Endocrine Hormones

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Hyper-secretion of melanocyte stimulating hormone

Causes skin pigmentation—dark blotches

Hypo-secretion of melanocyte stimulating hormone

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: causes chronic pain and lethargy

Anterior Pituitary gland

Follicle stimulating hormone

Hyper-secretion of thymosin

Leukemia is not caused by this but is similar: increase of dysfunctional WBC

Hypo-secretion of thymosin

Lupus Erythematosus: decreased response in immune system AIDS: destruction of WBC

Anterior pituitary gland

Luteinizing Hormone

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Oxytocin

Negative Feedback

Pancreas releases glucagon into the blood until homeostasis is reached (monitored by pancreas)

Negative Feedback

Pancreas releases insulin into the blood until homeostasis is reached (monitored by pancreas)

Hypo-secretion of Follicle Stimulating Hormone

gametes do not mature; infertility

Hyper-secretion of Growth Hormone

gigantism: much larger than normal caused by a tumor

Insulin

glycogen formed from glucose; Cells taking in glucose; Decreases blood glucose level; protein synthesis increased; adipose cells synthesize and store fat

Hyper-Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone

high blood pressure, meningitis, edema, retain water, headache/disorientation, weight gain, decreased solute concentration

glucocorticoids aldosterone adrenocorticotropic hormone epinephrine/norepinephrine

hyper-secretion results in Cushing's syndrome

Hypo-secretion of Growth Hormone

pituitary dwarfism: much smaller than normal, fluid retention, joint pain caused by insufficiency of this hormone

Hypo-Secretion of Aldosterone

Addison's Disease: Dizziness, loss of appetite, lethargy high potassium levels, low sodium levels

Hypo-secretion of Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

Addison's disease hypotension, dehydration, hypoglycemia, weight loss caused by mutation of ACTH receptors or destruction of adrenal medulla

Hypo-secretion of glucocorticoids

Addison's disease hypotension, dehydration, hypoglycemia, weight loss caused by mutation of ACTH receptors or destruction of adrenal medulla

Anterior pituitary gland

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Hypo-Secretion of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Affected by Addison's disease hypotension, dehydration, hypoglycemia, weight loss caused by mutation of ACTH receptors

Adrenal Glands

Aldosterone

Hypo-secretion of testosterone

Andropause: with age, men secrete less of this XY Gonadal Dysgenesis: a child has XY chromosomes but because of either the insensitivity to androgens or inability to make androgens, the child does not develop testes and outwardly appears feminine but does not have menstruation or breasts

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Antidiuretic hormone

Atrium

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Negative Feedback

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide is produced until homeostasis is reached and the system shuts off

Thyroid C-Cells

Calcitonin

Glucagon

Breaks down glycogen and raise blood sugar level

Positive Feedback

Continually produces Oxytocin

Hyper-secretion of glucocorticoids

Cushing's Syndrome hypertension, water-retension, hyperglycemia, sweating

Hyper-secretion of epinephrine/norepinephrine

Cushing's Syndrome hypertension, water-retension, hyperglycemia, sweating, nervousness, complete exhaustion caused by excessive ACTH or tumor

Hyper-Secretion of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Cushing's Syndrome: puffy skin, deeper voice, sometimes causes beard growth in women hypertension, water-retension, hyperglycemia, sweating

Hypo-Secretion of Insulin

Diabetes Mellitis (types 1 and 2): dehydration, lethargy, low blood pH, urinate frequently, thirsty Hyperglycemia: fatigue, blurred vision, headaches, thirst, frequent urination

Hypo-Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone

Diabetes insipidus: inability to retain water, frequent urination, intense thirst

Hypo-Secretion of Oxytocin

Difficulty giving birth, lack of milk excretion, depression, self-absorbption

adrenal medulla

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

Kidneys

Erythropoietin

ovaries

Estrogen

Pancreas alpha cells

Glucagon

Adrenal Cortex

Glucocorticoids

Adrenal Cortex

Gonadocorticoids

Hyper-Secretion of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Grave's Disease: high metabolism, sweating, rapid heartbeat, nervousness, weight loss, exophthalmos (bulging eyes)

