English 243- Final Exam

'Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land, Taught my benighted soul to understand That there's a God, that there's a Saviour too: Once I redemption neight sought nor knew. Some view our sable race with scornful eye, "Their colour is a diabolic die." Remember, Christians, Negros, black as Cain, May be refin'd, and join th' angelic tain.

Phyllis Wheatley On Being Brought From Africa To America Poem incompatible- Christianity promises redemption. -blackness can be refined and she can be white= pure -Christianity filled with violence in U.S. Poem ends with her commanding Christians, providing her self-authorizations -she knows what she's talking about slaveholders play role of God- decide life and death for slaves What's being refined? -sugar plantations

"Here was a man some twenty thousand miles from home, by the way of Cape Horn, that is-which was the only way he could get there- thrown among people as strange to him as though e were in the planet Jupiter; and yet he seemed entirely at his ease; preserving the utmost serenity; content with his own companionship; always equal to himself. Surely this was a touch of fine philosophy," (pg. 56)

Moby Dick Herman Melville Queequeg adjust to strange land; he craves knowledge so leaves his pagan country. Ishmael admires this

"Upon waking next morning about daylight, I found Queequeg's arm thrown over me in the most loving and affectionate manner. You had almost thought I had been his wife. The counterpane was of patchwork, full of odd little particolored squares and triangles; and this arm of his tattooed all over with an interminable Cretan labyrinth of a figure, no two parts of which were of one precise shade- owing I suppose to his keeping his arm at sea unmethodically in sun and shade, his shirt sleeves irregularly rolled up at various times- this same arm of his, I say, looked for all the world like a strip of that same patchwork quilt. Indeed, partly lying on it as the arm did when I first awoke, I could hardly tell if from the quilt, they so blended their hues together; and it was only by the sense of weight and pressure that I could tell that Queequeg was hugging me," (Ch. 4 pg. 28)

Moby Dick Herman Melville Relationship with Ishmael & Queequeg hints at marrying; sexual intimacy Ishamel respects Queequeg's paganism

"There are certain queer times and occasions in this strange mixed affair we call life when a man takes this whole universe for a vast practical joke, through the wit thereof nobody's expense but his own....There is nothing like the perils of whaling to breed this fire and easy sort of genial, desperado philosophy," (247)

Moby Dick Herman Melville spoken after boat nearly capsized Ishmael thinks his tireless spitting of facts is funny; plays with language Ishmael= infinite playfullness

Benito Cereno

San Dominick= Santo Domingo -Haitian Revolution -1799 Babo= demonic evil Babo identified with most in narrative Narrator= hyper racist

"This document selected, from among many others, for partial translation, contains the deposition of Benito Cereno; the first taken in the case. Some disclosures therein were, at the time, held dubious for both learned and natural reasons. The tribunal inclined to the opinion that the deponent, not undisturbed in his mind by recent events, raved of some things which could never have happened. But subsequent depositions of the surviving sailors, bearing out the revelations of their caption in several of the strangest particulars, gave credence to the rest. So that the tribunal, in its final decision, rested its capital sentences upon statements which, had they lacked confirmation, it would have deemed it but duty to reject," (121)

multiple accounts needed to verify story

Benito Cereno: Delano's arrogance

he's good, God protects him so that he won't be killed -benevolent= stupid but kindhearted -undulates between suspicious then happy/safe -Cereno can't be in line with slaves because aposthesize own species- denounces own faith= go against what God intended

'Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land, Taught my benighted soul to understand That there's a God, that there's a Saviour too:

mercy= because found God and now she can get into Heaven Pagan- born to Christ -knowledge of Western king Enslavement is to bring her salvation from Christ "thank" slaveholders for introducing her to God

"When I was nearly twelve years old, my kind mistress sickened and died. As I saw the cheek grow paler, and the eye more glassy, how earnestly I prayed in my heart that she might live! I loved her, for she had been almost like a mother to me. My prayers were not answered. She died, and they buried her in the little churchyard, where, day after day, my tears fell upon her grave," (4)

Different grief when mistress dies than the one she felt with her mother -thinks she'll be free when mistress dies

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl

Harriet Ann Jacobs

"Small reason was there to doubt, then, that ever since that almost fatal encounter, Ahab had cherished a wild vindictiveness against the whale, all the more fell for that in his frantic morbidness he at last came to identify with him, not only all his bodily woes, but all his intellectual and spiritual exasperations. The White Whale swam before him as the monomaniac incarnation of all those malicious agencies which some deep men feel eating in them,till they are left living on with half a heart and half a lung. Then intangible malignity which has been from the beginning," (200)

Moby Dick Herman Melville world made by something malignant; world not made for Ishmael

