benign Tumor Acromegaly - Occurs after puberty Gigantism - Childhood Signs and Symptoms in Adults Fatigue, Weakness Excess Body Fat Hypercholesterolemia Decreased Muscle and Bone Mass Sexual Dysfunction Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Risk for Cerebrovascular Disease Decreased Quality of Life

glaucoma

GRADUAL excessive pressure inside the eye -can destroy retina OPEN is more common NARROW *second leading cause of blindness

Thyroglobulin

Globular protein synthesized by follicle cells and secreted into colloid of thyroid follicles Basically, it's the storage form of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T3) and triiodothyronine (T4)

Hormonal activity

Hormones modify cellular activities by: altering membrane permeability activating or inactivating key enzymes changing genetic activity

Gonadotropins pt 2

GnRH to LH Causes ovulation and progestin production in females (ovaries) Causes androgen production in males (testes)

Steroids

Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones belong to what class of hormones?

endocrine system disorders

Growth - Gigantism - Acromegaly - Dwarfism Diabetes insipidus (Pituitary) SIADH (Pituitary) Adrenal - Addison's and Cushings Thyroid Disorders - Hypo/Hyper Diabetes Mellitus

Direct effects on cells via anterior pituitary gland

Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin (PRL)

Glucocorticoids

Help you manage stress Function is glucose sparing: causes adipocytes to release fatty acids that other cells can use instead of glucose Anti-inflammatory effects Negative feedback: Glucocorticoids have an inhibitory effect on both of the hormones that stimulate their release: corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in hypothalamus causes release of... ACTH in anterior pirtuitary, which causes GC release saving glucose for the brain bc you can't use fat in the brain

What is hematocrit a measure of?

Hematocrit is the percentage of erythrocytes in a whole blood sample.

erythropoiesis

Hematocytoblast to myeloid stem cell to proerythroblast to erythroblast (during this phase the cell ejects its nucleus) to reticulocyte to mature RBC Reticulocytes have no nucleus and enter bloodstream still containing ribosomes and mRNA. After a day or so of furious Hb production, lose their organelles and become mature RBCs

ADH

High amounts of which hormone increase BP (vasopressin)?

Importance of RBC structure

High surface-to-volume ratio: Increase surface area for gas exchange Discs form stacks: smoothes flow through narrow blood vessels Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries: 7.8 µm RBC passes through 4 µm capillary

First

Hormone (first messenger) binds to its receptor, which then binds to a G Protein is what step in the cAMP Second Messenger signaling mechanism?

First

Hormone binds to the receptor and activates G protein is what step in the PIP2-Calcium signaling mechanism?

Colony Stimulating Factors (4)

Hormones that regulate blood cell populations: M-CSF: stimulates monocyte production G-CSF: stimulates granulocyte production (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) GM-CSF: stimulates granulocyte and monocyte production Multi-CSF: accelerates production of granulocytes, monocytes, platelets, and RBCs (all blood except lymphocytes)

Adrenal cortex - zona glomerulosa

Hypoaldosteronism Hyperaldosteronism Hypo: low sodium, low blood volume Hyper: high blood levels low potassium, high blood sodium Primary: cannot make aldosterone, damage to zona glomerulosa, tumor Secondary: ACTH: from pituitary gland CRF from hypothalamus a lot of problems but also affect aldosterone

Releasing hormones, tropic hormones, resulting hormones

Hypothalamic releasing hormones don't have to go too far (only a few mm) A special system ensures that releasing hormones reach intended target cells in anterior pituitary before entering general circulation: the hypophyseal portal system

Disease associated with ADH

Inadequate amounts of ADH released from posterior lobe Impairs water conservation at kidneys

Hypothalamus

Integrates activities of nervous and endocrine systems in 3 ways: Secretes regulatory hormones that control endocrine cells in pituitary gland Acts as an endocrine organ itself (ADH and oxytocin) Contains autonomic centers that exert direct neural control over endocrine cells of adrenal medullae (sympathetic NS) = neuroendocrine reflex

CRH

Internal and external factors such as fever, hypoglycemia, (any stress) can trigger the release of which hormone?

Recycling

Iron Heme iron is removed in spleen (or liver or bone marrow) Binds to plasma protein called transferrin Transferrin is taken up in bone marrow and used to make new heme in developing RBCs Very efficient Globin protein Amino acids travel through bloodstream to bone marrow and can be used in erythropoiesis

Posterior pituitary gland (neurophypophysis)

It's really just a releasing station for two hormones manufactured in the hypothalamus. Contains terminals of unmyelinated axons from two hypothalamic nuclei which manufacture: antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin (OT) mostly fibers and support cells

This hormone rises at ovulation, it stimulates the secretion of estrogen, formation of corpus luteum, and secretion of progesterone

LH

Adenohypophysis

LH (Luteinizing Hormone) is produced by a chemical signal sent by the Hypothalamus to where?

Gonadotropins pt 1

LH and FSH GnRH to FSH: Stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in females Stimulates sustentacular cells in males, promotes physical maturation of sperm Production inhibited by inhibin, a peptide hormone released by testes and ovaries

Thyroid Gland

Largest endocrine gland Lies anterior to thyroid cartilage of larynx Consists of 2 lobes connected by narrow isthmus Composed of thyroid follicles: hollow spheres lined by cuboidal epithelium, follicle cavity contains viscous colloid containing the protein thyroglobulin Other endocrine cells, the parafollicular cells (C-cells), produce the hormone calcitonin

Basophils

Less than 1% of circulating WBCs Small cells that accumulate in damaged tissue Release histamine to dilate blood vessels and heparin prevent blood clotting Similar to mast cells (found in the tissues)

WBC

Leukocytes: the only blood components that are complete cells; have nuclei and other organelles, not involved in oxygen transport. Functions: Defend against pathogens Remove toxins and wastes Attack abnormal cells

WBC disorders

Leukopenia: abnormally low WBC count Leukocytosis: high WBC count (normal response to infection) Leukemia: extremely high WBC count

Eicosanoids

Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins belong to what class of hormones?

