Endocrine Hormones
Hyper-secretion of melanocyte stimulating hormone
Causes skin pigmentation—dark blotches
Hypo-secretion of melanocyte stimulating hormone
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: causes chronic pain and lethargy
Anterior Pituitary gland
Follicle stimulating hormone
Hyper-secretion of thymosin
Leukemia is not caused by this but is similar: increase of dysfunctional WBC
Hypo-secretion of thymosin
Lupus Erythematosus: decreased response in immune system AIDS: destruction of WBC
Anterior pituitary gland
Luteinizing Hormone
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Oxytocin
Negative Feedback
Pancreas releases glucagon into the blood until homeostasis is reached (monitored by pancreas)
Negative Feedback
Pancreas releases insulin into the blood until homeostasis is reached (monitored by pancreas)
Hypo-secretion of Follicle Stimulating Hormone
gametes do not mature; infertility
Hyper-secretion of Growth Hormone
gigantism: much larger than normal caused by a tumor
Insulin
glycogen formed from glucose; Cells taking in glucose; Decreases blood glucose level; protein synthesis increased; adipose cells synthesize and store fat
Hyper-Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone
high blood pressure, meningitis, edema, retain water, headache/disorientation, weight gain, decreased solute concentration
glucocorticoids aldosterone adrenocorticotropic hormone epinephrine/norepinephrine
hyper-secretion results in Cushing's syndrome
Hypo-secretion of Growth Hormone
pituitary dwarfism: much smaller than normal, fluid retention, joint pain caused by insufficiency of this hormone
Hypo-Secretion of Aldosterone
Addison's Disease: Dizziness, loss of appetite, lethargy high potassium levels, low sodium levels
Hypo-secretion of Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
Addison's disease hypotension, dehydration, hypoglycemia, weight loss caused by mutation of ACTH receptors or destruction of adrenal medulla
Hypo-secretion of glucocorticoids
Addison's disease hypotension, dehydration, hypoglycemia, weight loss caused by mutation of ACTH receptors or destruction of adrenal medulla
Anterior pituitary gland
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Hypo-Secretion of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Affected by Addison's disease hypotension, dehydration, hypoglycemia, weight loss caused by mutation of ACTH receptors
Adrenal Glands
Aldosterone
Hypo-secretion of testosterone
Andropause: with age, men secrete less of this XY Gonadal Dysgenesis: a child has XY chromosomes but because of either the insensitivity to androgens or inability to make androgens, the child does not develop testes and outwardly appears feminine but does not have menstruation or breasts
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Antidiuretic hormone
Atrium
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Negative Feedback
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide is produced until homeostasis is reached and the system shuts off
Thyroid C-Cells
Calcitonin
Glucagon
Breaks down glycogen and raise blood sugar level
Positive Feedback
Continually produces Oxytocin
Hyper-secretion of glucocorticoids
Cushing's Syndrome hypertension, water-retension, hyperglycemia, sweating
Hyper-secretion of epinephrine/norepinephrine
Cushing's Syndrome hypertension, water-retension, hyperglycemia, sweating, nervousness, complete exhaustion caused by excessive ACTH or tumor
Hyper-Secretion of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Cushing's Syndrome: puffy skin, deeper voice, sometimes causes beard growth in women hypertension, water-retension, hyperglycemia, sweating
Hypo-Secretion of Insulin
Diabetes Mellitis (types 1 and 2): dehydration, lethargy, low blood pH, urinate frequently, thirsty Hyperglycemia: fatigue, blurred vision, headaches, thirst, frequent urination
Hypo-Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone
Diabetes insipidus: inability to retain water, frequent urination, intense thirst
Hypo-Secretion of Oxytocin
Difficulty giving birth, lack of milk excretion, depression, self-absorbption
adrenal medulla
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
Kidneys
Erythropoietin
ovaries
Estrogen
Pancreas alpha cells
Glucagon
Adrenal Cortex
Glucocorticoids
Adrenal Cortex
Gonadocorticoids
Hyper-Secretion of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Grave's Disease: high metabolism, sweating, rapid heartbeat, nervousness, weight loss, exophthalmos (bulging eyes)
Hyper-secretion of T3/T4
Grave's Disease: high metabolism, sweating, rapid heartbeat, nervousness, weight loss, exophthalmos (bulging eyes) antibodies mimic thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and continually produce thyroid hormones
Anterior pituitary gland
Growth Hormone
Hyper-Secretion of Glucagon