"I don't want to talk much about the next day. I reckon I'll cut it pretty short. I wake up about dawn, and was agoing to turn over and go to sleep again, when I noticed how still it was -didn't seem to be anybody stirring. that warn't usual. next I noticed that Buck was up and gone. Well, I gets up a-wondering, and goes down stairs- nobody around; everything as still as a mouse. Just the same outside; thinks I what does it mean?...Well, den, Miss Sophia's run off! 'deed she has. She run off in de night, sometime- nobody don't know jis' when- run off to git married to dat young Harney Shepherdson, you know-leastways, so dey' spec....Dey warn't gwyne to mix you up in it. Mars Buck he loaded up his gun en 'lowed he's gwyne to fetch home a Shepherdson or bust.... I worked along under the trees and brush till I got to a good place, and then I clumb up into the forks of a cotton-wood that was out of reach, and watched...One of the boys was Buck and the other was a slim young chap about nineteen years old...He told me to watch out sharp and let him know when the men come in sight again; said they was up to some devilment or other- wouldn't be gone long. I wished I was out of that tree, but I dasn't come down...All of a sudden, bang! bang! bang! goes three or four guns- the men had slipped around through the woods and come in from behind without their horses! The boys jumped for the river- both of them hurt- and as they swum down the current the men along the bank shooting at them and singing out, 'Kill them, kill them!' It made me so sick I most fell out of the tree. I ain't agoing to tell all that happened- it would make me sick again if I was to do that. I wished I hadn't ever come ashore that night, to see see such things. I ain't ever going to get shut out of them- lots of times I dream about them. I staid in the tree till it begun to get dark, afraid to come down....When I got down out of the tree, I crept along down the river bank a piece, and found the two bodies laying in the edge of the water, and tugged at them till I got them ashore; then I covered up their faces, and got away as quick as I could. I cried a little when I was covering Buck's face, for he was mighty good to me. It was just dark, now," (124-127)

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain -Huck is least controlling person in book, other then Jim -He is sad over things he can't control -blames himself for shooting because he gave Miss Sophia secret not from Harney Shepherdson -he is in tree basically all day

"Two or three days and nights went be; I reckon I might say they swum by, they slid along so quiet and smooth and lovely. Here is the way we put in the time. It was a monstrous big river down there- sometimes a mile and a half wide; we run nights, and laid up and hid day-times; soon as night was most gone, we stopped navigating and tied up- nearly always in the dead water under a tow-head; and the cut young cotton- woods and willows and hid the raft with them. Then we set out the lines. Next we slid into the river and had a swim, so as to freshen up and cool off; then we set down on the sandy bottom where the water was about knee deep, and watched the daylight come. Not a sound, anywheres- perfectly still- just like the whole world was asleep, only sometimes the bull-frogs a-cluttering, maybe. The first thing to see, looking away over the water, was the kind of dull line- that was the woods on t'other side- you couldn't make nothing else out; then a pale place in the sky; then more paleness, spreading around, then the river softened up, away off, and warn't black any more, but gray; you could see little dark spots drifting along, ever so far away- trading scows, and such things; and long black streaks- rafts, sometimes you could hear a sweep screaking; or jumbled up voices, it was so still, and sounds come so far; and by-and-by you could see a streak on the water which you know by the look of the streak that there's a snag there in a swift current which breaks on it and makes the streak look that way; and you see the mist curl up off of the water, and the east reddens up, and the river, and you make out a log cabin in the edge of the woods, away on the bank on t'other side of the river, being a wood-yard, likely, and piled by them cheats so you can throw a dog through it any- wheres; then the nice breeze springs up, and comes fanning you from over there, so cool and fresh, and sweet to smell, on account of the woods and the flowers; but sometimes not that way, because they've left dead fish laying around, gars, and such, and they do get pretty rank; and next you've got the full day, and everything smiling in the sun, and the song-birds just going it!

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain -ecstatic when sun comes up -he's alive -Huck's freedom tolerable when he's with Jim, a man who himself is not free

"Oh well that's all interpreted well enough, as far as it goes, Jim, 'I says; 'but what does these things stand for?' It was the leaves and rubbish on the raft, and the smashed oar. You could see them first rate, now. Jim looked at the trash, and then looked at me, and back at the trash again. he had got the dream fixed so strong in his head that he couldn't seem to shake it loose and get the facts back into its place again, right away. But when he did get the thing straightened around, he looked at me steady, without ever smiling, and says: 'What do dey stan' for? I's gwyne to tell you. When I got all wore out wid work, en wid de callin' for you, en went to sleep, my heart wuz mos' broke bekase you wuz los', en I didn' k'yer no mo' what become er me en de raf'. En when I wake up en fine you back again', all safe en soun', de tears come en I could a got down on my knees en kiss' yo' foot I's so thankful. En all you wuz thinkin 'bout wuz how you could make a fool uv ole Jim wid a lie. Dat truck dah is trash; en trash is what people is dat puts dirt on de head er dey fren's en makes 'em ashamed," (94-95)

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain -Huck is white trash, that's what the world thinks of him -Jim is only person lower than Huck on social strata -Jim isn't a peer, he's a man with children of his own

"Yes, all is owing to Providence, I know; but the temper of my mind that morning was more than commonly pleasant, while the sight of so much suffering, more apparent than real, added to my good nature, compassion, and charity, happily interweaving the three. Had it been otherwise, doubtless, as you hint, some of my interferences might have ended unhappily enough. Besides that, those feelings I spoke of enabled me to get the better of momentary distrust, at times when acuteness might have cost me my life, without saving another's. Only at the end did my suspicions get the better of me, and you know how wide of the mark they then proved," (136)

BENITO CERENO- Delano speaking

"The head, that hive of subtlety, fixed on a pole in the Plaza, met, unabashed, the gaze of the whites; and across the Plaza looked towards St. Bartholomew's church, in whose vaults slept then, as now, the recovered bones of Aranda; and across the Rimac bridge looked towards the monastery, on Mount Agonia without, where, three months after being dismissed by the court, Benito Cereno, borne on the bier, did, indeed, follow his leader," (137)

Babo's head met gaze of whites Warning? Shadow of slavery follows Babo to grave

"To Captain Delano's surprise, the stranger, viewed through the glass, showed no colors; though to do so upon entering a haven, however uninhabited in its shores, where but a single other ship might be lying, was the custom among peaceful seamen of all nations. Considering the lawlessness and loneliness of the spot, and the sort of stories, at that day, associated with those seas, Captain Delano's surprise might have deepened into some uneasiness had he not been a person of a singularly undistrustful good nature, nor liable, except on extraordinary and repeated incentives, and hardly then, to indulge in personal alarms, any way involving the imputation of malign evil in man," (55-56)

