Endocrine System Study Guide- A&P

endocrine glands

- Ductless glands that release hormonal secretions directly into the bloodstream. - the pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions - works together in a cascade effect ex. HPA axis involves hypothalamus which stim the pituitary which stims the adrenal glands - Ex: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and thymus glands.

What hormones that dock on the outside of the cell?

- amino and peptide - 1st messangers

Steroid hormones

- are derived from cholesterol and are lipid soluble - fat soluble which binds to the inside of the cell on the cell chromosomes & activate gene transcription - results in new mRNA and new proteins ex) cortisol and testosterone

Hormones

- chemical messengers released to the blood by the cells of endocrine glands that regulate the metabolic activities of other cells in the body - They signal target cells to perform specific chemical reactions. - bind with receptor on specific target organs which is called TROPISM - inside the cell, alter functions such as transcription, metabolism, etc

Amino Hormones

- created by modifying amino acids - water soluble - bind to the cells membrane (outside of cell) ex) epinephrine and dopamine

Second Messenger System - other hormones

- other hormones use a 2nd messenger system - dock on the outside of the cell - water-soluble, amino acid-based hormones trigger cascade of processes at the cell membrane, which leads to change in gene transcription.

endocrine system

- releases hormones into the blood system to circulate to their intended target. - production & regulation of hormones - internal communication system - slower effect than nervous system but longer lasting effect - the system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity, and the organs with major functions outside the system: pancreas, gonads, hypothalamus.

Tropism

- specific receptors other endocrine glands - certain hormones that communicate with other endocrine glands. - Communication between 2 glands

Homestasis

- to maintain an appropriate stable internal environment - controls metabolism, growth, reproduction, glucose, Na, K, Ca, water and coping with stress

How can low thyroid functioning cause increased estrogen levels in the blood?

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which hormones are stimulated through alteration in blood contents of various components?

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which hormones have their primary effect at the level of the kidneys?

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mineralocorticoids

1 of 3 the major groups of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex; stim: by ACTH and low blood volume; func: reabsorb NA+ & water, including aldosterone.

Which gland sit above the kidneys?

Adrenal gland

Thymus

An immune organ located near the heart. The thymus is the site of T cell maturation and is larger in children and adolescents. Secretes thymopoietins & thymosins. These along with THF & TF are involved with normal T cell (lymphocytes) development.

exocrine

Duct glands that produce a substance that travels through small tube-like ducts, such as the sudoriferous (sweat) glands and the sebaceous (oil) glands.

What is the difference between Gigantism and Acromegaly?

Gigantism is growth hormone excess prior to puberty and acromegaly is GH excess once one is a fully grown adult

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Located in the parathyroid gland, increase blood calcium levels by tells osteoclasts to break down bones, intestines absorb calcium, kidneys save calcium which decreases secretion.

The release of hormones is regulated by?

Negative feedback system

Positive Feedback

Oxycontin - starts labor and it continues to increase to produce labor and baby

Which gland is situated above the thalamus?

Pineal gland

Which gland hangs by the infundibulum?

Pituitary gland

Glucocorticoids

Produced by adrenal cortex; is 1 of 3 corticosteriods (corticoids) Steroid, stimulated by ACTH and blood volume, increased glucose, include cortisol; response to stress

glucocorticoids

Produced by adrenal cortex; is 1 of 3 corticosteriods (corticoids); increase blood sugar levels during times of stress.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Proteins, produced in the adrenal medulla

Hypothalamus

Secretes releasing & inhibiting hormones that regulate release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.

Mineralocoracoids

Steroid hormone, stimulated by ACTH and low blood volume, functions to reabsorb NA+ and water; including Alderstone

Gonadocoracoid

Steroid hormones, stimulated by ACTH, aid in development of sex characteristics during puberty include androgens eventually convert into estrogen and testosterone

Coracoids

Steroids and androgens produce in adrenal cortex. three main coracoids

explain HPT axis

The hypothalamus produces TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) which travels to the anterior producing TSH. TSH goes to the thyroid gland makes the T4 and T3 which causes metabolism to increase

HPA axis

The hypothalamus produces coricotropin releasing hormone CRH that causes the anterior pituitary to make ACTH which travels to the adrenal cortex that then makes cortisol and aldosterone

Which glands are found on the lower neck?

Thyroid, parathyroid

gigantism

a condition produced by hypersecretion of growth hormone during the early years of life

pancreas

a large elongated exocrine gland located behind the stomach; releases insulin and glucagon from islets of Langerhans.

pineal gland

a small endocrine gland in the brain; secretes melatonin.

target

a structure, organ or tissue to which something is directed

goiter

abnormally enlarged thyroid gland

another name for anterior pituitary

adenohypophysis

pituitary gland

aka: Hypophysis, the master gland of the endocrine system

glucagon

alpha cells; increase blood sugar levels; a hormone secreted by the pancreas. produced in pancreatic islet,

Peptide hormones

amino acid polymers, chain of amino acids, they are water soluble - bind to the cells membrane (outside of cell) ex) ADH and Oxytocin

parathyroid gland

any one of four endocrine glands situated above or within the thyroid gland; produces PTH parathyroid hormone

Paracrine Hormone

are hormones that act on neighboring cells, just released in localized spots in the body

2nd messenger

cAMP translates the hormones message to the inside of the cell what the hormone wants the cell to do

Diabetes insipidus

caused by loss of ADH secretion. excessive urination but no sugar in urine.