Adrenal glands

Lie along superior border of each kidney Subdivided into superficial adrenal cortex (glandular) and an inner adrenal medulla (neural) Stores lipids, especially cholesterol and fatty acids Manufactures steroid hormones: adrenocortical steroids (corticosteroids) Subdivided into 3 regions: zona glomerulosa - mineralcorticoids zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids zona reticularis - androgens + estrogen

WBC production

Like RBCs, WBCs originate from hemocytoblasts in the bone marrow Hemocytoblasts differentiate into myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells Myeloid stem cells become myeloblasts, which give rise to neurophils, basophils, and eosinophils (granulocytes), OR monoblasts, which become monocytes. Lymphoid stem cells become lymphoblasts, and give rise to lymphocytes (B, T, and NK cells) All complete their development in the bone marrow except T cells, which mature in the thymus

Plasma proteins

Lipid soluble hormones (steroids and thyroid hormones) are bound to what as they travel in the bloodstream?

Serum

Liquid part of a blood sample in which dissolved fibrinogen has converted to solid fibrin Often, this term refers to plasma that has had the clotting proteins removed

Paracrines

Locally acting chemicals that effect cells other than those that secrete them are called what?

Insulin

What hormone is a 51-amino-acid protein consisting of two amino chains linked by disulfide bonds?

hypothyroidism

Low metabolic rate Myxedema: subcutaneous swelling, dry skin, hair loss, low body temperatures and cold-intolerance, muscle weakness, slowed reflexes enlarged throat (goiter) causes: TSH: anterior pituitary not making enough hormone: Secondary TRH: hypothalamus: secondary disorder

Fetal Hemoglobin (Hb F)

Made up of 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains Has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, "steals" oxygen from maternal hemoglobin in utero

Functions of endocrine system

Maintenance and regulation of vital functions

Plasma

Makes up 50-60% of blood volume More than 90% of plasma is water Other constiuents: Plasma proteins Lactic acid, urea, creatinine Organic nutrients - glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids Electrolytes - sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate Respiratory gases - oxygen and carbon dioxide

adrenal gland hormones

Medula: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine Cortex: cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, adrogens

Anterior pituitary pars intermedia

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin: inhibited by dopamine secreted during: fetal development, early childhood, pregnancy, and certain diseases

Synergism

More than one hormone produces the same effects on a target cell describe what type of hormone interaction?

Kidney and Liver

Most hormones are removed from the blood by which two organs?

Amino acid based

Most hormones belong to what class?

Gonadocorticoid

Most of this group of hormones secreted are androgens (male sex hormones) and the most important one is testosterone. What is it?

Hemolytic disease of the New Born (Erythroblastosis Fetalis)

Mother is Rh- Father and fetus are Rh+ First pregnancy = sensitization at delivery due to hemorrhage Second pregnancy = Anti-Rh IgG antibodies can cross placenta to attack fetal RBCs hemolysis and excess presence of erythroblasts

Glucocorticoids

Name the group of hormones that help the body resist stress by keeping blood sugar levels relatively constant and maintaining blood volume.

Hormones

Negative feedback systems control blood levels of most what?

Gonadotropins negative feedback

Negative feedback: GnRH production inhibited by estrogens, progestins, and androgens (all of which are indirectly stimulated by GnRH)

Neural

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release describes what major type of stimuli?

ADH

Nicotine, pain, low BP cause the release of which hormone?

Carriers

Non lipid soluble hormones circulate in the bloodstream without what?

Hypothyroidism

Often thyroid itself that has an issue Testing: TSH high The problem is not in the pituitary gland, therefore continues to release TSH but there are no hormones released from thyroid so no negative feedback Can result from iodine deficiency Hashimotos thyroiditus: antibodies that block its activity Thyroid hormone replacement Brings TSH levels down, reinstating the negative feedback

Steroid hormones

Once inside the cell, what binds and activates a specific intracellular receptor?

Permissiveness

One hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present describes what type of hormone interaction?

Antagonism

One or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone describes what type of hormone interaction?

Posterior pituitary

Oxytocin and ADH are transported from the Hypothalamus to where?

Hypothalamus

Oxytocin is synthesized by the nuclei of what?

portal system used by hypothalamus to regulat anterior pituitary activity

PRF - prolactin-releasing factor TRH - thyrotropin-releasing hormone CRH - corticotropin-releasing hormone GnRH - gonadotropin-releasing hormone GH-RH - growth hormone-releasing hormones

Adenohypophysis

PRL (Prolactin) is produced by a chemical signal sent by the Hypothalamus to where?

Parathyroid Gland

PTH: calcium Hyper: osteoporosis: too much calcium in the blood keep breaking down bone (too much PTH) Hypo: too little calcium in the blood (too little PTH)

parathyroid

Parathyroid gland - Control calcium, phosphorus metabolism; produce parathyroid hormones

Cross-match test

Performed on donor and recipient blood for compatibility to blood surface antigens other than ABO and Rh

T4

Peripheral tissues convert which hormone to T3?

Third

Phospholipase splits the phospholipid PIP2 into diacylglycerol (DAG) and IP3 (both act as second messengers) is what step in the PIP2-Calcium signaling mechanism?

mostly widely used drug for glaucoma

Pilocapine hydrochloride (Pilocar)

Blood composition

Plasma: Fluid component Water (90% or more) Dissolved plasma proteins Other solutes Formed elements: Cells and fragments RBCs (carry Oxygen) WBCs (immunity) Platelets (cell fragments involved in clotting)

Diabetes Mellitus

Polydipsia (excessive thirst) is a sign of what disease?

Diabetes Mellitus

Polyphagia (excessive hunger and food consumption) is a sign of what disease?

Diabetes Mellitus

Polyuria (huge urine output) is a sign of what disease?

Hypophyseal Portal System explained

Portal veins connect the (primary capillary plexus) capillary bed in the median eminence with a secondary capillary plexus in the anterior pituitary. Releasing hormones diffuse out of blood in the anterior pituitary, causing release of stimulating (tropic) hormones Stimulating hormones are released into venous circulation heart target organs

Neural

Preganglionic sympathetic nervous system (SNS) fibers stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines describes what major type of stimuli?