Hyper-secretion of T3/T4

Grave's Disease: high metabolism, sweating, rapid heartbeat, nervousness, weight loss, exophthalmos (bulging eyes) antibodies mimic thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and continually produce thyroid hormones

Anterior pituitary gland

Growth Hormone

Hyper-Secretion of Glucagon

Hyperglycemia: high blood glucose, frequent urination

Hyper-Secretion of Parathyroid Hormone

Hyperparathyroidism: depression of nervous system—abnormal reflexes, weakness in skeletal muscles, deformed, fragile bones, kidney stones

Hypo-Secretion of Glucagon

Hypoglycemia: low blood glucose; nausea, glazed expression, inability to swallow

Hyper-Secretion of Insulin

Hypoglycemia: nausea, glazed expression, inability to swallow

Hyper-Secretion of Oxytocin

Hyponatremia: loss of sodium in kidneys, brain swelling; fatigue, headache, abnormal mental status

Hypo-Secretion of Parathyroid Hormone

Hypoparathyroidism: loss of sensation, muscle twitches, convulsions; can eventually lead to paralysis and death

negative feedback

Hypothalamus releases corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH) to the anterior pituitary gland; the anterior pituitary gland secretes adrenal corticotropic hormone into the blood which is picked up by the adrenal medullae; the adrenal medullae secrete epinephrine/norepinephrine until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off

Negative Feedback

Hypothalamus releases gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) to the anterior pituitary gland; the anterior pituitary gland secretes Luteinizing Hormone (LH) into the blood; the system is shut off when the sex hormone homeostasis is reached

Negative Feedback

Hypothalamus releases gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) to the anterior pituitary gland; the anterior pituitary gland secretes luteinizing hormone into the blood which is picked up by the ovaries; the ovaries secrete estrogen until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off

Negative Feedback

Hypothalamus releases gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) to the anterior pituitary gland; the anterior pituitary gland secretes luteinizing hormone into the blood which is picked up by the testes; the testes secrete testosterone until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off

Negative Feedback

Hypothalamus releases hormones to the anterior pituitary gland; posterior pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) into the blood until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off

Negative Feedback

Hypothalamus releases hormones to the posterior pituitary gland; posterior pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) into the blood until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off

Negative Feedback

Hypothalamus releases thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) to the anterior pituitary gland; the anterior pituitary gland secretes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) into the blood until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off

Negative Feedback

Hypothalamus releases thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) to the anterior pituitary gland; the anterior pituitary gland secretes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) into the blood which is picked up by the thyroid; the thyroid secretes thyroid hormones until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off

Hypo-Secretion of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Hypothyroidism/Myxedema: low metabolism, chills, constipation, thick/dry skin, puffy eyes, edema, lethargy, and mental sluggishness Goiter: enlarged thyroid due to buildup of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Cretinism: infant hypothyroidism; impaired mental abilities, disproportionate

Hypo-secretion of T3/T4

Hypothyroidism/Myxedema: low metabolism, chills, constipation, thick/dry skin, puffy eyes, edema, lethargy, and mental sluggishness Goiter: enlarged thyroid due to buildup of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Cretinism: infant hypothyroidism; impaired mental abilities, disproportionate

Oxytocin

Initiates labor and stimulates contractions—stretches uterus and cervix; silences fetal brain during delivery stimulates myoepithelial cells-contract to force milk out Gives females a maternal behavior Psychological effects on the brain: loving sensation, sexual arousal, orgasm, and cuddling When you have good feelings toward someone, oxytocin releases—recognition and bonds with partner: gains trust, more oxytocin keeps being released Temporarily impairs certain learning and memory functions—"primal" mode Acts as an ecstasy stimulates sodium excretion from kidneys

Pancreas beta cells

Insulin

Intermediate Lobe

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

Pineal Gland

Melatonin

Hypo-secretion of estrogen

Menopause: with age, woman stops secreting this and eventually the gland stops working as an endocrine gland Osteoporosis: with age, women stop secreting this and the lack of causes bones to become brittle and more fragile

