Endocrine System study guide

The breakdown of homeostatic regulation is a characteristic of which phase of the stress response? A. exhaustion phase B. "fight-or-flight" phase C. alarm phase D. resistance phase

A. exhaustion phase

Which of the following are the dominant hormones of the resistance phase of the stress response? A. glucocorticoids B. mineralocorticoids C. androgens D. thyroid hormones

A. glucocorticoids

The term used to describe excess production of urine is? A. Polyuria B. Polydipsia C. hematuria D. glycosuria E. none of above

A. polyuria

What is the order of events of cAMP signaling in the correct sequence from left to right

1. Water-soluble hormone binds receptor 2. receptor activates G protein 3. C protein activates adenylate cyclase 4. Adenylate cylcase generates cAMP 5. cAMP activates protein kinases

What are the steps to lower high blood glucose levels?

1. blood glucose becomes high 2. pancreas releases insulin 3. insulin binds to receptors on target cells. 4. cells take in glucose blood glucose returns to normal

A liver cell responds to insulin by A. Releasing glucagon. B. Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen. C. Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon. D. Releasing insulin. E. Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose.

B. taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen

Changes in the blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of? A. ADH B. TSH C. ACTH D. oxytocin E. LH

A. ADH

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is A. ADH B. FSH C. STH D. TSH E. MSH

A. ADH

Where is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) synthesized? A. anterior pituitary B. thyroid C. adrenal cortex D. posterior pituitary

A. Anterior pituitary

The C cells of the thyroid gland produce? A. calcitonin B. TSH C. triiodothyronine D. thyroxine E. PTH

A. Calcitonin

Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein A. calmodulin. B. calcitriol. C. calcitonin. D. calcium-binding globulin. E. calcitropin.

A. Calmodulin

The link between first and second messengers involved in hormone action generally involves a(n): A. G protein. B. calmodulin. C. ATP. D. specific gene within the nucleus.

A. G protein

What other symptom is Tanya likely experiencing as a result of diabetes that accounts for her high level of thirst? A. Increased urination B. Increased blockages in the arteries of the heart C. Increased defecation and diarrhea D. Increased sweat production

A. Increased urination

The Pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is? A. Insulin B. Cortisol C. Glucagon D. Aldosterone E. somatotropin

A. Insulin

Thyroid hormone contains the element? A. Iodine B. Iron C. Zinc D. Flourine E. Chlorine

A. Iodine

Which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling? A. phosphodiesterase B. adenylate cyclase C. G protein D. protein kinase

A. Phosphodiesterase

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________. A. plasma membrane receptors B. protein kinases C. cytoplasmic receptors D. adenylate cyclase E. cAMP

A. Plasma membrane receptors

Which of the following is the best evidence that Tanya has Type 2 (not Type 1) diabetes mellitus? A. She is 50-years old and out of shape B. She has lots of sugar in her blood, but her cells are starved for sugar C. She is experiencing vision problems D. She feels thirsty all the time

A. She is 50-years old and out of shape

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is? A. TSH. B. ACTH. C. FSH. D. LH. E. GH.

A. TSH

Choose the correct statement regarding the mechanism of interaction for steroid hormones. A. The hormones diffuse across the lipid part of the plasma membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus. B. The hormones are primarily transported across the plasma membrane. C. The hormones do not alter the pattern of protein synthesis. D. The hormones bind to receptors in the plasma membrane

A. The hormones diffuse across the lipid part of the plasma membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus

Which intercellular attachment in epithelial cells locks together the terminal webs of neighboring cells, strengthening the apical region and preventing distortion and leakage at the occluding junctions? A. adhesion belt B. gap junction C. desmosome D. occluding junction

A. adhesion belt

Falling blood glucose levels will stimulate which endocrine cells of the pancreas to secrete glucagon? A. alpha cells B. F cells C. beta cells D. delta cells

A. alpha cells

What hormone causes the loss of sodium and water, thus lowering blood pressure. A. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) B. aldosterone C. angiotensin II D. erythropoietin

A. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control? A. cardiac B. smooth C. skeletal

A. cardiac

The Pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is? A. TSH B. ACTH C. GH D. FSH E. LH

B. ACTH

Calcitonin is secreted by which cells? A. beta cells in the pancreas B. C cells (parafollicular cells) in the thyroid gland C. chief cells of the parathyroid gland D. chromaffin cells

B. C cells (parafollicular cells) in the thyroid gland

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. A. Neuropeptides B. Hormones C. Neurotransmitters D. Paracrine factors E. None of the answers is correct.