Primary Disorders

Primary Disorders: problems within the endocrine organ itself because of: metabolic factor (can't make hormone) physical damage congenital problems

Secondary Disorders

Problems in other organs or target tissues Often involve hypothalamus or pituitary gland

Testes

Produce androgens in interstitial cells: testosterone: is most important male hormone Secrete inhibin in sustentacular cells: support differentiation and physical maturation of sperm

Ovaries

Produce estrogens: principle estrogen is estradiol After ovulation, follicle cells: reorganize into corpus luteum release estrogens and progestins, especially progesterone

Prolactin (PRL)

Prolactin Releasing Factor is released by the hypothalamus Stimulates development of mammary glands (exocrine) and milk production PRL production is inhibited by prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) from hypothalamus, which is actually dopamine Negative feedback: PRL Stimulates PIH release PRL Inhibits secretion of prolactin-releasing factors (PRF) from hypothalamus since there isn't a third hormone, need another layer of negative feedback here

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Protein molecule inside RBCs that transports respiratory gases Composed of: Four protein chains called globins adults: 2 alpha and 2 beta chains Each of these four chains is bound to a pigment molecule called heme each of which contain one iron ion (red color) and bind one oxygen molecule Each RBC ~280 million molecules

Hyperthyroidism

Rapid heart rate, skin flushing, increased blood pressure, restlessness, excitability, easily fatigued Grave's Disease: autoimmunity, exophthalmos Antibodies bind to receptors on the thyroid: activate the thyroid strangely Cross link the receptors Think TSH is there even when its not Hyperactive Treatment: ablation of the thyroid gland (get rid of it) radioidine and replace its function with T3T4 causes: Excessive TSH or TRH production (rarely, when occurs due to pituitary tumors) or Graves disease So usually 1 ° or 2 °?

Concentration

Rate of release of circulating hormones reflect what?

RBC count

Red blood cell count: reports the number of RBCs in 1 microliter whole blood Male: 4.5-6.3 million female: 4.2-5.5 million

Serum Bilirubin

Red cells account for 85% of bilirubin formed = Unconjugated In liver it is conjugated and secreted into bile to large intestine Hemolytic jaundice: elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin Obstructive jaundice: elevated levels of conjugated bilirubin because bile ducts are blocked (bile that can't be secreted)

Glucagon

What hormone is produced by the Alpha cells of the Islet of Langerhans?

Target cell

Relative number of receptors is one of three factors in activating what?

Hormonal

Release of hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs describes what type of major stimuli?

TSH

Rising blood levels of thyroid hormones act on the pituitary and hypothalamus to block the release of which hormone?

Catecholamines

Secretion of these hormones causes blood glucose levels to rise, blood vessels to constrict, the heart to beat faster and blood to be diverted to the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle. What is it?

Aldosterone

Secretion of which hormone is stimulated by rising blood levels of K+, low blood Na+, decreasing blood volume or pressure?

RBC characteristics

Shaped like biconcave discs Function primarily to carry oxygen-contain hemoglobin (95% of RBC protein) Lack a nucleus and contain few organelles (no mitochondria, ribosomes) Life span approx. 120 days Generate ATP anaerobically (no mitochondria) so they don't consume any of the oxygen that they transport

Insulin

What hormone is produced by the Beta cells of the Islet of Langerhans?

Enzymes

Some hormones are rapidly degraded by what in their target cells?

Concentration

Speed of inactivation and removal of circulating hormones reflect what?

Target cells

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones diffuse easily into their what?

Free hormone versus bound hormone

Steroid hormones behave as if barriers do not exist Bilayers are not an issue for steroid hormones Without bound proteins, they would stay localized Prevents a gradient that site of production is the only place that receives the message

Lipid Derived

Steroids (cholesterol): sex hormones: can go through the cell wall so receptors are often in the nucleus bind to receptors on the cytoplasm or nucleus of cells, then activate or inactivate specific genes Eicosanoids: leukotrienes from WBCs, prostaglandins from most tissues. Signal something is wrong in your body

Angtiotensin II

Stimulates adrenal production of aldosterone (function?) Stimulates pituitary release of ADH Promotes thirst Elevates blood pressure and volume

3 effects of glucagon

Stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose in skeletal muscle and liver cells Stimulates breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue Stimulates liver production and release of glucose from absorbed amino acids (gluconeogenesis)

Oxytocin

Stimulates smooth muscles in uterus during labor and delivery (positive f/b); also in prostate gland Stimulates contractile cells in mammary glands ("milk let-down"). Secretion and milk ejection are part of neuroendocrine reflex: suckling stimulates hypothalamus which casues OT release and milk let down May be involved in empathic feelings side note: C section does not cause contractions therefore no release of oxytocin

Hormones

Stimulating mitosis in target cells is a cellular change produced by what?

Hormones

Stimulating protein synthesis in target cells is a cellular change produced by what?

PRL

Suckling stimulates the release and encourages continued milk production of which hormone?

lymphocytes

T cells, B cells and NK cells 20-30% of circulating WBCs Note the little cytoplasm Migrate in and out of blood Most of them are in connective tissues and lymphatic organs (spleen, lymph nodes) Respond to specific antigens

TRH stimulates the release of what anterior pituitary hormone?

TSH

pituitary gland hormones (ANTERIOR)

TSH Prolactin ACTH GH LH FSH

Adenohypophysis

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) is produced by a chemical signal sent by the Hypothalamus to where?

Tropic

TSH, ADTH, FSH, and LH are what type of hormone that regulate (turn on) the secretory action of other endocrine glands?

Hormones

Target cell activity is altered by Second Messengers and Direct gene activation by what?

Down-regulation

Target cell lose receptors in response to the hormone describes what?

Up-regulation

Target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone describes what?

Receptors

Target cells must have specific what to which the hormones bind?

FSH and LH target which organs?

Testes, Ovaries

Second

The G protein is then activated as it binds GTP, displacing GDP is what step in the cAMP Second Messenger signaling mechanism

Adenohypophysis

The Hypothalamus sends releasing hormones to stimulate the synthesis and release of hormones and inhibiting hormones that shut off the synthesis and release of hormones to what?