Benito Cereno Herman Melville -Delano as a reader -thinks it's bad t think people are evil -undistrustful= no trusting, he has distrust but cancels in= lacks trust Delano say his conscience is clean because he's not involved in the trans-atlantic slave trade

Linda

Both mistress and Dr. Flint teach Linda English language, language is an assault on Linda- mixed blessing Dr. Flint doesn't want to just rape Linda, he wants her to love him -slave has free will if loves back. Free will= slavery is a choice WHO PROTECTS LINDA? -grandma gave her Christianity and Christian morals -mistress watches Linda sleep, whispers in her ear, ect. SEXUAL AVAILABILITY OF SLAVES DESTROYS CODE OF NUCLEAR FAMILY AROUND WHICH MIDDLE CLASS LIFE IS BUILT

"When I was six years old, my mother died; and then, for the first time, I learned, by the talk around me, that I was a slave. My mother's mistress was the daughter of my grandmother's mistress. She was the foster sister of my mother; they were both nourished at my grandmother's breast. In fact, my mother had been weaned at three months old, that the babe of the mistress might obtain sufficient food. They played together as children; and, when they became women, my mother was a most faithful servant to her whiter foster sister. On her death-bed her mistress promised that her children should never suffer for any thing; and during her lifetime she kept her word. They all spoke kindly of my dead mother, who had been a slave merely in name, but in nature was noble and womanly. I grieved for her, and my young mind was troubled with the thought who would now take care of me and my littler brother. I was told that my home was now to be with my mistress; and I found it a happy one. no toilsome or disagreeable duties were imposed on me. My mistress was so kind to me that I was always glad to do her bidding, and proud to labor for her as much as my young years would permit," (3-4)

Can cope with mom's death because she feels safe and cared for

"Wide indeed," said Don Benito, sadly; "you were with me all day; stood with me, sat with me; and yet, your last act was to clutch for a monster, not only an innocent man, but the most pitiable of all men. To such degree may malign machinations and deceptions impose. So far may even the best man err, in judging the conduct of one with the recesses of whose condition he is not acquainted. But you were forced to it; and you were in time undeceived. Would that in both respects, it was so ever, and with all men," (136)

Cereno tells Delano that he saw slavery but not the revolt until he sees knife -Delano blind never saw revolt happening before him

The Marrow of Tradition

Chesnutt PEOPLE INHERIT FORTUNES, DON'T MAKE IT -People who work= Ellis, Miller's dad -Major Carteret owns newspaper because of Olivia's money= Carteret married ill money -newspaper talks about lynching Marriage enables white supremacy because continues cycle of inheritance Black male sexual violence endanger white supremacy and inheritance because can make mixed babies

"They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. WE MUST THEREFORE (and when occasions have been given them, by the regular course of their laws of removing from their councils the disturbers of our harmony, they have, by their free election, re-established them in power. At this very time too, they are permitting their chief magistrate to send over not only soldiers of our common blood, but Scotch and foreign mercenaries to invade and destroy use. These facts have given the last stab to agonizing affection, and manly spirit bids us to renounce forever these UNFEELING brethren. We must endeavor to forget our former love for them, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends. We might have a free and great people together; but a communication of grandeur and of freedom, it seems, is below their dignitiy. Be it so, since they will have it. The road to happiness and to glory is open to use, too." (436)

Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson - friends are family, have become enemies. =THE WE; THE PEOPLE ARE A REPUBLIC ECAUSE THEY HAVE BEEN WOUNDED TOGETHER BY ENGLAND -Jefferson sounds like jealous ex-telling Britain they could have been great together but instead they are mutually wounded. Grief brings nation unanimity- it made them a "we" American tries to play oppressed, victim role

"It is their right, it is their duty to throw off such government," (433)

Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson DUTY= were we not to stage revolution, we betray nature/mankind Necessity: natures laws are larger than duty to England -England hasn't fulfilled duty to it's people -beginning of transgressions- King is a bad governor -king sucks at governing -courts are inconvenient

"mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed," pg 433

Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson revolutions happen after long periods of suffering

"Merciless Indian savages"

Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson tool; colonists too busy fighting Natives so won't focus on British -Jefferson says that British inciting Natives to fight Colonists

"And so the deposition goes on, circumstantially recounting the fictitious story dictated to the deponent by Babo, and through the deponent imposed upon Captain Delano; and also recounting the friendly offers of Captain Delano, with other things, but all of which is here omitted. After the fictitious, strange story, etc., deposition proceeds," (129)

Delano has not lost sunny deposition

"Whether, in view of what humanity is capable, such a trait implies, along with a benevolent heart, more than ordinary quickness and accuracy of intellectual perception, may be left to the wise to determine," (56)

Delano is stupid, that's why he doesn't see evil= so dumb he can't see a slave revolt Omniscient narrator sets up scene

"With the peculiar love in negroes of uniting industry with pastime, the two and two they sideways clashed their hatchets together, like cymbals, with a barbarous din. All six, unlike the generality, had the raw aspect of unsophisticated Africans," (60)

Delano tells self that slaves love to work

"Captain Delano's nature was not only benign, but familiarly and humorously so. At home, he had often taken rare satisfaction in sitting in his door, watching some free man of color at his work or play. If on a voyage he chanced to have a black sailor, invariably he was on chatty, and half-gamesome terms with him. In fact, like most men of a good, blithe heart, Captain Delano took to negroes, not philanthropically, but genially, just as other men to Newfoundland dogs," (98-99)

Delano treats free blacks like dogs/animalizes -sees slaves as animals -sentimental, white liberal racism Slavery= pretend I'm not going to kill you; masquerade with threat of murder -Delano sees devoted companionship -off-hand cheerful white supremacist = doesn't see slavery

Once I redemption neight sought nor knew. Some view our sable race with scornful eye, "Their colour is a diabolic die.Eurocentric civilization

Eurocentric civilization American filled with racists Didn't seek redemption because she didn't do anything wrong. Not really hungry for Christian redemption -pre-Christian life was paradise. She wasn't suffering.