B. Hormones

Which endocrine structure secretes hormones involved with fluid balance and smooth muscle contraction? A. pancreas B. hypothalamus C. pineal gland D. pituitary gland

B. Hypothalamus

What hormone promotes glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle? A. cortisol B. insulin C. epinephrine D. glucagon

B. Insulin

Which of the following is released due to sensory input and thus part of a neuroendocrine reflex? A. somatotropin B. OXT C. TSH D. corticotropin E. FSH

B. OXT

The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are? A. Prolactin B. Oxytocin C. Luteinizing hormone D. oxytocin and luteinizing hormone

B. Oxytocin

*What is the primary role of G protein in the cell?* A. The G protein acts as a hormone receptor. B. The G protein aids in the activation of a second messenger. C. The G protein transports hormones across the plasma membrane. D. The G protein activates metabolic enzymes.

B. The G protein acts as a hormone receptor

Which is a characteristic of the exhaustion phase of the stress response? A. Reduction in digestive activity and urine production occurs. B. The adrenal cortex stops producing glucocorticoids. C. Peripheral tissues (except neural) break down lipids to obtain energy. D. There is a loss of K+ and H+.

B. The adrenal cortex stops producing glucocorticoids

The magnification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______. A. water-soluble hormone in the blood B. cAMP in the cytoplasm C. plasma membrane receptors D. adenylate cyclase in the plasma membrane E. phosphodiesterase in the cytoplasm

B. cAMP in the cytplasm

*Identify which mechanism of intercellular communication uses ions, small solutes, and lipid-soluble materials as its chemical mediators.* A. paracrine communication B. direct communication C. endocrine communication D. synaptic communication

B. direct communication

Vesicular transport through the plasma membrane involves which of the following? A. a passive mechanism B. endosomes C. carrier proteins D. a diffusion process

B. endosomes

In which mechanism of intercellular communication are hormones transmitted through extracellular fluid? A. direct communication B. paracrine communication C. synaptic communication D. endocrine communication

B. paracrine communtication

Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei? A. cardiac B. skeletal C. smooth

B. skeletal

The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue? A. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium B. stratified squamous epithelium C. simple columnar epithelium

B. stratified squamous epithelium

A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except A. the rate of glycogen formation by the liver. B. the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver. C. fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells. D. the level of fatty acids in the blood. E. ACTH levels.

E. ACTH levels

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release A. GH. B. FSH. C. TSH. D. LH. E. All of the answers are correct.

E. All of the answers are correct

The Zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces? A. Epinephrine B. Norepinephrine C. androgens D. mineralocorticoids E. glucocorticoids

E. Glucocorticoids, C. Androgens

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary gland is? A. Growth hormone B. FSH C. ACTH D. TSH E. Prolactin

E. Prolactin

The Hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by? A. Indirect osmotic B. Direct neural stimulation C. Altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary D. Gap synaptic junctions E. Secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system

E. Secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except? A. epinephrine. B. melatonin. C. norepinephrine. D. thyroid hormone. E. thyroid-stimulating hormone.

E. Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells? A. thymosin B. aldosterone C. atrial natriuretic peptide D. cortisol E. erythropoietin

E. erythropoietin

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is? A. growth hormone B. thyroid hormone C. glucagon D. insulin E. parathyroid hormone

E. parathyroid hormone

When blood glucose levels are high A.The pancreas releases glucose. B. The pancreas releases glucagon. C. The liver releases glucagon. D. The liver releases insulin. E. The pancreas releases insulin.

