English 3

(..) is as fun to say as it is to do. In fact, just the sound of the word (..) may make you feeling like (...), or laughing softly.

Chuckle - ти́хо смія́тися, посмі́юватися, хихикати (хіхікати); пирхати Chuckle is one of many words for different kinds of laughter. These include giggle, titter, snicker, and a word that is a cross between chuckle and snort — chortle. These words are all imitative. That is, the word itself sounds like the noise it refers to. With all these words for laughter, it may be hard to choose the right one for the occasion. Use chuckle when you mean a quiet, even soundless laugh.

(...) means self-respecting and worthy. If you want to have a (...) memorial service, skip the karaoke machine and instead softly play the favorite music of the person you're remembering.

Dignified - що має самопова́гу, почуття власної гідності; поря́дний, присто́йний; гордови́тий, гордли́вий вели́чний, висо́кий Something that has dignity is honorable and worthy, so something that is dignified acts in an honorable, worthy way, showing great self-respect and respect for others. If someone handles a terrible public embarrassment gracefully and without breaking down, we might compliment her dignified manner. You might be too dignified to engage in screaming at the wrestling match, or too dignified to beg for a job even in hard times.

(...) is most commonly used as an adjective to describe a bad smell. As a verb, (...) usually means "make dirty or messy." You might (...) your room to the point where it smells a bit (...).

Foul - брудний, смердючий; огидний, бридкий; забруднити(ся); засмітити(ся); In general, foul can be used as an adjective meaning "bad." Foul luck is bad luck; a foul day is a bad day. As a verb, foul can mean "break the rules." It's used this way in sports, like when you commit a foul on the basketball court. The phrase "foul play" can be used in the context of sports or more generally, to indicate unfair or violent behavior. Avoid confusing foul with fowl, which refers to birds, especially chickens.

(...) things are really dirty, like your little sister's (...) hands after she's spent an afternoon making mud pies.

Grubby - неохайний, нечепурний; брудний, замурзаний; червивий; уражений личинками. Have you ever seen a little kid eat a chocolate ice cream cone on a hot day? Picture the kid's face covered in chocolate and you'll have a good idea of what grubby means! This adjective dates back to the mid-19th century, from grub, which means "insect larva" and which was once colloquially used to mean "dirty child."

(...) is a contract where you pay a little money at a time so you can be compensated later, especially in the case of a disaster.

Insurance - страхування; accident ~ страхування від нещасного випадку; health ~ страхування здоров'я; property ~ страхування майна; social ~ соціальне страхування; an ~ agent, broker страховий агент; an ~ company страхова компанія; страхове товариство; an ~ policy страховий поліс; ~ against fire страхування від пожежі; ~ upon lives страхування життя; to carry ~ страхувати; to obtain, to effect a life ~ застрахувати життя; Many people consider insurance to be making a kind of bet that bad things will happen: that's a good bet to make, because nobody is lucky forever. Legally, you need car insurance to drive. Without medical insurance, a serious illness could leave you broke. Life insurance is important so your family gets support when you die. House or apartment insurance will help if you have a fire. Insurance agents sell insurance policies, and they always have lots of customers.

(...) means full of or giving off light. During the winter holidays, with all their emphasis on light, you can see (...) displays of candles everywhere.

Luminous - світний, світляний; світловий; блискучий; освічений; ясний, зрозумілий; This word has several figurative meanings that are related to the basic sense of something shining. For example, luminous prose is clear and easily understood. And a luminous career is bright and inspiring. The Middle English adjective is from Latin luminosus, from lumen "light."

(...) means frenzied. If you drink 18 cups of coffee in a single sitting and haven't slept for three days, chances are you're (...).

Manic - шалений; маніакальний If manic sounds like maniac to you, you're on the right track. Someone who is in a manic state is affected by mania. If you're manic you're in a wound-up, fast-acting, unhinged wild state. People with bi-polar disorder experience manic highs and terrible lows. Other things can be manic, too, like the pace of city life or the flabmoyant outfit you're wearing with seven different colors and eight different patterns.

