Endocrine System PP Notes

hypothalamus

All of the releasing and inhibiting hormones affect the function of the anterior pituitary gland. All released by the _______

glands; nervous; chemical receptors

Endocrine system made up of ________ that secrete hormones. Controlled directly by stimulation from the _____ system as well as by _____ _____ in the blood and hormones produced by other glands.

homeostasis; metabolism; sugar; mineral; heartrate; hormones

Endocrine system: by regulating the functions of organs in the body, these glands help to maintain the body's ________., cellular _______ (the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life), reproduction, sexual development, ________ and ______ homeostasis, ______, and digestion. These functions are among the many processes regulated by the actions of ____.

adrenal cortex

In adult males, the amount of androgens produced by the testes is many times greater than the amount produced by the ______ ____, leading to the appearance of male secondary sex characteristics (facial hair and prominence of adam's apple)

hypothalamus; releasing; inhibiting

Overview of the ________: portion of the brain that maintains the body's internal balance (homeostasis). It is the link b/w the endocrine and nervous systems. It produces _______ and ______ hormones, which stop and start the production of other hormones throughout the body.

nervous tissue; posterior pituitary; neurosecretory; oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone

Posterior pituitary gland hormones released: not glandular tissue at all, but ____ ____ instead. ____ ____-small extension of the hypothalamus through which the axons of some of the _________ cells of the hypothalamus extend. These cells create 2 hormones in the hypothalamus that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary: _____ triggers uterine contractions during childbirth and the release of mild during breastfeeding. ________ ______ prevents water loss in the body by increasing the re-uptake of water in the kidneys and reducing blood flow to sweat glands

progesterone;androgen; libido; pancreas

Reproductive organs (ovaries and testes)-ovaries produce estrogen and ______. These 2 hormones affect many of the female characteristics and reproductive functions; testes secrete testosterone (______), which is necessary for proper physical development in boys. In adulthood, testosterone maintains ________, muscle strength, and bone density. _______ is also a part of this system; it has a role in hormone production as well as in digestion

nervous; nervous; endocrine; bloodstream; organs

The endocrine system works alongside the ______ system to form the control systems of the body. The _______ system provides a very fast and narrowly targeted system to turn on specific glands and muscles throughout the body. The _______ system is much slower acting, but has widespread, long lasting, and powerful effects. Hormones are distributed by glands through the __________ to the entire body, affecting any cell w/ a receptor for a particular hormone. Most hormones affect cells in several ______ or throughout the entire body

metabolic rate

The hormones T3 and T4 work together to regulate the body's _______ ______. Increased levels of T3 and T4 lead to increased cellular activity and energy usage in the body.

electrolyte; body weight; stomach; pituitary; sleep

The hypothalamus helps stimulate or inhibit many of the body's key processes including: heart rate and BP, body temp, fluid and _______ balance, including thirst, appetite and ______ ________, glandular secretions of the _____ and intestines, production of substances that influence the ______ gland to release hormones, _____ cycle.

autonomic

The hypothalamus is involved in many functions of the ______ nervous system, as it receives info from nearly all parts of the nervous system.

thymus gland; thymosins; puberty; adipose

_____ _____-soft, triangular-shaped organ found in the chest posterior to the sternum. Produces hormones called _______ that help to train and develop T-lymphocytes during fetal development and childhood. The T-lymphocytes produced in the thymus go on to protect the body from pathogens throughout a person's entire life. The thymus becomes inactive during ______ and slowly shrinks and is replaced by ________ tissue and requires very few new T cells after puberty

pineal body

_____ _______-produces melatonin, which helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones

anterior pituitary; hypothalamus; 6

_____ _______-true glandular part of the pituitary gland. The function is controlled by the releasing and inhibiting hormones of the _______. Produces __ important hormones

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

_____ and _____-produced by the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary, where they are stored and later released

alpha; glycogen; beta; lowering

_____ cells produce the hormone glucagon, which is responsible for raising blood glucose levels. It triggers muscle and liver cells to break down the polysaccharide _______ to release glucose into the bloodstream. ____ cells produce the hormone insulin, which is responsible for ____ blood glucose levels after a meal. It triggers the absorption of glucose from the blood into cells, where it is added to glycogen molecules for storage

pancreas; endocrine; exocrine; 1%; islets of langerhans

_____-large gland located in the abdominal cavity just inferior and posterior to the stomach. Contains both ______ and ________ tissue. Endocrine cells of the pancreas make up just about ___% of the total mass of the pancreas and are found in small groups throughout the pancreas called ______ ____ ________.

adrenal medulla; sympathetic; emergencies

______ _____ produces the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine under stimulation by the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system. Both of these hormones help to increase the flow of blood to the brain and muscles and improve the "fight-or-flight" response to stress. These hormones also work to increase heart and breathing rate, and BP while decreasing the flow of blood to and function of organs that are not involved in responding to _________.

pineal gland; melatonin; retina; light sensitivity; increased

______ ______-small pinecone-shaped mass of glandular tissue found just posterior to the thalamus of the brain. Produces the hormone _______ that helps to regulate the human sleep-wake cycle known as the circadian rhythm. Activity is inhibited by the stimulation from the photoreceptors of the _______ (a layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light and that trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed). _____ ______ causes melatonin to be produced only in low light or darkness. _______ melatonin production causes humans to feel drowsy at nighttime when the pineal gland is active