"The less distant sight of that well-known boat- showing it, not as before, half blended with the haze, but with outline defined, so that its individuality, like a man's, was manifest; that boat, Rover by name, which, though now in strange seas, had often pressed the beach of Captain Delano's home, and, brought to its threshold for repairs, had familiarly lain there, as a Newfoundland dog; the sight of that household boat evoked a thousand trustful associations, which, contrasted with previous suspicions, filled him not only with light-some confidence, but somehow with half humorous self-reproaches at his former lack of it. "What, I, Amasa Delano- Jack of the Beach as they called me when a lad- I, Amasa; the same that, duck-satchel in hand, used to paddle along the waterside to the school-house made from the old hulk;- I, little Jack of the Beach, that used to go berrying with cousin Nat and the rest, I to be murdered here at the ends of the earth, on board a haunted pirate-ship by a horrible Spaniard? -Too nonsensical to think of! Who would murder Amasa Delano? His conscience is clean. There is some one above. Fie, fie, Jack of the Beach! you are a child indeed, a child of the second childhood, old boy; you are beginning to doe and drule, I'm afraid," (90-91)

God will protect Delano because his conscience is clean -Rover= dog-like boat -"who would want to murder me" -tells self that slaves are too docile/dumb to revolt

"I don't know how long I was asleep, but all of a sudden there was an awful scream and I was up. There was pap, looking wild and skipping around every which way and yelling about snakes. He say they was crawling up his legs; and then he would give a jump and scream, and say one had bit him on the cheek- but I couldn't see no snakes. He started and run around and round the cabin, hollering 'take him off! take him off! he's biting me on the neck!'..."By-and-by he rolled out and jumped up on his feet looking wild and he see me and went for me. He chased me round and round the place, with a clasp-knife, calling me the Angel of Death and saying he kill me and then I couldn't come for him no more. I begged, and told him I was only Huck, but he laughed such a screechy laugh, and roared and cussed, and kept on chasing me up. Once when I turned short and dodged under his arm he made a grab and got me by the jacket between my shoulders, and I thought I was gone; but I slid out of the jacket quick as lightning, and saved myself. Pretty soon he was all tired out, and dropped down with his back again the door, and said he would rest a minute and then kill me. He put his knife under him, and said he would sleep and get strong, and then he would see who was who. So he dozed off, pretty soon. By-and-by I got the old split-bottom chair and clumb up, as easy as I could, not to make any boise, and got down the gun. I slipped the ramrod down it to make sure it was loaded, and then I laid it across the turnip barrel, pointing towards pap, and set down behind it to wait for him to stir. And how slow and still the time did drag along," (31-33)

Huck thinks he's have to kill his father and sits for hours "Angel of Death" (OTH)

Remember, Christians, Negros, black as Cain, May be refin'd, and join th' angelic tain.

Imperative/command sentence Mark of cain= labelled. -Cain is wicked so black= wicked With Christianity, both whites and Negroes will be saved -"i'm not different than you are" Heaven open to all people Blacks can be purified of their blackness/sin and then can go to heaven Blacks must be whitewashed to enter heaven

"Of course I saw whither all this was tending."

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Harriet Jacobs -claims she knows she was being seduced -better to sleep with unmarried man because he has no wife -sophistry: elegance in the place of reason and facts

"So much attention from attention from a superior person, was, of course, flattering; for human nature is the same in all. I also felt grateful for his sympathy, and encouraged by his kind words. It seemed to me a great thing to have such a friend. By degrees, a more tender feeling crept into my hear. He was an educated and eloquent gentleman; too eloquent, alas, for the poor slave girl who trusted in him. Of course I saw whither all this was tending. I knew the impassable gulf between us; but to be an object of interest to a man who is not married, and who is not her master, is agreeable to the pride and feelings of a slave, if her miserable situation has left her any pride or sentiment. It seems less degrading to give one's self, than to submit to compulsion. There is something akin to freedom in having a lover who has no control over you, except that which he gains by kindness and attachment. A master may treat you as rudely as he pleases, and you seem so great with an unmarried man, as with one who has a wife to be made unhappy. There may be sophistry in all this, but the condition of a slave confuses all principles of morality, and, in fact, renders the practice of them impossible," (59)

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Harriet Jacobs -he's seducing her -new woman (naive woman), unworldly -new woman being seduced -mobilizes language in order to seduce her SHUTTLES BETWEEN LANGUAGE TO FIND PLACE FOR HERSELF -Linda sleeps with white man because it is language of SURVIVAL Chastity reaches sentiments of Northern white women

"O ye happy women whose purity has been sheltered from childhood, who have been free to choose the objects of your affection, whose homes are protected by law, do not judge the poor desolate slave girl too severely! If slavery had been abolished, I , also, could have married the man of my choice; I could have had a home shielded by the laws," (58)