Hypothalamus

The Neurohypophysis receives, stores, and releases hormones from what?

Target cell

The affinity of receptors for the hormone is one of three factors in activating what?

Oral mucosa

The anterior lobe of the pituitary is an outpocketing of what?

Parathyroid glands

The chief cells of this gland secrete PTH. Which gland is it?

Adrenal Glands

The cortex of this endocrine gland is glandular tissue. What is it?

Steroid

The hormone-receptor complex travels to the nucleus and binds a DNA-associated receptor protein describes what type of hormone?

ACTH

The hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) triggers the daily rhythmic release of which hormone?

Hormonal

The hypothalamic hormones stimulate the anterior pituitary and in turn, pituitary hormones stimulate targets to secrete still more hormones describes what major type of stimuli?

TSH

The hypothalamic peptide thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) triggers which hormone?

Steroid

The interaction of what type of hormone prompts DNA transcription to produce mRNA?

Steroid

The interaction of what type of hormone translates mRNA into proteins, which then bring about a cellular effect?

Adrenal Glands

The medulla of this endocrine gland is nervous tissue that acts as part of the Sympathetic Nervous system. What is it?

Endocrine glands

The pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and thymus glands are what type of gland?

Humoral

The secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients describes what major type of stimuli?

Which of the following is NOT a property of endocrine glands?

They have ducts.

T Lymphocyte

Thymopoietins and thymosins are essential for the development of what type of immune system cell?

Thymus

Thymopoietins and thymosins are the major hormonal products of which endocrine gland?

thymus hormones

Thymosins

thyroid

Thyroid gland - Controls rate of body metabolism, growth; produces thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyrocalcitonin

releasing hormone from anterior pituitary pathways

Thyroid releasing hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone acts on thyroid gland to release T3/T4 (TSH also called thyrotropin) CRH to ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) in pituitary gland to adrenal cortex: glucocorticoids (steroid hormones) from adrenal cortex GnRH from hypothalamus, to FSH which stimulates ovaries/testes: inhibin/inhibin estrogens (follicle development and estrogen secretion in females, stimulates sustenacular cells in males- promotes physical maturation of sperm, production inhibited by inhibin, a petpide hormone released by testes and ovaries) GnRH to LH: ovaries/testes to progestins, estrogens, androgens causes ovulation and porgestin production in females causes androgen production in males (Testes) inhibited by estrogens, progestins and androgens (indirectly stimulated by GnRH)

Tropic hormones from anterior pituitary with endocrine gland as the target

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

All

Thyroxine receptors are found on nearly how many cells in the body?

General Functions of Blood

Transport of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes Regulation of pH, body temperature, ion composition of interstitial fluids Restriction of fluid loss at the injury site Defense against toxins and pathogens

True or False Glucocorticoids such as cortisol contribute to gluconeogenesis (the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources)

True

True or False: Hormones are long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body.

True

True or False: Major hormones circulate to virtually all tissues.

True

True or False: All peptide hormone synthesis requires gene activation that produces mRNA.

True

True or False: Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.

True

True or False: Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis to thyroxine.

True

True or False: LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin.

True

Thyroid hormones

Two types: Thyroxine (T4): tetraiodothyronine contains 4 iodide ions Triiodothyronine (T3) has 3 iodide ions Most is released as T4 but it gets converted to T3 in the tissues (which is 10x more active) 99.5% of thyroid hormones in blood are bound Bind to intracellular receptors in most all cells Carrier proteins needed to keep in blood stream or they would diffuse across membranes and stay localized

Diabetes mellitus

Type I - primary or secondary? Primary Type II - primary or secondary? secondary

cistitis

UTI in bladder

Endocrine System

What influences metabolic activities of cells by means of hormones?

Graft versus host reactions

Unit whole blood = 500ml About half of this is plasma which contains antibodies. So, there is a slight risk of graft versus host (GVH) reactions, but since the volume in one unit is only about 10% of total plasma volume, it usually gets diluted out If RBCs are needed, can use packed RBCs instead of whole blood. Packed cells don't contain plasma or antibodies

Most WBC found in the tissues

Very small numbers of WBCs in blood: 6000 to 9000 per microliter Outnumbered 1000:1 by RBCs But only 1% of WBC are in blood Most WBCs are not found in blood but instead in connective tissue proper and in lymphatic system organs

diapedesis

WBC migration out of capillaries into tissues

GH

What adenohypophysis hormone stimulates the liver, skeletal muscles, and bone to produce insulin-like growth factors?

Eicosanoids

What are biologically active lipids with local hormone-like activity?

Hormones

What are chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids?

Hormones

What are classified as amino acid-based, hormones or steroids?

Testosterone

Which hormone, in males, initiates maturation of male reproductive organs, causes appearance of secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive, is necessary for sperm production, and maintains sex organs in their functional state?

PTH

Which hormone, when released, increases CA2++ in the blood?

FSH and LH

Which hormones are absent from the blood of prepubertal boys and girls?

FSH and LH

Which hormones are triggered by the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) during and after puberty?

FSH and LH

Which hormones regulate the function of the ovaries and testes?

Estrogen and Progesterone

Which hormones, in females, are responsible for maturation of the reproductive organs, appearance of secondary sexual characteristics, and breast development and cyclic changes in the uterine mucosa?

GHIH

Which hypothalamic hormone inhibits the release of GH?

TSH

Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the normal development and secretory activity of the thyroid gland?

GHRH

Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of GH?

Testes

Which organ located in an extra-abdominal sac (scrotum) produces testosterone?

Zona fasciculata

Which part of the adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids (chiefly cortisol)?

Zona reticularis

Which part of the adrenal cortex produces gonadocorticoids (chiefly androgens)?

Zona glomerulosa

Which part of the adrenal cortex produces mineralcorticoids (chiefly aldosterone)?

Calcitonin

Which peptide hormone is produced by the parafollicular or C cells?

Atrial natriuretic

Which peptide inhibits the activity of the Zona glomerulosa?

Oxytocin

Which posterior pituitary hormone is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism in the blood?

Parathyroid glands

Which tiny glands are embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland?

ADH and Oxytocin

Which two hormones both use the PIP-calcium second-messengers mechanism?

