Endocrine ch. 16 Bio 116 (Nicholls)

type 2 diabetes

insulin resistance (failure of the body to use insulin properly)

The secretion of which hormone lowers blood glucose concentrations?

insulin secretion

Beta cells secretes

insulin which decreases blood glucose levels

What kind of effect do hormones have if they produce different but complimentary effects?

integrative effects

Describe the resistance response.

long term metabolic adjustments including mobilization of remaining energy reserves, conservation of glucose, elevation of blood glucose concentration, and conservation of salts and water with K+ and H+

What is the common goal of the nervous and endocrine systems?

maintain homeostasis

List three functions suggested for melatonin in humans.

maintains circadian rhythms, affects the timing of sexual maturation, and protects against damage by free radicals

Increased amounts of light would inhibit the production of which hormone?

melatonin

Identify three main causes of hormone hyposecretion.

metabolic factors, physical damage, and congenital disorders

Define synergistic effect.

occurs when two hormones have an additive effect so that the net result is greater than the effect each would produce alone

Pancreatic polypeptide cells (PP cells) secrete

pancreatic polypeptide that inhibits gallbladder contraction

Delta cells secretes

peptide hormone identical to growth hormone that surpresses release of glucagon and insulin

What is the effect of increased glucagon levels on the amount of glycogen stored in the liver?

stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver which decreases amount of glycogen stored

peptide hormones

synthesized as prohormones, includes all hormones secreted by hypothalamus, heart thalamus, digestive tract and pancreas,

follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)(Anterior)

target the testes in males and ovaries in females

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)**(Posterior)

targets kidneys to retain water and decrease urination

growth hormone (GH)(Anterior)

targets liver cells (respond by synthesizing somatomedins)

prolactin (PRL)(Anterior)

targets mammary glands in females

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) (Anterior)

targets melanocytes in the skin

adrenocorticotropic hormone(Anterior)

targets the adrenal cortex

Thyroid-stimulating hormone(Anterior)

targets the thyroid gland

oxytocin (OXT)**(Posterior)

targets uterus and mammary glands (example of positive feedback loop)

amino acid derivatives

thyroid hormones, catecholamines, tryptohpan derivative

Describe the two types of diabetes mellitus.

type 1 and type 2

Cite the hormones secreted by each region of the adrenal gland

ZG: Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) ZF: Glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosteroids) ZR: Androgens

Name the regions and zones of an adrenal gland from superficial to deep.

Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, Zona Reticularis,

List the three phases of the stress response.

alarm phase, resistance phase, and the exhaustion phase

What condition is characterized by increased body weight due to Na+ and water retention and a low blood K+ concentration?

aldosteronism

Describe the structural classification of hormones.

amino-acid derivatives, peptide hormones, and lipid derivatives

Which of the four hormonal effects are involved in negative feedback response?

antagonistic effects

Why do signs and symptoms of thyroxine concentration not appear until about a week after a thyroidectomy (surgical removal of the thyroid gland)?

bloodstream has about 1 week supply

Adrenal Medulla secretes

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

The release of which pituitary hormone would lead to an increased level of somatomedins in the blood?

GH

Explain the roles of other endocrine organs and hormones in normal growth and development.

GH, Thyroid hormone, insulin, PTH, calcitriol, and reproductive hormones

List the hypothalamic releasing hormones.

corticotropin (CRH), Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH), prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH), and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Identify some clinical problems associated with diabetes mellitus.

diabetic retinopathy, heart circulation blockages, increased risk for heart attack, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and decreased blood flow to the limbs

During which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is there a collapse of vital systems?

exhaustion phase

Alpha cells secretes

glucagon which increases blood glucose levels

Define regulatory hormone

hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that controls endocrine cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

first messenger

hormone whose binding to a protein receptor in the plasma membrane; gives rise to 2nd messenger

Define the prefixes hyper and hypo in the context of endocrine disorders.

hyper- excess hormone production hypo- inadequate hormone production

Major organs of endocrine system

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, and pancreas

second messenger

in cytoplasm, and changes rate of metabolic reactions by acting as enzyme activator, inhibitor, and cofactor

type 1 diabetes

inadequate insulin production by pancreatic beta cells

In a dehydrated person, how would the amount of ADH released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary change?

increase in response to increased blood osmotic pressure resulting in rise in solute concentration

What effect would increased cortisol levels have on blood glucose levels?

increased cortisol levels would result in elevated blood glucose levels

Explain how the parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels.

increases calcium release from bone, increasing blood calcium reabsorption, increasing production of calcitriol

Hormone that diffuses across the plasma membrane and binds to receptors

steroid hormone

adrenal cortex secretes

steroids (corticosteroids)

Identify the types of cells in the pancreatic islets

Alpha cells, Beta cells, Delta cells, Pancreatic polypeptide cells

Layers of the Adrenal Gland

Capsule, Cortex, Medulla

Kidney's secrete

EPO and Renin which cause BP and BV to increase

lipid derivatives

Eicosanoids (leukotrienes and prostaglandins) or Steroid hormones (androgens, estrogen, corticosteroids, and calcitriol)

Decreased blood calcium levels would result in increased secretion of what hormone?

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

Identify the 9 Pituitary hormones

Thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating, luteinizing hormone, growth hormone, prolactin, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone

Name the hormones of the thyroid gland

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) (Thyroid Hormone) and Calcitonin

Name and describe the characteristics and functions of the blood vessels that link the hypothalamus with the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

permeable fenestrated capillary beds in each structure connected by portal veins: Ensures that hypothalamic regulatory hormones reach the "downstream" endocrine cells of anterior lobe directly

Identify the hormone-secreting cells of the pineal gland.

pinealocytes

Horomone receptor

protein molecule located either on the plasma membrane of inside the cell that binds with specific hormone

What effects would increased circulating levels of glucocorticoids have on the pituitary secretion of ACTH?

reduces the secretion of ACTH from the pituitary gland so the ACTH would decrease

Three mechanisms by which the hypothalamus integrates neural and endocrine function

secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), secretion of regulatory hormone & control activity of anterior lobe & pituitary gland, and neural (sympathetic) control over the endocrine cells of adrenal medullae