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Harriet Jacobs -language undoes innocence -protection by law; law doesn't protect Linda -looking for protection -breaks up with free black because his love can't protect her and that would wound him

"For now, reader, I come to a period in my unhappy life, which I would gladly forget if I could. The remembrance fills me with sorrow and shame. It pains me to tell you of it; but I have promised to tell you the truth, and I will do it honestly, let it cost me what it may. I will not try to screen myself behind the plea of compulsion from a master; for it was not so. Neither can I plead ignorance or thoughtlessness. For years, my master had done his utmost to pollute my mind with foul images, and to destroy the pure principles inculcated by my grandmother, and the good mistress of my childhood. The influences of slavery had had the same effect on me that they had on other young girls; they had made me prematurely knowing, concerning the evil ways of the world. I knew what I did, and I did it with deliberate calculation" (57-58)

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Harriet Jacobs -one thing she has is agency -made choice because she had no choice (questionable agency?) -Linda is trying to find language to describe own relation but not finding one

"After a brief period of suspense, the will of my mistress was read, and we learned that she had bequeathed me to her sister's daughter, a child of five years old. So vanished our hopes. My mistress had taught me the precepts of God's Word: "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." "Whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, do ye even so unto them." But I was her slave, and I suppose she did not recognize me as her neighbor. I would give much to blot out from my memory that one great wrong. As a child, I loved my mistress; and, looking back on the happy days I spent wit her, I try to think with less bitterness of this act of injustice. While I was with her, she taught me to read and spell; and for this privilege, which so rarely falls to the lot of a slave, I bless her memory," (4-5)

Loved mistress but not mom Memory of love that's been poisoned Loves white people more than black people AND prioritizes that love= mixed blessing What does love mean in the context of racial slavery? -mistress can emancipate her, educate her, her mom can't

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Overview

Mark Twain Pap is Terrifying, kidnapped Huck Huck plays mean dark tricks on Jim Huck is preoccupied with death Jim has kids but also calls Huck "child" and "honey" All Adults in book are deranged and uncaring Huck can't admit that Jim is like a dad BECAUSE -disconnect from Pap -Jim doesn't tell Huck about pap's death, shields him from reality that pap can't love him again JIM IS PARENTAL= teaches Huck about slavery, cares for him

"So that there are instances among them of men, who, named with Scripture names- a singularly common fashion on the island- and in childhood naturally imbibing the stately dramatic thee and thou of the Quaker idiom; still, from the audacious, daring, and boundless adventure of their subsequent lives, strangely beldn with the unoutgrown peculiarities, a thousand bold dashes of character, not unworthy a Scandinavian sea-king, or a poetical Pagan Roman. And when these things unite in a man of greatly superior natural force, with a globular brain and a ponderous heart; who has also by the stillness and seclusion of many long night-watches in the remotest waters, and beneath constellations never seen here at the north, been led to think untraditionally and independently; receiving all nature's sweet and savage impressions fresh from her own virgin, voluntary, and confiding breast, and thereby chiefly, but with some help from accidental advantages, to learn a bold and nervous lofty language-that man makes one in a whole nation's census- a mighty pageant creature, formed for noble tragedies," (82)

Moby Dick Herman Melville Ahab emulates biblical characterization of name Biblical grandeur being out at sea has changed; intellect annihilated, thinks untraditionally & independently/ being at sea strips him of the way he used to think Sea makes Ahab go MAD -learns to speak a new language; "nervous lofty language," (82) Outgrown peculariaties- Ishamel talks about himself in a sense because he also has learned this new language of the sea

"Come hither to me- hither, hither," said Peleg, with a significance in his eye that almost startled me. "Look ye, lad; never say that on board the Pequod. Never say it anywhere. Captain Ahab did not name himself. 'Twas a foolish, ignorant whim of his crazy, widowed mother, who died when he was only a twelvemonth old. And yet the old squaw Tistig, at Gay-head said that the name would somehow prove prophetic. And, perhaps, other fools like her may tell thee the same. I wish to warn thee. It's a lie. I know Captain Ahab well; I've sailed with him as mate years ago; I know what he is- a good man- not a pious, good man, like Bildad, but a swearing good man- something like me- only there's a good deal more of him. Aye, aye, I know that he was never very jolly; and I know that on the passage home, he was a little out of his mind for a spell; but it was the sharp shooting pains in his bleeding stump that brought that about, as any one might see. I know, too, that ever since he lost his leg last voyage by that accursed whale, he's been kind of moody- desperate moody, and savage sometimes; but that will all pass. And once for all, let me tell thee and assure thee, young man, it's better to sail with a moody good captain than a laughing bad one. So good-bye to thee- and wrong not Captain Ahab, because he happens to have a wicked name. Besides, my boy, he has a wife- not three voyages wedded- a sweet, resigned girl. Think of that; by that sweet girl that old man has a child: hold ye then there can be any utter, hopeless harm in Ahab? No, no my lad; stricken, blasted, if he be, Ahab has his humanities," (pg. 88-89)

Moby Dick Herman Melville Ahab is an orphan just like Ishmael Peleg is protective of Ahab, even though he describes him as intimidating

"Oh Starbuck!...solitary command," (590)

Moby Dick Herman Melville Ahab's grief, suffering- in this book-doesn't improve one's condition