Androgens

Which type of hormone contribute to the onset of puberty, the apperance of secondary sex characteristics, and libido?

pheochromocytoma

a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes the gland to produce excess epinephrine

insulinoma

a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin

prolactinoma

a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes it to produce too much prolactin

hemoglobin A1c testing

a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3-4 months

thyroid gland

a butterfly-shaped glands that lies on either side of the larynx

osteitis fibrosa

a complication of hyperparathyroidism in which bone becomes softened and deformed and may develop cysts

hypocrinism

a condition caused by deficient secretion of any gland, especially an endocrine gland

hypercrinism

a condition due to excessive secretion of any gland, especially an endocrine gland

hypopituitarism

a condition of reduced secretion due to the partial, or complete, loss of the function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

cretinism

a congenital form of hypothyroidism; causes mental retardation

thyroid-stimulating hormone assay

a diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Conn's syndrome

a disorder of the adrenal glands due to excessive production of aldosterone

pancreas

a feather-shaped organ located behind the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and the endocrine systems

gestational diabetes

a form of diabetes mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies

diabetes mellitus

a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

suprachiasmatic nucleus

a group of neurons in the hypothalamus that control the release of pineal glands

leptin

a hormone secreted by adipocytes (fat cells)

gene-expression

a lipid-soluble hormone usually changes what

antithyroid drug

a medication administered to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

laparoscopic adrenalectomy

a minimally invasive procedure to surgically remove one or both adrenal glands

endocrine disruptor

a molecule that interrupts the normal function of a hormone pathway

the nervous system

a network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit signals along pathways

endocrinologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands

thyroid storm

a relatively rare, lift-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism

pituitary adenoma

a slow-growing benign tumor of the pituitary gland; functioning pituitary tumors often produce hormones in large and unregulated amounts; nonfunctioning pituitary tumors do not produce significant amounts of hormones

Lipid-soluble hormone

a steroid hormone binds to cytosolic receptor and forms a hormone-receptor complex that moves into the nucleus is what type of response pathway

human growth hormone (GH)

a synthetic version of the growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development

pinealoma

a tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin; can also cause insomnia by disrupting the circadian cycle

pineal gland

a very small endocrine glands that is located in the central portion of the brain

synthetic thyroid hormones

administered to replace lost thyroid function

acromegaly

abnormal enlargement of the extremeties (hands and feet) that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty; thickened bones

gigantism

abnormal overgrowth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion o fthe growth hormone before puberty

intrarenal

acute tubular necrosis (ATN) decrease function of the kidney itself

pyelonephritis

acute: pyelo (pelvis or kidneys) ascending UTI chronic

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?

adenoid

aldosterone (ALD)

aids in regulating the levels of salt and water in the body

Which plasma constituent is the main contributor to osmotic pressure?

albumin

The renin-angiotensin mechanism, or RAAS works by stimulating the kidneys to release renin, which is converted to angiotensin II that in turn stimulates the release of what hormone? Hint this hormone helps raise bloodpressure/volume

aldosterone

This hormone is a mineralocorticoid, It maintains Na+ balance by reducing excretion of sodium from the body. It is secreted when blood pressure or blood volume drops. It works to raise them.

aldosterone

What is the primary function of hormones?

alter cell activity

Rate of RBC production controlled by EPO (kidney): necessary components:

amino acids iron vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid

goiter

an abnormal nonmalignant enlargement of the thyroid gland

exophthalmos

an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit

aldosteronism

an abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone

hyperglycemia

an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood

hypoglycemia

an abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

an autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland

Graves' disease

an autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism and is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos -eyes popping out

Type 1 diabetes

an autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells

hyperthyroidism

an imbalance of metabolism caused by the overproduction of thyroid hormones

pancreatitis

an inflammation of the pancreas

thymitis

an inflammation of the thymus gland

Type 2 diabetes

an insulin resistance disorder

testes hormones

androgens (testosterone) inhibin

Pituitary (Hypophysis) gland hormones

anterior pituitary gland: "master endocrine gland" sits on sella turcica, hangs off hypothalamus 9 major peptide hormones: ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, and MSH posterior: oxytocin and ADH

Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration and water overload?

antidiuretic hormone

What hormone released into the blood (shown by letter D) by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH

hormones stored in posterior pituitary

antidiuretic hormones (ADH) / vasopressin oxytocin

endocrinopathy

any disease caused by a disorder of the endocrine system

pituitarism

any disorder of pituitary function

gonadotropin

any hormone that stimulates the gonads

steroid

any one of a large number of hormone-like substances secreted by endocrine glands or artificially produced as medications to relieve swelling and inflammation in conditions such as asthma

polycistic kidney disease patho

autosomal dominant end stage kidney disease flank pain and inflammation hypertension palpable kidneys increased abdominal girth hematouria: cystic rupture nocturia

CKD complications

azotemia: build up a waste in your blood sweat out urea crystals skin frosting acidosis CV disease osteoporotic cardiovascular changes (becasue of increase K) erythropoetin

When we take anti-histamines, we are countering the effects of which type of leukocyte?

basophils

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.

binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

Example of Humoral Release

blood calcium levels stimulate PTH release

glucose

blood sugar; the basic form of energy used by the body

somat/o-

body

What part of the body does erythropoietin (EPO) target to increase erythropoiesis?

bone marrow

In _________ diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal.

both type 1 & type 2

Fifth

cAMP activates protein kinases, which then cause cellular effects is what step in the cAMP Second Messenger signaling mechanism?