E. the pancreas releases insulin

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________. A. G proteins B. adenylate cyclase C. phosphodiesterase D. AMP E. protein kinase

C. phosphodiesterase

The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium? A. stratified squamous epithelium B. ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium C. simple cuboidal epithelium

C. simple cuboidal epithelium

Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron? A. dendrites B. axon C. soma

C. soma

A congenital endocrine disorder might arise from _______________________. A. inadequate levels of a key nutrient in the diet B. accidental removal of some of the gland during surgery C the enzymes required for normal glandular function are abnormal D. physical damage that interrupts blood flow to the organ

C. the enzymes required for normal glandular function are abnormal

Which structure of the endocrine system secretes hormones involved in the stimulation and coordination of the immune response? A. pineal gland B. kidneys C. thymus D. thyroid gland

C. thymus

The adrenal medulla produces? A. Corticosteroids B. androgens C. glucocorticoids D. epinephrine E. mineralocorticoids

D. Epinephrine

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called A. positive feedback. B. diabetes. C. negative feedback. D. homeostasis. E. None of the above.

D. Homeostasis

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells? *Select the best answer.* A. Hormones are produced by endocrine cells that are adjacent to target cells. B. Ducts transport hormones directly to target cells. C. Hormones are released at synapses adjacent to target cells. D. Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells. E. Hormones travel through the lymphatic system to target cells.

D. Hormones are produced by endocrine cells that are adjacent to target cells.

Pinealocytes produce? A. MSH B. FSH C. Melanin D. Melatonin E. LH

D. Melatonin

Which is a function of Melatonin in humans? A. Stimulates the release of steriod hormones by the adrenal cortex B. Stimulates reproductive function C. stimulates the melanocytes of the skin D. sets circadian rhythms.

D. Sets Circadian rhythms

Which type of hormone is associated with an increase in ATP production? A. steroid hormones B. eicosanoids C. peptide hormones D. thyroid hormones

D. Thyroid Hormone

Which of the following substances act as a second messenger? A. Epinephrine B. ACTH C. Insulin D. cyclic AMP E. TSH

D. cyclic AMP

The resistance phase of the stress response involves: A. breakdown of structural proteins as the body's primary energy source. B. mobilization of glycogen and lipid reserves. C. reduction in digestive activity and urine production. D. elevation of blood glucose concentrations.

D. elevation of blood glucose concentration

Cushing disease is a result of which of the following? A. hyposecretion of corticosteroids B. hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids C. hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine D. hypersecretion of glucocorticoids

D. hypersecretion of glucocorticoids

Which of the following outcomes produce different, but complementary, effects in specific tissues and organs? A. additive effects B. antagonistic effects C. permissive effect D. integrative effects

D. integrative effects

Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result? A. loss of GH secretion B. loss of melatonin secretion C. loss of loss of regulatory factor secretion D. loss of ADH secretion E. loss of emotional response

D. loss of ADH secretion

What is the role of activated protein kinases? *Select the best answer* A. Convert ATP to cAMP by phosphorylation. B. Degrade cAMP to AMP. C. Activate adenylate cyclase. D. Phosphorylate proteins. E. Phosphorylate ADP to ATP.

D. phosphorylate proteins

Which method of vesicular transport is the most selective process? A. "cell drinking" B. phagocytosis C. pinocytosis D. receptor-mediated endocytosis

D. receptor-mediated endocytosis

The posterior pituitary gland secretes A. TSH. B. ACTH. C. ADH. D. FSH. E. MSH.

C. ADH

The posterior pituitary gland secretes A. MSH B. FSH C. ADH D. ACTH E. TSH

C. ADH

Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture A. FSH and PRL B. TSH and FSH C. ADH and OXT D. GHIH and GHRH E. CRF and GnRH

C. ADH and OXT

The sympathetic nervous system directly stimulates which of the following amine hormones? A. thyroid hormones B. aldosterone C. epinephrine from the adrenal medulla D. insulin

C. Epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by: A. improper tissue response to insulin. B. overactive pancreatic beta cells. C. inadequate insulin production. D. onset after age 60.