"Yes, but I like to see him." "But I don't think thou wilt be able to at present. I don't know exactly what's the matter with him; but he keeps close inside the house; a sort of sick, and yet he don't look so. In fact, he ain't sick; but no, he isn't well either. Any how, young man, he won't always see me, so I don't suppose he will thee. He's a queer man, Captain Ahab- so some think- but a good one. Oh, thou'lt like him well enough; no fear, no fear. He's a grand, ungodly, god-like man, Captain Ahab; doesn't speak much; but when he does speak, then you may well listen. Mark ye, be forewarned; Ahab's above the common; Ahab's been in colleges, as well as 'mong the cannibals; been used to deeper wonders than the waves; fixed his fiery lance in mightier, stranger foes than whales. His lance! aye, the keenest and the surest that, out of all our isle! Oh! he ain't Captain Bildad, no, and he ain't Captain Peleg, he's Abah, boy; and Ahab of old, thou knowest, was crowned king!" "And a very vile one. When that wicked king was slain, the dogs, did they not lick his blood? ," (pg. 88)

Moby Dick Herman Melville Captain Peleg describies Captain Ahab

"If they but knew it, almost all men in their degree, some time or other, cherish very nearly the same feelings towards the ocean with me," (3) "Tell me, does the magnetic virtue of the needles of the compasses of all those ships attract them thither?" (4)

Moby Dick Herman Melville Escape depression of everyday life doesn't think all these people go to water because they love sailing -Ishmael ironic relation to own misery

"As I sat there in that now lonely room; the fire burning low, in that mild stage when, after its first intensity has warmed the air, it then only glows to be looked at; the evening shades and phantoms gathering round the casements, and peering in upon us silent, solitary twain; the storm booming without in solemn swells; I began to be sensible of strange feelings. I felt a melting in me. No more my splintered heart and maddened hand were turned against the wolfish world. This soothing savage had redeemed it. There he say, his very indifference speaking a nature in which there lurked no civilized hypocrisies and bland deceits. Wild he was; a very sigh of sights to see, yet I began to feel myself mysteriously drawn towards him. And those same things that would have repelled most others, they were the very magnets that thus drew me. I'll try a pagan friend, thought I, since Christian kindness has prove but hollow courtesy," (pg. 57)

Moby Dick Herman Melville Ishmael relations to suicidalness changed What was stiff in Ishmael prior? His view of the world changed

"I,Ishmael, was one of that crew; my shouts had gone up with the rest; my oath had been welded with theirs; and stronger I shouted, and more did I hammer and clinch my oath, because of the dread in my soul. A wild, mystical, sympathetical feeling was in me; Ahab's quenchless feed seemed mine," (194)

Moby Dick Herman Melville Ismael beginning to think untraditionally and independently Ahab and Ismael share dread but responded differently to it -disposed by knowledge brought to world -Ishmael's knowledge not helpful in make him defensive. In fact, it makes him suicidal Ahab lost his leg -OPRHANHOOD

"Is it that by it's indefiniteness it shadows forth the heartless voids and immensities of the universe, and thus stabs us from behind with the thought of annihilation, when beholding the white depths of the milky way?.. of all these things the Albino whale was the symbol," (212)

Moby Dick Herman Melville Nothingness, indefiniteness, what is the meaning of the universe= there's too many options Nature is a charnel house that annihilates and destroys

"So soon as he...abandonment befell myself," (454-454)

Moby Dick Herman Melville Pip little black dougboy From Alabama or Connecticut? No sense of origin- like Ahab and Ishmael Pip runaway slave from South to free North

"Landlord, said I, going up to him as cool as Mt. Hecla in a snow storm, - "landlord, stop whittling. You and I must understand one another, and that too without delay. I come to your house and want a bed; you tell me you can only give me half a one; that the other half belongs to a certain harpooneer. And about this harpooneer, whom I have not yet seen, you persist in telling me the most mystifying and exasperating stories, tending to beget in me an uncomfortable feeling towards the man whom you design for my bedfellow- a sort of connexion, landlord, which is an intimate and confidential one in the highest degree. I now demand of you to speak out and tell me who and what this harpooner is, and whether I shall be in all respects safe to spend the night with him. And in the first place, you will be so good as to unsay that story about selling his head, which if true I take to be good evidence that this harpooner is stark mad, and I've no idea of sleeping with a madman; and you, sir, you I mean, landlord, you, sir, by trying to induce me to do so knowingly, would thereby render yourself liable to a criminal prosecution," (20)

Moby Dick Herman Melville Ishmael is in elevated, school master attitude -he is the opposite of the narrator we meet at the beginning of the book who appears chill What happen to Ishmael on the voyage that changed him?

"Here the servant, napkin on arm, made a motion as if waiting his master's good please. Don Benito signified his readiness, when, seating him in the malacca arm-chair, and for the guest's convenience drawing opposite it one of the settees, the servant commenced operations by throwing back his master's collar and loosening his cravat. There is something in the negro which, in a peculiar way, fits him for avocations about one's person. Most negroes are natural valets and hair-dressers; taking to the comb and brush congenially as to the castinets, and flourishing them apparently with almost equal satisfaction," (98)

NOT DELANO, NARRATOR= stories about Negroes, white supremacism

"Sometimes the Negro gave his master his arm, or took his handkerchief out of his pocket for him; performing these and similar offices with that affectionate zeal which transmutes into something filial or fraternal acts in themselves but menial;and which has gained for the negro the repute of making the most pleasing body servant in the world; one, too, whom a master need be on no stiffly superior terms with, but may treat with unfamiliar trust; less a servant than a devoted companion," (62)

Negroes suited for serving REMEMBER DIFFERENT BETWEEN OMNISCIENT NARRATOR AND DELANO BUT, AS NARRATIVE CONTINUES, VOICES BLEND -books tells us to identify with narrator, offers racist readings of slaves than tells reader that he's no better at reading than Delano