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-based hormones?

calcium

What's the f(x) of parathyroid gland?

calcium regulation

Fenestrated

capillary bed with holes "leaky"

dwarfism

cause: congenital or damage to PG Fetal or childhood 4; 10 or least Recognized 2 or 3 years of age Lordosis Delayed puberty

hypothyroidism

caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion; also known as an underactive thyroid

hypoparathyroidism

caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone (PTH); can cause hypocalcemia

myxedema

caused by extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion; also known as adult hypothyroidism; can cause severe depression and lethargy

diabetes insipidus

caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone

Cushing's syndrome

caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol from adrenal galnds; high production of cortisol

diabetic coma

caused by very high blood sugar (hyperglycemia)

insulin shock

caused by very low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)

Peptide Derived Hormones

chains of amino acids synthesized as inactive prohormones

Endocrine Reflexes

change in hormone release Three main ways to change hormone release Humoral stimuli: changes in composition of extracellular fluid (e.g. increased calcium levels in blood cause PTH release) Hormonal stimuli: arrival or removal of specific hormone (e.g. TSH hormone causes the release of thyroid hormone) Neural stimuli: arrival of neurotransmitters at neuroglandular junctions (Symp NS neurons cause adrenal medulla to release E, NE)

hypercalcemia

characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones

hypocalcemia

characterized by abnormally low levelsl of calcium in the blood

hormones

chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands and have specialized functions in regulating the activities of specific cells, organs, or both

Endocrine System

chemical signaling by hormones is the function of which system

WBC movement driven by

chemical stimuli (positive chemotaxis)

anabolic steroids

chemically related to the male sex hormone testosterone

1.) type of secreting cell 2.)the pathway taken to reach the target

communication in animal cells can be classified by what two criteria

progesterone

completes preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy

Nervous system trumps endocrine system

control of blood glucose levels endocrine system maintains blood glucose, but under stress the body needs more glucose. The hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system are activated to supply ample glucose

pituitary gland

controls all other endocrine glands, influences growth, metabolism, and regeneration

hormones secreted & f(x) of adrenal gland:

ctrl minerals (ie: aldosterone, Na, K) anti-inflammatory (ie cortisol) sex hormones (ie androgens) epinephrine + norepinephrine

polycystic kidney disease

cyst formation and hypertrophy of the kidneys cystic rupture damage to nephrons leads to acute kidney failure recessive: infants, faster onset, results in death genetic death of infant in a few months after birth

AKI

decreased kidney function abruptly decreased GFR, unbalanced fluid, retension of urea increased creatinine, increased blood urea/nigtrogen

a neurosecretory cell produces prothoracicotropic hormone(PTTH) . which then in the prothoracic gland directs the release of ecdysteroid, this triggers each molt, but metamorphosis is not triggered into the juvenile hormone drops

describe the molting of larva process

hormones are released from the endocrine cell, travel through the blood and interact with specific receptors within a target cell to cause a physiological response

describe the simple endocrine pathway

estrogen (E)

develops and maintains the female secondary sex characteristics and regulates the menstrual cycle

This disease/disorder results from hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin. Type 1= No insulin made Type 2= insulin resistance

diabetes

pancreas

digestion of proteins,fats

acromegaly

disorder of Pituitary gland Happens after puberty - start growing ---- JAW Etiology/pathophysiology Overproduction of growth hormone in the adult Idiopathic hyperplasia of the anterior pituitary gland Tumor growth in the anterior pituitary gland Changes are irreversible

anterior pituitary hormones

diverse process such as metabolism, osmoregulation, reproduction the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus controls release of all anterior pituitary hormones

UTI

dysuria, itching, inflammation, burning, fever, urine, vomiting

parathyroid glands

embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, works with the hormone calcitonin that is secreted by the thyroid gland to regulate the calcium levels in the blood and tissues

adrenal glands

endocrine glands near the kidneys

Nervous system VS Endocrine system -Slower responses, effects last longer, broader influence

endocrine system

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

enzyme

polydipsia

excessive thirst (as in cases of diabetes or kidney dysfunction)

polyuria

excessive urination

The _____________phase of the stress response begins when homeostatic regulation breaks down. Failure of 1 or more organ systems will prove fatal

exhaustion

acr/o-

extremities

hyperopia

farsightedness

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted

Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood?

hemocytoblast

What is the name of the protein found in erythrocytes that allows for respiratory gas transport?

hemoglobin

What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones?

hormonal stimuli

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?

hormone production

Pituitary Growth Failure (children)

hormone replacement treatmet

prolactin

hormone secreted by anterior pituitary and stimulates milk production

androgens

hormones that influence sex-related characteristics

target receptors

hormones trigger specific response pathways when they bind to what molecule

bu having NO present it can activate an enzyme that can result in vasolidation

how can vasodilation occur

the stimulus is received by a sensory neuron, which then stimulates a neurosecretory cell. this cell secretes neurohormones which travel in the blood stream and travel to the target cells. its a positive feedback

how does a neuroendocrine pathway work and is it negative or positive feedback

it receives information from nerves and initiates neuroendocrine signals

how does the hypothalamus coordinate endocrine signaling

_______ ________ hormone, from anterior pituitary, produced by somatotrophs. Common target cells are liver, skeletal muscle, cartilage, and bone.

human growth

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?

humoral stimulation

CKD

hypertension alcohol diabetes infections age ethnicity DM no external damage or injury to the kidney too many electrolytes besides calcium

Which of the following does NOT stimulate erythrocyte production?

hyperventilating

Peptide Hormone

hypothalamus Anterior/posterior pituitary gland Smaller peptides from: heart, thymus, digestive tract, pancreas

Neural Release

hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate anterior pituitary gland

Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?

hypoxia of EPO-producing cells

homeostasis RBC blood

hypoxia: kidney (liver to lesser extent) EPO released, signals red bone marrow, RBC production increased

water-soluble hormones

if I need hormones to bind to receptors in the plasma membrane which type of hormone will I use

lipid-soluble hormones

if I need hormones to reach the nucleus or cytoplasm which type will I use

f(x) of thymus gland?

immune response

luteinizing hormone (LH)

in the female, stimulates ovulation; in the male, stimulates testosterone secretion

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

in the female, stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova (eggs); in the male, stimulates the production of sperm

glucagon (GCG)

increases the level of glucose in the bloodstream

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

increases the production of melanin in melanocytes of the skin; secreted by pituitary

adrenalitis

inflammation of the adrenal glands

glucocorticoids

influence glucose metabolism and the immune system

melatonin

influences the sleep-wakefulness cycles; circadian rhythm

High blood glucose will stimulate the secretion of _________ (Think pancreas)

insulin

In the pancreatic islet, Beta cells secrete ____________, which lowers blood sugar

insulin

hormones secreted by the pancreas

insulin glucagon

pancreas hormones

insulin, glucagon

Acanthosis nigricans

is a skin condition characterized by areas of dark, velvety discoloration in body folds and creases. The affected skin can become thickened. Most often,acanthosis nigricans affects your armpits, groin and neck

Menieres disease

is a vestibular disease characterized by a triad of manifestations: - tinnitus - hearing loss, - vertigo. MEDS Meclizine (antivert) dizziness, HCTZ to reduce fluid Prednisone to reduce inflammation

presbycusis

is the loss of hearing that gradually occurs in most individuals as they grow older.

glomerulonephritis

ischemia drugs toxins systemic disease (lupus/diabetes) step throat hematouria foam caused by protein oliguria

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________.