C. Inadequate insulin production

Which of the following is not a characteristic of phagocytosis? A. It involves the fusion of a vesicle with lysosomes. B. It begins when pseudopodia are used to surround an object. C. It begins when materials in the extracellular fluid bind to membrane surface receptors. D. It is a form of endocytosis.

C. It begins when materials in the extracellular fluid bind to membrane surface receptors.

Body cells that respond to insulin include A. Intestinal cells only. B. Muscle cells only. C. Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. D. Liver cells and muscle cells only. E. Liver cells only.

C. Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body

What amine hormone helps coordinate body activities with the light-dark cycle? A. inhibin B. thymosin C. melatonin D. prolactin

C. Melatonin

Which is an effect of parathyroid hormone on peripheral tissues? A. Increases urinary loss of calcium B. Stimulates osteoblast activity C. Mobilizes calcium from bone D. Inhibits the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys

C. Mobilzes calcim from bone

Natriuretic peptides: A. increase blood volume and pressure. B. stimulate renin release and ADH secretion. C. promote the loss of sodium and water at the kidneys. D. involve stretch receptors in the kidneys.

C. Promote the loss of sodium and water at the kidneys

The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium? A. transitional epithelium B. simple columnar epithelium C. simple squamous epithelium

C. Simple squamous epithelium

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called? A. Prostaglandins. B. Hepatic hormones. C. Somatomedins. D. Glucocorticoids. E. Gonadotrophins.

C. Somatomedins

*Why is the plasma membrane a barrier for thyroid hormone to enter a cell, but steroid hormones pass through easily?* A. Thyroid hormone uses an intracellular G protein and does not need to enter the cell. B. Thyroid hormones are much larger than steroid hormones. C. Steroid hormones are hydrophobic and can pass through the lipid bilayer. D. Steroid hormones are of opposite electric charge than the inside of the cell and are thus pulled inward.

C. Steroid hormones are hydrophobic and can pass through lipid bilayer

Why are Tanya's cells starved for sugar (glucose) if there is so much glucose in the blood? A. Tanya ate too much glucose and the high levels have poisoned her cells B. Tanya's pancreas is not making insulin C. Tanya's cells don't recognize the messages telling them to let the glucose inside D. Tanya's cells are insensitive to the glucagon produced by her pancreas

C. Tanya's cells don't recognize the messages telling them to let the glucose inside

When blood glucose levels are low A. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. B. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. C. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. D. Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen. E. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

C. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

The development of pubic hair in boys and girls before puberty is an effect of hormones produced by which adrenal region? A. zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex B. the adrenal medulla C. zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex D. zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

C. Zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

*In which mechanism of intercellular communication are target cells primarily in other tissues and organs, and must have appropriate receptors?* A. paracrine communication B. direct communication C. endocrine communication D. synaptic communication

C. endocrine communication

Type 1 diabetes: A. is the most common form of diabetes mellitus. B. is associated with obesity. C. is characterized by inadequate insulin production by the pancreatic beta cells. D. is non-insulin dependent.

C. is characterized by inadequate insulin production by the pancreatic beta cells

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? A. Intestinal cells. B. Muscle cells. C. Liver cells. D. Cells in the pancreas. E. Liver cells and cells in the pancreas.

C. liver cells

The Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces? A. epinephrine B. glucocorticoids C. mineralocorticoids D. androgens E. Norepinephrine

C. mineralocorticoids

Changes in blood pressure would most affect the secretion of? A. ACTH. B. LH. C. OXT. D. ADH. E. TSH.

D. ADH

Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture? A. CRF and GnRH B. GHIH and GHRH C. FSH and PRL D. ADH and oxytocin E. TSH and FSH

D. ADH and oxytocin

The hormone oxytocin? A. promotes uterine contractions B. is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands C. rises during sexual arousal D. all of the above E. none of the above

D. All of the above

The hormone Oxytocin A. Rises during sexual arousal B. is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands C. Promotes uterine contractions D. all of the answers are correct E. none of the answers are correct

D. All of the answers are correct

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces what steroid hormone? A. testosterone B. glucagon C. aldosterone D. cortisol

D. Cortisol