Diabetes Mellitus

caused by prolonged elevated blood glucose. Sugar in the urine

humoral control system

changes in the blood trigger relase of certain hormones. Ex like the pancreas releasing insulin or glucagon depending on the blood glucose.

which hormones facilitate an increase in blood glucose concentrations?

corticosteroids, catecholamines, the growth hormone and glucagon

hyposecretion

decreased secretion

type 1 diabetes

disorder in which the body cannot produce enough insulin

Primary discorders

endocrine glands are over-producing or under-producing hormones due to some problems in the gland itself.

acromegaly

enlargement of the extremities. Hypersecretion of GH after long bones gave developed.

Lipid-based Hormones

enter the cell and directly influence the DNA transcriptions and RNA translation - Lipids are soluble in cell membrane - Results: synthesis of protein - Dock on the inside of the cell - Receptors are located in the nucleus of target cell

Hormones secreted by neurons

epinephrine, ADH, oxytocin (neurosecretory cells release these hormones)

hypersecretion

excessive secretion

Growth Hormone (GH)

from: anterior pituitary gland; target: liver, bone, cartilage, muscel, fat; stimulates cell division in most cells ( major targets are bones and skeletal muscles).

Prolactin (PRL)

from: anterior pituitary gland; target: mammary glands, testes; stimulates milk production by mammary glands of breasts males: increases LH sensitivity

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

from: anterior pituitary gland; target: ovaries & testes; females - growth of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen; males - sperm productin

luteinizing hormone (LH)

from: anterior pituitary gland; target: ovaries & testes; females: ovulation, maintenance of corpus luteum, males: testosterone secretion (testosterone, estrogen, & progesterone).

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (thyrotropin)

from: anterior pituitary gland; target: thyroid gland; stim growth of thyroid gland and the secretion of thyroid hormone.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

from: posterior pituitary gland; target: kidneys; produced by supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus; stimulates kidney tubules to retain water, reduces urine volume, and helps prevent dehydration. * Deficiency of ADH secretion leads to diabetes insipidus

oxytocin (OT)

from: posterior pituitary gland; target: uterus & mammary glands; labor contractions, milk release, possible involved in ejacu sperm, sexual affection, and mother-infant bonding

thyroxine (T4)

from: thyroid gland; thyroid hormone that stimulated cellular metabolism

triiodothyronine (T3)

from: thyroid gland; thyroid hormone that stimulated cellular metabolism

insulin

hormone secreted by the isles of Langerhans in the pancreas; produced by beta cells to lowers blood sugar levels

melatonin

hormone secreted by the pineal gland; regulates sleep/ wake cycles.

how does the endocrine system work to regulate hormones released from different glands?

hormones are released by receiving signals from other endocrine glands.

addison disease

hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex: results in bronzing of skin, low blood sugar, and low blood sodium ( low blood pressure)

endocrine-related llnesses

hypothyroidism, adrenal burnout sydorome, chronic fatigue syndrome, diabetes, and cancers of the organs/glands targeted by endocrine glands (breast cancer, endometrial cancer, thyroid cancer)

which hormones work as antagonistic pairs?

insulin and glucagon, para thyroid hormone and calcatonin

the neural control system

involves nerves triggering the release of hormones from glands. Ex) nerve impulses to the adrenal medulla trigger the release of epinephrine.

thyroid gland

located near the base of the neck; produces the thyroid hormones T3 & T4. Largest pure endocrine organ in the body.

High TSH levels indicate a __________

low functioning thyroid gland - thyroid is not up taking the TSH which the hypothalamus will cont to produce

diabetes

metabolic disorders marked by excessive urination and persistent thirst

adrenal medula

middle of adrenal gland, secretes catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine) in concert with the sympathetic nervous system.

Negative Feedback

most hormones including HPT axis and HPA axis. reaction to blood levels increasing or decreasing

negative feedback

most hormones, including HPT axis and HPA axis

aldosterone

most significant mineralocorticoid; produced in the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex; stims the kidney to retain sodium in the body fluid & excrete potassium in the urine; helps maintain blood pressure and volume.

another name for posterier pituitary

neurohypophysis

What hormone is produced through a positive feedback loop?

oxytocin

adrenal gland

pair of complex endocrine glands situated near the kidney

Calcitonin

produced by parafollicular cells (C cells) of thyroid gland; lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts & stimulating calcium uptake by bones

androgen

produced in the adrenal cortex; are the primary adrenal sex steroid that causes puberty and produces estrogen and testostrone

Anterior Pituitary

produces 6 major hormones Ex.: GH, PRL, FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH

type 2 diabetes

progressive disorder in which body cells become less responsive to insulin

Posterior Pituitary

receives and stores hormones from the hypothalamus for later release Ex: Oxytocin & ADH

sella turcica

small depression of the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

target: adrenal gland; stim the adrenal cortex to secrete hormones called glucocorticoids (especially cortisol) which regulates glucose, protein, and fat metabolism. Comes from anterior pituitary

G protein

the bridge between the hormone and the 2nd messenger

how does the the hypothalamus regulate the anterior and posterior?

the hypothalamus will stimulate the anterior to release its own hormones. in the posterior, the hypothalamus releases hormones in the hypothalamus that moves down to the posterior.

Which gland is found behind the sternum?

thymus gland

What hormones can enter the cell and dock on the nucleus or cytplasma?

thyroid and steroid hormones

How can low levels of minerals in the blood stream create imbalance on the thyroid?

to create T3 you need Zinc, Cooper, Se Selinum

Neurotransmitters system

uses hormones to stimulate action potential through the nervous system, so they are located and travel within the system.

secondary disorders

which are responding but the initial problem is somewhere else in the body