"As for the black-whose brain, not body, had schemed and led the revolt, with the plot- his slight frame, inadequate to that which it held, had at once yielded to the superior muscular strength of his captor, in the boat. Seeing all was over, he uttered no sound, and could not be forced to. His aspect seemed to say, since I cannot do deeds, I will not speak words. Put in irons in the hold, with the rest, he was carried to Lima. During the passage Don Benito did not visit him. Nor then, nor at any time after, would he look at him. Before the tribunal he refused. When pressed by the judge he fainted. On the testimony of the sailors alone rested the legal identity of Babo," (137)

Shame and recognition of what slavery is No access to language that would suite him

"Toward evening the train drew up at a station where quite a party of farm laborers, fresh from their daily toil, swarmed out from the conspicuously labeled colored waiting-room, and into the car with Miller. They were a jolly, good-natured crowd, and free from the embarrassing presence of white people, proceeded to enjoy themselves after their own fashion. Here an amorous fellow sat with his arm around a buxom girl's waist. A musically inclined individual- produced a mouth-organ and struck up a tune, to which a limber-legged boy danced in the aisle. They were noisy, loquacious, happy, dirty, and malodorous. For a while Miller was amused and pleased. They were his people, and he felt a certain expansive warmth toward them in spite of their obvious shortcomings. By and by, however, the air became too close, and he went out upon the platform. For the sake of the democratic ideal, which meant so much to his race, he might have endured the affliction. He could easily image that people of refinement, with the power in their hands, might be tempted to strain the democratic ideal in order to avoid such contact; but personally, and apart from the mere matter of racial sympathy, these people were just as offensive to him as to the whites in the other end of the train. Surely, if a classification of passengers on trains was at all desirable, it might be made upon some more logical and considerate basis than a mere arbitrary, tactless, and, by the very nature of things, brutal drawing of a color line," (60-61)

The Marrow of Tradition Charles W. Chesnutt -Class line should be drawn on something other than color i.e. Miller thinks it should be wealth -Miller thinks he's above other blacks and doesn't like being around laborers -Who are Miller's people? (professionals in society) -Miller believes in distinctions of money

"Lor bless ye, yes! These critters ain't like white folks, you know; they gets over things, only manage right. Now, they say,' said Haley, assuming a candid and confidential air, 'that this kind o' trade is hardening to the feelings; but I never found it so. Fact is, I never could do things up the way some fellers manage the business. I've seen 'em as would pull a woman's child out of her arms, and set him up to sell, and she screechin' like mad all the time; -very bad policy- damages the article- makes 'em quite unfit for service sometimes. I knew a real handsome gal once, in Orleans, as was entirely ruined by this sort o' handling. The fellow that was trading for her didn't want her baby; and she was on of your real high sort,when her blood was up. I tell you, she squeezed up her child in her arms, and talked, and went on real awful. It kinder makes my blood run cold to think of 't; and when they carried off the child, and locked her up, she jest went ravin' mad, and died in a week. Clear waste, sir, of a thousand dollars, just for want of management,- there's where 't is. It's always best to do the human thing, sir; that's been my experience," (46-47)

Uncle Tom's Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe Haley= businessman Slaves= commodity Not inhuman, sees beating slaves as a waste of money because you are hitting your commodity

"Late in the...under the species," (41)

Uncle Tom's Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe Introduction of Shelby and Haley; the different "gentlemen"

"He was as bold as a lion about it, and 'mightily convinced' not only himself, but everybody that heard him; - but then his idea of a fugitive was only an idea of the letters that spell the word, -or at the most, the image of a little newspaper picture of a man with a stick and bundle with 'Ran away from a subscriber' under it. The magic of the real presence of distress," (155-156)

Uncle Tom's Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe Law humanized; Bird never saw fugitive as a mother -when you see someone suffering, you will become transformed because you also suffer

"Were you a slave? said Mr. Bird. Yes, sir; I belonged to a man in Kentucky." "Was he unkind to you?""No sir-no!" my mistress was always good to me." "What could induce you to leave a good home,then, and run away, and go through such dangers?" The woman looked up at Mrs.Bird, with a keen, scrutinizing glance, and it did not escape her that she was dress in deep mourning. "Ma'am," she said, suddenly, "have you ever lost a child?" The question was unexpected, and it was thrust on a new wound; for it was only a month since a darling child of the family had been laid in the grave. Mr. Bird turned around and walked to the window, and Mrs. Bird burst into tears; but recovering her voice, she said, "Why do you as that? I have lost a little one."

Uncle Tom's Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe Mr. Bird thinks Eliza running away because she has a bad master (dichotomy of masters) -Eliza notices Mrs. Bird is wearing "mourning clothes"= I see you in me Difference between Eliza and Mrs Bird= racial, social, slave v. free Both women in patriarchal relationships refuses all other language of connection= men get better when take on feminine side; if man suffers he is good= Mr. Bird helps Eliza escape, putting himself in danger= feels something and has to take action Mrs. Bird= soft persuasion -world will change through persuading people to feel empathy -Mr. Bird breaks law through persuasion of feelings Patronizing= Mrs. Bird believes she can feel ALL of Eliza's suffering just because she lost a child -fantasy of equivalence -inside your being -predatory white hunger for black suffering Feeling enable action