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

______ and _______ work to regulate the release of growth hormone. _____ stimulates the growth hormone release, _____ inhibits its release

hypothalamus; essential

______ is considered the link b/w the nervous system and the endocrine system. It is arguably the most _________ of the endocrine system. By alerting the pituitary gland to release certain hormones to the rest of the endocrine system, the hypothalamus ensures that the internal processes of your body are balanced and working as they should-homeostasis

pituitary

______ produces critical hormones, which are chemical substances that control various bodily functions

hypothalamus; neurohormones

______ responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. It secretes certain _________, called releasing hormones and these will stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones.

ovaries; progesterone; estrogen; progesterone; estrogen; bones

______-pair of almond-shaped glands located in the pelvic body cavity lateral and superior to the uterus in females. Produce the female sex hormones _____ and ________. ______ is most active in females during ovulation and pregnancy where it maintains appropriate conditions to support a developing fetus. ______ are a group of related hormones that function as the primary female sex hormones. Release of estrogen during puberty triggers development of female secondary sex characteristics such as uterine development, breast development, and growth of pubic hair. Estrogen also triggers the increased growth of ____ during adolescence that lead to adult height

testes; growth; alopecia

______-pair of organs found in the scrotum of males that produce the androgen testosterone in males after the start of puberty. It has effects on many parts of the body, including the muscles, bones, sex organs, and hair follicles. This hormone causes _____ and increases in strength of the bones and muscles, including the accelerated growth of long bones during adolescence. During puberty, testosterone controls the growth and development of the sex organs and body hair of males, including pubic, chest, and facial hair. In men who have inherited genes for baldness testosterone triggers the onset of androgenic _______, commonly known as male pattern baldness

parathyroids

______-sole purpose is to control calcium w/in the blood

pituitary gland; blood vessels; sphenoid; sella turcica

_______ ____ aka hypophysis. Small pea-sized lump of tissue connected to the inferior portion of the hypothalamus of the brain. Many ___ ______ surround the pituitary gland to carry the hormones it releases throughout the body. Situated in a small depression in the ____ bone called the ______ _______. Actually made of 2 completely separate structures: posterior and anterior pituitary glands

adrenal cortex; glucocorticoids; inflammation; mineralocorticoids; androgens

_______ _____-produces many cortical hormones in 3 classes: ________-breakdown of proteins and lipids to produce glucose. Function to reduce ________ and immune response. _________-group of hormones that help to regulate the concentration of mineral ions in the body. _______ ie testosterone-produced at low levels in the adrenal cortex to regulate the growth and activity of cells that are receptive to male hormones

parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone

_______ ________-4 small masses of glandular tissue found on the posterior side of the thyroid gland. Produces the hormone ____ _____ (PTH), which is involved in Ca ion homeostasis. PTH is released from the parathyroid glands when Ca ion levels in the blood drop below a set point

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH); cortisol

_______ stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone-regulate levels of the steroid hormone _____, which is released from the adrenal gland.

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); menstrual; luteinizing; egg

_______ stimulates the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from anterior pituitary-one of the most important homrones involved in the natural _______ cycle and _______ hormone (LH)-helps regulate the menstrual cycle and _____ production (ovulation). In men, LH stimulates the production of testosterone which plays a role in sperm production

enzymes; hormones

_______-biological catalysts released by glands. Function: speed up different metabolic reactions. _______-chemicals released by glands. Functions: carry messages to other parts of body when a cell is affected

hormones; messages; metabolism; sleep; mood

_______-chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs. Carry ______ to other parts of body. Regulate the body's growth and development, ______ (physical and chemical processes of the body), sexual function, reproduction, ____, and _____

gonads

_______-ovaries in females and testes in males-are responsible for producing the sex hormones of the body. They determine the secondary sex characteristics of adult females and adult males

thyroid gland; calcitonin; reduce; triiodothyronine; thyroxine

________ _______-butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck and wrapped around the lateral sides of the trachea. Produces 3 major hormones: _______ released when calcium ion levels in the blood rise above a certain set point. It functions to ______ the concentration of Ca ions in the blood by aiding the absorption of calcium into the matrix of bones. _______ (T3) and ______ (T4)

thyroid; thyroxin; triiodothyronine; tyrosine; bloodstream; metabolism

________-function is to take iodine, found in many foods, and convert it into thyroid hormones: _______ (T4) and _________ (T3). These cells combine iodine and amino acid _______ to make T3 and T4. T3 and T4 are then released into the ______ and are transported throughout the body where they control ______ (conversion of O2 and calories to energy

adrenals

________-produce hormones that help the body control blood sugar, burn protein and fat, react to stressors like a major illness or injury, and regulate blood pressure

human growth hormone (HGH)

affects many target cells throughout the body by stimulating their growth, repair, and reproduction

prolactin (PRL)

has many effects on the body; it stimulates the mammary glands of the breast to produce milk

superior; anterior; inferior; pituitary gland; neurosecretory cells

hypothalamus: part of the brain located ______ and ________ to the brain stem and ______ to the thalamus. Serves many different functions in the nervous system responsible for the direct control of the endocrine system through the ______ ______. Contains special cells called _______ _______-neurons that secrete hormones

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

stimulates the adrenal cortex, the outer part of the adrenal gland, to produce its hormones

thyrotropic-releasing hormone (TRH)

stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates the follicle cells of the gonads to produce gametes-ova in females and sperm in males

luteinizing hormone (LH)

stimulates the gonads to produce the sex hormones-estrogen in females and testosterone in males

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

tropic hormone responsible for the stimulation of the thyroid gland