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release.

pineal gland

it secretes melatonin, which is associated with biological rhymes, reproduction, and daily activities

pruritus

itching

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?

kidney

Isosorbide (Isordil)

l. (safer then IV meds for cardiac patients. My cause diuresis - troublesome in BPH.

Which type of leukocyte is responsible for antibody production?

lymphocytes

Agranulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes: Lack visible cytoplasmic granules Have spherical (lymphocytes) or kidney-shaped (monocytes) nuclei

amblyopia

lazy eye

Adipose tissue

leptin suppression of appetite: permissive efefcts in GnRH and gonadotropin synthesis resistin cells throughout the body Suppression of insulin response

_________soluble hormones are used to transport proteins such as steroid, thyroid, and nitric oxide

lipid

Paracrine

localized (cell to cell) within a single tissue (e.g. prostaglandins)

thymus

located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity; behind your sternum and between your lungs; close to the heart

contrast media

makes problem worse because kidney needs to break down

Treatment of CRF

managing DM diet

Intestines

many hormones coordinate digestive tract activities

nephrotic syndrome

massive proteinuria hypoalbuminema/edema

fructosamine test

measures average glucose levels over the past 3 weeks

home blood glucose monitoring

measures the current blood sugar level

fasting blood sugar test

measures the glucose (blood sugar) levels after the patient has not eaten for 8-12 hours

thyroid scan

measures thyroid function

pineal gland hormones

melatonin

what does the pineal gland secrete

melatonin

What's the f(x) of the thyroid gland?

metabolism

Prolactin

milk production in females-males testis ore sensitive to LH

electrolytes

mineral substances, such as sodium and potassium, that are normally found in the blood

Zona glomerulosa

mineralcoritcoids: aldosterone Stimulates: conservation of sodium ions and water elimination of potassium ions does this at kidneys, sweat glands, salivary glands, pancreas Increases sensitivity of salt receptors in taste buds Secreted in response to: drop in blood Na+, blood volume, or blood pressure, or rise in blood K+ concentration Renin-angiotensin mechanism - kidneys release renin, which is converted into angiotensin II that in turn stimulates aldosterone release ACTH - causes small increases of aldosterone during stress

Feedback loop for blood pressure

mineralcorticoid alodsterone Secreted in response to: drop in blood Na+, blood volume, or blood pressure, or rise in blood K+ concentration Renin-angiotensin mechanism - kidneys release renin, which is converted into angiotensin II that in turn stimulates aldosterone release ACTH - causes small increases of aldosterone during stress

On a blood smear slide prepared using Wright's stain, you observe a large cell with a U-shaped nucleus and pale blue cytoplasm. This cell is most likely a(n) __________.

monocyte

amoeboid

movement using actin (employed by WBC)

diabetic retinopathy

occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina, causing blood to leak into the posterior segment of the eyeball

Addison's disease

occurs when the adrenal glands produce low cortisol and/or aldosterone

clinical manifestations of AKI

oliguria decreased GFR increased BUN and Creat. increased urine osmolarity there are several types (3)

Melatonin, the hormone responsible for setting the biological clock (think sleep), is secreted from the ________gland

pineal

pineal/o-

pineal gland

Endocrine glands

pineal gland, pituitary (hypophysis) gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, and testis

conjunctivitis

pinkeye (contagious)

pituit/o- pituitar/o-

pituitary gland

gigantism

pituitary gland disorder Happens after puberty - start growing ---- JAW Etiology/pathophysiology Overproduction of growth hormone in the adult Idiopathic hyperplasia of the anterior pituitary gland Tumor growth in the anterior pituitary gland Changes are irreversible

hCG is secreted by the __________in pregnancy. (hint, pregnancy test look for this hormone to detect pregnancy)

placenta

The majority of whole blood is __________.

plasma

Mechanism of blood glucose homeostasis

practice writing out see slide 89

Hormonal Release

preganglionic SNS fiber stimulate adrenal medulla cells to secrete catecholamines

causes AKI category

prerenal intrarenal post renal

Hormone release and target cell response

pulses: hypothalamic and pituitary hormones are released in sudden bursts. The frequency of these results in different target cell responses. Unlike neurotrans: more does not mean bigger response (thresholds, inverse effects)

simple endocrine pathway and negative feedback

raising the pH in the duodenum cause by the release of acidic contents into the stomach is an example of what pathway and what type of feedback is it

In adults, red blood cell production occurs in __________.

red bone marrow

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

regulate the rate of metabolism; acts on every cell in the body

f(x) of pancreas?

regulates blood sugar

hypothalamus

regulates hunger, thirst, sleep, involuntary systems including temp regulation

adrenal glands

regulates metabolic processes in cells, water balance, blood pressure, etc.

aldosterone

regulates minerals; ctrl the salt and water levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys; all to ctrl BP

Melanocyte-stimulating Function

regulates skin color in amphibians, fish and reptiles and in mammals it plays a role in hunger and metabolism

growth hormone (GH)

regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues

cortisol

regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the body; also has an anti-inflammatory action

insulin

regulates the transport of glucose to body cells and stimulates the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen for storage; decreases blood sugar

They hypothalamus secretes _____________(type) of hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland

regulatory

Zona reticularis

release androgens: stimulated by ACTH

Oxytocin ________.