"You would think no harm in a child's caressing a large dog, even if he was black; but a creature than can think, and reason, and feel, and is immortal, you shudder at; confess it, cousin. I know the feeling among some of you northerners well enough. Not that there is a particle of virtue in our not having it; but custom with us does what Christianity ought to do, -obliterates the feeling of personal prejudice. I have often noticed, in my travels north, how much stronger this was with you than us. You loathe them as you would a snake or a toad, yet you are indignant at their wrongs. You would not have them abused; but you don't want them to have anything to do with them yourselves. You would send them to Africa, out of your sight and smell, and then send a missionary or two to do up all the self-denial of elevating them compendiously. Isn't that it," (273)

Uncle Tom's Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe Ophelia= racist abolitionist -Voice of Northern piety; supposed to represent Stowe -St. Clare= good guy because doesn't abuse slaves -slavery is wrong- but makes money, provides with power so it's not abolished

"If ever Africa shall show an elevated and cultivated race,-and comes it must, some time, her turn to figure in the great drama of human improvement,- life will awake there with a gorgeousness and splendor of which our cold western tribes faintly have conceived. In that far-off mystic land of gold, and gems, and spices, and waving palms, and wondrous flowers, and miraculous fertility, will awake new forms of art, new styles of splendor; and the negro race, no longer despised and trodden down, will, perhaps, show forth some of the latest and most magnificent revelations of human life. Certainly they will, in their gentleness, their lowly docility of heart, their aptitude to repose on a superior mind and rest on a higher power, their childlike simplicity of affection, and facility of forgiveness. In all these they will exhibit the highest form of the peculiarlyChrist life, and, perhaps, as God chasteneth whom he loveth, he hath chosen poor Africa in the furnace of affliction, to make her the highest and noblest in that kingdom which he will set up, when every other kingdom has been tried, and failed; for the first shall be last, and the last first.

Uncle Tom's Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe Racial distinctions between black and white Interior qualities of blackness= generalizes that all black people docile -George; Gods comes from whiteness -Africans here to serve God, not white people

"Mrs. Bird was a timid, blushing little woman, of about four feet in height, and with mild blue eyes, and a peach-blow complexion, and the gentlest, sweetest voice in the world; -as for courage, a moderate-sized cock-turkey had been known to put her to rout at the very first gobble, and a stout house-dog, of moderate capacity, would bring her into subjection merely by a show of his teeth.... Generally the most indulgent and easy to be entreated of all mothers, still her boys had a very reverent rememberance of most vehement chastisement she once bestwoed on them, because she found them leagued with several graceless boys of the neighborhood, stoning a defenseless kitten," (142-143)

Uncle Tom's Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe Rest of world doesn't exist to her beyond home Angel of house -moral compass -cruelty makes her mad

Josh Green

Wants to kill McBane because he killed his father and caused his mom to go insane Forms own militia during riots

Dr. Miller

Went to Vienna to study medicine= has money Lives in Carteret's old mansion (old Southern aristocracy home) Plans for hospital to train black nurses (Miller's plan to uplift race)

"Would you have me argue that man is entitled to liberty? that he is the rightful owner of his own body? You have already declared it. Must I argue that wrongfulness of slavery? Is that a question for Republicans? Is it to be settled by the rules of logic and argumentation, as a matter beset with great difficulty, involving a doubtful application of the principle of justice, hard to be understood? How should I look to-day, in the presence of Americans, dividing, and subdividing a discourse to show that men have a natural right to freedom? speaking of it relatively, and positively, negatively, and affirmatively. To do so, would be to make myself ridiculous, and to offer an insult to your understanding. - There is not a man beneath the canopy of heaven, that does not know that slavery is wrong for him.

What to the Slave is the Fourth Of July Frederick Douglas Appeals to logic and major contradictions- founding documents are empty i.e. preach Christianity but still hold slaves -No point for argument because won't argue with someone who doesn't share the same principles -SLAVERY IS WRONG

"For it is not light that is need, but fire."

What to the Slave is the Fourth of July Frederick Douglas Fire= destructive, can't ignore it. change can't happen without violence.

"The next moment, with clenched jaw and hand, he passed Atufal, and stood unharmed in the light. As he saw his trim ship lying peacefully at her anchor, and almost within ordinary call; as he saw his household boat, with familiar faces in it, patiently rising and falling on the short waves by the San Dominick's side; and then, glancing about the decks where he stood, saw the oakum-pickers still gravely plying their fingers; and heard the low, buzzing whistle and industrious hum of the hatchet-polishers, still bestirring themselves over their endless occupation; and more than all, as he saw the benign aspect of nature, taking her innocent repose in the evening; the screened sun in the quiet camp of the west shining out like mild light from Abraham's tent; as charmed eye and ear took in all these, with the chained figure of the black, clenched jaw and hand relaxed. Once again he smiled at the phantoms which had mocked him, and felt something like a tinge of remorse, that, by harboring them even for a moment, he should, by implication, have betrayed an almost atheist doubt of the ever-watchful Providence above," (113)

chained black= benign aspect of nature made by God's order -Delano invested in hierarchies of service

"You generalize, Don Benito; and mournfully enough. But the past is passed; why moralize upon it? Forget it. See, yon bright sun has forgotten it all, and the blue sea, and the blue sky; these have turned over new leaves." "Because they have no memory," he dejectedly replied; "because they are not human." "But these mild trades that now fan your cheek, do they not come with a human-like healing to you? Warm friends, stead-fast friends are the trades." "With their steadfastness they but waft me to my tomb senor," was the foreboding response. "You are saved," cried Captain Delano, more and more astonished and pained; "you are saved; what has cast such a shadow upon you?" "the negro," (136-137)

what's past is past Delano hasn't changed Benito no longer has access to hierarchy that allows him to have power