Negative Feedback

Monitored by thyroid; calcitonin is released until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off

Parathyroid Glands

Parathyroid Hormone

Hyper-Secretion of Aldosterone

Primary Aldosteronism: fatigue, numbness, headaches high sodium levels, low potassium levels

Ovaries

Progesterone

Anterior pituitary gland

Prolactin

Positive Feedback

Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) is around all the time until the need for breast milk arises; when PIH levels decrease, this hormone is produced more; suckling increases the production of this hormone

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Stimulates adrenal cortex to release hormones

Erythropoietin

Stimulates formation of red blood cells from bone marrow to carry more oxygen

Thyroid gland

T3 and T4

Thymus

Thymosin

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Melatonin feedback

affected by light

Calcitonin

builds bones by inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulating osteoblasts; lowers blood calcium

Estrogen

builds up uterine lining, development of secondary sex characteristics

Hypo-secretion of Luteinizing Hormone

caused by an infection in the hypothalamus or anterior pituitary gland; failure to reach sexual maturation

Hyper-Secretion of Prolactin

caused by tumor; inappropriate lactation; causes infertility in males

Melatonin

causes drowsiness; responsible for circadian rhythm (biological clock)

Hyper-secretion of gonadocorticoids

causes masculinization in females

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

causes release of melanin by melanocytes

Negative Feedback

control of Melanocyte stimulating hormone

Negative Feedback

control of glucocorticoids

Immune system

control of thymosin

Erythropoietin control

depends on how much oxygen is in the body/needed by the body

Testosterone

development of secondary sex characteristics, initiates libido

Follicle stimulating hormone

encourages the production and maturation of gametes

Glucocorticoids aldosterone adrenocrticotropic hormone epinephrine/norepinephrine

hypo-secretion results in Addison's disease

Negative Feedback

hypothalamus releases a releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary gland; anterior pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off

Negative Feedback

hypothalamus releases growth releasing hormone (GRH) to the anterior pituitary gland; anterior pituitary gland releases growth hormone into the blood until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off

Hypo-Secretion of Prolactin

inability to lactate; poor milk production

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

increases heart rate, dilates blood vessels, dilates bronchioles, fight-or-flight response

T3/T4

increases metabolic rate and body heat, increases number of adrenaline receptors in blood, regulates growth/development and blood pressure

Progesterone

maintains placenta during pregnancy; increases breast development; affects menstruation

Hyper-secretion of Follicle stimulating hormone

more than 1 egg released at a time: fraternal twins, messes up menses cycle

Gonadocorticoids

onset of puberty (secondary sex characteristics), sex drive in adult females, converts to estrogen after menopause

Negative feedback

progesterone is produced until homeostasis is reached and the system is shut off; except in pregnancy, progesterone levels remain at a constant high to maintain placenta

Glucocorticoids

raises blood glucose levels; production of glucose; decreases protein synthesis, breaks down adipose tissue for fatty acids; increases production of glucose from elsewhere

Hypo-secretion of progesterone

sterility

Control of gonadocorticoids

stimulated by ACTH; neither positive nor negative

Growth Hormone

stimulates epiphyseal plates to grow; stimulates anabolic production of muscle

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

stimulates release of thyroid hormones

Antidiuretic Hormone

targets kidney tubules; retains water, lowers urine production and blood solute concentration

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

targets kidneys: secretion of urine increase; Na and water output is greater; lower blood pressure

Parathyroid Hormone

targets skeleton, kidneys, and intestines Controls calcium balance in blood; stimulates osteoclasts to put more calcium in blood; reabsorption of calcium by kidneys; activates vitamin D (required to absorb calcium by intestine)

Prolactin

targets the breasts; produces milk

Luteinizing Hormone

targets the gonads

Aldosterone

targets the kidneys Controls blood volume and pressure; Conserves Na ions (water retention), excretes K ions

Thymosin

targets white blood cells, causes maturization of T-cells

testes

testosterone

Negative Feedback

when levels of Aldosterone rise, the system shuts off

Negative Feedback

when levels of Parathyroid Hormone increase, the system shuts off


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