release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

thyrotoxicosis

severe form of hypderthyroidism

ovaries

sex drive

prodromal phase

slight increase BUN and create decrease urine output normal intrarenal AKI

Pheromones

some animals communicate with these and they release them into the environment

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.

steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

Platelets ________.

stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break

lactogenic hormone (LTH)

stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk

interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

stimulates ovulation in the female; stimulates the secretion of testosterone in the male

adrenocorticotroic hormone (ACTH)

stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex

thymosin

stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells of the immune system; secreted by thymus

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

stimulates the secretion of the hormones required to maintain pregnancy

epinephrine (Epi, EPI)

stimulates the sympathetic nervous system; a synthetic hormone used as a vasoconstrictor to treat conditions such as heart dysrhythmias and asthma attacks

norepinephrine

stimulates the sympathetic nervous system; emergency hormone

oxytocin (OXT)

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. It also causes milk to flow from the mammary glands after childbirth.

mineralocorticoids

such as aldosterone, affect salt and water balance

estrogen

synthesized by the ovaries, create estraidol, and responsible for female reproductive structures

androgens

synthesized by the testes, create testosterone and responsible for male reproductive structures

This hormone regulates production of sperm cells and development. It also maintains male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics

testosterone

chemical thyroidectomy

the administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells

Hormonal negative feedback

the resulting hormone acts as negative feedback for the regulatory hormone

1.) different receptors for the hormone 2.) different signal transduction pathways

the same hormone can have different effects on target cells that have

corticosteroids

the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

pancreatectomy

the surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas

lobectomy

the surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland; also used to describe the removal of a lobe of the liver, brain, or lung

parathyroidectomy

the surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands

pinealectomy

the surgical removal of the pineal gland

thymectomy

the surgical removal of the thymus gland

cortisone

the synethetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the body

lipid-soluble hormones

these diffuse across membrane, travel in bloodstream, bound to transport proteins, they bind to receptors in the cytoplasm and nucleus

water-soluble hormones

these hormones are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-surface receptors, the receptor is in plasma membrane

-dipsia

thirst

steroids

this type of hormone is lipid-soluble

polypeptides and amines

this type of hormones are water-soluble

synaptic signaling

this type of signaling forms specialized junctions with target cells called synapse.

Endocrine Signaling

this type of signaling happens in the bloodstream, it mediates responses to stimuli, it regulates growth and development. and extracellular fluids is involved.

neuroendocrine signaling

this type of signaling has neurosecretory cells that secret neurohormones that diffuse from nerve endings into the blood stream?

autocrine signaling

this type of signaling has the target cells also be the secreting cell.

paracrine signaling

this type of signaling has the target cells lie near the secreting cells

pancreatic islets

those parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions

What does the thymus secrete?

thymosin

Thymus

thymosins: lymphocytes and other cells of the immune response; coordinate and regulate immune response Produces thymosin hormones: that helps develop and maintain normal immune defenses T-Cells

What gland is located deep to the sternum in the thorax and serves an important role in maturation of T cells?

thymus

thym/o-

thymus "soul" gland

thyr/o- thyroid/o-

thyroid gland

Calcium regulation involves

thyroid gland produces calcitonin: increased excretion of calcium in the kidneys, calcium deposition in bone (inhibition of osteoclasts) and blood calcium levels decline in adults the effects are unknown parathyroid gland secretes PTH: release of stored calcium in the bone: stimulation of osteoclasts more than osteoblasts enhanced reabosorption of calcium in kidneys stimulation of calcitriol production at kidneys; enhanced Ca2 absorption by digestive tract: blood calcium levels increase

TSH targets what organ(s)

thyroid glands

Amino Acid Derived Hormones

thyroid hormones (T3 and T4): unique and has transporter protein that can cross the cell wall to deliver cell signal inside Epinephrine (E) Norepinephrine (NE) Dopamine Melatonin

TSH

thyroid stimulating hormone-stimulated thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone

thyroid gland hormones

thyroxine (T4) Triodothyronin (T3) Calcitonin (CT)

Which of the following is not a distribution function of blood?

transport of salts to maintain blood volume

Anterior pituitary hormones that act on other endocrine systems are called ___________ hormones

tropic

True or False Glucocoritcoids have anti-inflammatory effects

true

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________.

up-regulation

urethritis

urethra UTI

Blood Type Test

use antibodies to test if they are available in the blood

Mannitol (Osmitrol)

used IV reduces intraocular pressure by increasing blood osmolality. Indications of treatment - use in acute attacks and preoperativly

acute tubular necrosis (intrarenal example) causes

vascular: decrease blood, decrease 02 (hypoxia), vasoconstriction tubular: inflammation, obstruction of urine flow, tubular back flow, cast formation decreased urine outflow casts aki

it becomes active under stressful conditions: low blood sugar, decreased blood volume, decreased pressure, shock

what does the adrenal cortex do

it secreted epinephrine and norepinephrine which coordinate physiological responses in fight or flight

what does the adrenal medulla do

The primary function/action of ADH is to decrease the amount of ________lost at the kidneys

water

_______soluble hormones circulate in the "free" form such as amine, peptide/protein, eicosanoid, and glycoproteins

water

homeostasis, development, behavior

what are 3 things that the endocrine system regulates

thyroid, parathyroid, testes ovaries

what are some examples of endocrine organs(endocrine glands)

they attract mates, mark trails leading to food, define territories, warn of predators

what are some of the functions of pheromones

cytoskeleton, enzyme activation, change in gene expresssion

what are some of the responses that the binding of a hormone can have

a signal transduction

when a hormone binds to its receptor what will it initiate

it activates an enzyme that cause the release of glucose into the bloodstream

when epinephrine is present what does this do

when Calcium levels drop below a set point

when is the parathyroid hormone released

located in the kidneys and it has an adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

where are the adrenal glands located and what do they consist of

in controlling homeostasis

where does the nervous and endocrine system overlap

gonads, ovaries, testes

which structures produce most of the sex hormones

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

works with calcitonin to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues

calcitonin (CAL)

works with the parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues

it will be high because an enzyme is activated which releases glucose into the bloodstream

your drowning in a river will your glucose level be high or low and why