Endocrine & Blood Physiology

Melatonin

A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.

Leptin

A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood. Site of secretion: platelets in the blood

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

All cells EXCEPT RBCs; make vessels more permeable

Human Growth Hormone (HGH), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH), LH, Prolactin, Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Anterior Pituitary

nitric oxide (NO)

Endothelial cells; Local regulator that regulates blood oxygen levels, A gas produced by many types of cells that functions as a local regulator and as a neurotransmitter.

Releasing and inhibiting hormones

Hypothalamus

Calcitriol

Kidneys; A hormone produced from vitamin D that acts in essentially the same manner as parathyroid hormone.

Histamine

Most cells in connective tissues

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid glands. increases blood Ca2+ involved in bone maintenance

Oxytocin, anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Posterior Pituitary

gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, GIP

Stomach and small intestine

Testosterone

Testes

What are the differences between the lobes of the pituitary gland? How does the hypothalamus communicate with each lobe?

The posterior pituitary gland stores an and releases hornones made produced by the hypothalamus. These hormones are released from the hypothalamus sends messages to the pituitary gland through nerve cells. The posterior lobe produces two hormones, vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin. The anterior lobe regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction through the hormones that it produces (and seceretes). The production of these hormones is stimulated or inhibited by chemical messages sent from the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Anterior Hormones: human growth hormone (HGH) , thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), ATCH, follicle-stimulating FSH, leitinizing hormone LH, prolactin,

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

Thyroid gland; stimulate and maintain metabolic processes

Erythropoietin (EPO)

hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow

Aldosterone, cortisol, androgens

hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide

location: pancreas primary target: many tissues main effect: metabolism of glucose and other nutrients

estrogen and progesterone

ovaries

epinephrine and norepinephrine, (catecholamines)

the adrenal medulla secretes __ and ___, which are ___

Calcitonin

thyroid; lowers blood calcium levels