Hyperglycemia: high blood glucose, frequent urination
Hyper-Secretion of Parathyroid Hormone
Hyperparathyroidism: depression of nervous system—abnormal reflexes, weakness in skeletal muscles, deformed, fragile bones, kidney stones
Hypo-Secretion of Glucagon
Hypoglycemia: low blood glucose; nausea, glazed expression, inability to swallow
Hyper-Secretion of Insulin
Hypoglycemia: nausea, glazed expression, inability to swallow
Hyper-Secretion of Oxytocin
Hyponatremia: loss of sodium in kidneys, brain swelling; fatigue, headache, abnormal mental status
Hypo-Secretion of Parathyroid Hormone
Hypoparathyroidism: loss of sensation, muscle twitches, convulsions; can eventually lead to paralysis and death
negative feedback
Hypothalamus releases corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH) to the anterior pituitary gland; the anterior pituitary gland secretes adrenal corticotropic hormone into the blood which is picked up by the adrenal medullae; the adrenal medullae secrete epinephrine/norepinephrine until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off
Negative Feedback
Hypothalamus releases gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) to the anterior pituitary gland; the anterior pituitary gland secretes Luteinizing Hormone (LH) into the blood; the system is shut off when the sex hormone homeostasis is reached
Negative Feedback
Hypothalamus releases gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) to the anterior pituitary gland; the anterior pituitary gland secretes luteinizing hormone into the blood which is picked up by the ovaries; the ovaries secrete estrogen until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off
Negative Feedback
Hypothalamus releases gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) to the anterior pituitary gland; the anterior pituitary gland secretes luteinizing hormone into the blood which is picked up by the testes; the testes secrete testosterone until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off
Negative Feedback
Hypothalamus releases hormones to the anterior pituitary gland; posterior pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) into the blood until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off
Negative Feedback
Hypothalamus releases hormones to the posterior pituitary gland; posterior pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) into the blood until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off
Negative Feedback
Hypothalamus releases thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) to the anterior pituitary gland; the anterior pituitary gland secretes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) into the blood until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off
Negative Feedback
Hypothalamus releases thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) to the anterior pituitary gland; the anterior pituitary gland secretes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) into the blood which is picked up by the thyroid; the thyroid secretes thyroid hormones until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off
Hypo-Secretion of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Hypothyroidism/Myxedema: low metabolism, chills, constipation, thick/dry skin, puffy eyes, edema, lethargy, and mental sluggishness Goiter: enlarged thyroid due to buildup of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Cretinism: infant hypothyroidism; impaired mental abilities, disproportionate
Hypo-secretion of T3/T4
Hypothyroidism/Myxedema: low metabolism, chills, constipation, thick/dry skin, puffy eyes, edema, lethargy, and mental sluggishness Goiter: enlarged thyroid due to buildup of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Cretinism: infant hypothyroidism; impaired mental abilities, disproportionate
Oxytocin
Initiates labor and stimulates contractions—stretches uterus and cervix; silences fetal brain during delivery stimulates myoepithelial cells-contract to force milk out Gives females a maternal behavior Psychological effects on the brain: loving sensation, sexual arousal, orgasm, and cuddling When you have good feelings toward someone, oxytocin releases—recognition and bonds with partner: gains trust, more oxytocin keeps being released Temporarily impairs certain learning and memory functions—"primal" mode Acts as an ecstasy stimulates sodium excretion from kidneys
Pancreas beta cells
Insulin
Intermediate Lobe
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Pineal Gland
Melatonin
Hypo-secretion of estrogen
Menopause: with age, woman stops secreting this and eventually the gland stops working as an endocrine gland Osteoporosis: with age, women stop secreting this and the lack of causes bones to become brittle and more fragile
Negative Feedback
Monitored by thyroid; calcitonin is released until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off
Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid Hormone
Hyper-Secretion of Aldosterone
Primary Aldosteronism: fatigue, numbness, headaches high sodium levels, low potassium levels
Ovaries
Progesterone
Anterior pituitary gland
Prolactin
Positive Feedback
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) is around all the time until the need for breast milk arises; when PIH levels decrease, this hormone is produced more; suckling increases the production of this hormone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Stimulates adrenal cortex to release hormones
Erythropoietin
Stimulates formation of red blood cells from bone marrow to carry more oxygen
Thyroid gland
T3 and T4
Thymus
Thymosin
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Melatonin feedback
affected by light
Calcitonin
builds bones by inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulating osteoblasts; lowers blood calcium
Estrogen
builds up uterine lining, development of secondary sex characteristics
Hypo-secretion of Luteinizing Hormone
caused by an infection in the hypothalamus or anterior pituitary gland; failure to reach sexual maturation
Hyper-Secretion of Prolactin
caused by tumor; inappropriate lactation; causes infertility in males
Melatonin
causes drowsiness; responsible for circadian rhythm (biological clock)
Hyper-secretion of gonadocorticoids
causes masculinization in females
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
causes release of melanin by melanocytes
Negative Feedback
control of Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Negative Feedback
control of glucocorticoids
Immune system
control of thymosin
Erythropoietin control
depends on how much oxygen is in the body/needed by the body
Testosterone
development of secondary sex characteristics, initiates libido
Follicle stimulating hormone
encourages the production and maturation of gametes
Glucocorticoids aldosterone adrenocrticotropic hormone epinephrine/norepinephrine
hypo-secretion results in Addison's disease
Negative Feedback
hypothalamus releases a releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary gland; anterior pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off
Negative Feedback
hypothalamus releases growth releasing hormone (GRH) to the anterior pituitary gland; anterior pituitary gland releases growth hormone into the blood until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off
Hypo-Secretion of Prolactin
inability to lactate; poor milk production
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
increases heart rate, dilates blood vessels, dilates bronchioles, fight-or-flight response
T3/T4
increases metabolic rate and body heat, increases number of adrenaline receptors in blood, regulates growth/development and blood pressure
Progesterone
maintains placenta during pregnancy; increases breast development; affects menstruation
Hyper-secretion of Follicle stimulating hormone
more than 1 egg released at a time: fraternal twins, messes up menses cycle
Gonadocorticoids
onset of puberty (secondary sex characteristics), sex drive in adult females, converts to estrogen after menopause
Negative feedback
progesterone is produced until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off; except in pregnancy, progesterone levels remain at a constant high to maintain placenta
Glucocorticoids
raises blood glucose levels; production of glucose; decreases protein synthesis, breaks down adipose tissue for fatty acids; increases production of glucose from elsewhere
Hypo-secretion of progesterone
sterility
Control of gonadocorticoids
stimulated by ACTH; neither positive nor negative
Growth Hormone
stimulates epiphyseal plates to grow; stimulates anabolic production of muscle
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
stimulates release of thyroid hormones
Antidiuretic Hormone
targets kidney tubules; retains water, lowers urine production and blood solute concentration
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
targets kidneys: secretion of urine increase; Na and water output is greater; lower blood pressure
Parathyroid Hormone
targets skeleton, kidneys, and intestines Controls calcium balance in blood; stimulates osteoclasts to put more calcium in blood; reabsorption of calcium by kidneys; activates vitamin D (required to absorb calcium by intestine)
Prolactin
targets the breasts; produces milk
Luteinizing Hormone
targets the gonads
Aldosterone
targets the kidneys Controls blood volume and pressure; Conserves Na ions (water retention), excretes K ions
Thymosin
targets white blood cells, causes maturization of T-cells
testes
testosterone
Negative Feedback
when levels of Aldosterone rise, the system shuts off
Negative Feedback
when levels of Parathyroid Hormone increase, the system shuts off