(...) is snot and other slime from inside your body. More specifically, (...) is a secretion of your body's (...) membranes that lubricates the inside of your body and helps protect you from bacteria. You're welcome.

Mucus - слиз. Even the history of the word mucus is gross — roots from Greek and Latin all mean "snot" and "slippery, slimy." Mucus drips out of your nose and even slips down your throat when you're sick. This happens because your membranes produce too much mucus when you're sick. Mucus isn't all bad though — your body uses it to help food go down your throat easier, and it keeps bacteria out. Mucus is gross, but germs are worse!

(...) is an act of revenge. Before you initiate (...) on someone who has wronged you, consider whether he or she might have a ninja alter ego and a set of nunchucks stashed away.

Retaliation -відплата; помста; in ~ у відповідь; репресалія; акт відплати. The noun retaliation stems from the Latin retaliare, meaning "pay back in kind." Notice the word kind in that definition. Retaliation used to have both good and evil connotations. Now, though, it's important to read that kind as synonymous with type or sort because retaliation has since lost its positive sense. Martin Luther King, Jr. once said, "Man must evolve for all human conflict a method which rejects revenge, aggression and retaliation. The foundation of such a method is love."

If you've ever visited New Mexico and noticed earthy looking buildings everywhere, chances are they're made from (...), a type of brick that's dried in the sun.

adobe - цегла повітряного сушіння, невипалена цегла; сирець, саман; саманна або глинобитна будівля; The noun adobe originates from the oral form of Arabic al-tob, meaning "the brick," which is derived from the Coptic word tube, meaning "brick." In hot, dry climates like the American Southwest, Africa, and Spain, you'll often see buildings made of adobe. The word adobe can also refer to the material that these bricks are made of. The clay, water, and straw that go into the material give the bricks a natural-looking, informal appearance.

Saying offensive things about God or religion is (...). (...) can be used for offensive ideas in other areas too.

blasphemy - блюзнірство, богохульство; If you're saying something bad about a god, or taking the Lord's name in vain, or questioning a religious institution in any way, you could be accused of blasphemy — insulting something sacred. You can use this word in a lot of other ways too. At a meeting of conservatives, a liberal idea could be considered blasphemy (and vice versa). You might even jokingly cry "Blasphemy!" if a friend said your favorite ice cream flavor stinks.

A (...) is a bush or plant that's covered in thorns. You'll want to wear long pants if you're going to trek through the (...)s looking for your lost cat.

bramble - ожина Those rough, prickly shrubs that grow along the fence and in which you're always losing your Frisbee? You can call them brambles. This word is most common in Britain, where it sometimes refers specifically to blackberry bushes. In fact, some Britons even call blackberries themselves "brambleberries." The Old English root is bræmbel.

A (...) is a stiff hair — the kind men shave off their face or the kind badgers have all over. (...) also means to get angry. Tell an animal rights activist you use a badger's (...) shaving brush and you'll get the idea.

bristle - щетина; нааїжуватися, ставати дибом розсердитися, розгніватися; розлютитися; The emotional meaning of to bristle comes from the fact that most animal bristles used by man are so-called erectile hairs — the ones that stand up on the neck or along the back of animal when it's angry or surprised. A common word associated with bristle is hackle, another name for such erectile animal hairs. Thus the saying "to get one's hackles up," which is pretty much identical to bristling.

Let's say you have a secret. You've promised not to tell, but there's something forcing you to call a friend and spill the beans. This force is (...), that urge to do something even though you know you shouldn't.

compulsion - примус, примушування, присилування; to act under, upon ~ діяти під примусом. If you go back to the Latin, you find compulsus, the past participle of the verb compellere, "to compel." You can see the connection with our word compulsion, which means "something compelling." The word gained a more psychological meaning in 1909 in a translation of Freud's studies, suggesting a type of neurosis that impels a person to do things in an obsessive manner.

A (...) is the act of decreasing the size of something or shortening it, or it can be the process of becoming smaller or compressed.

contraction - скорочення; звуження; стискання; тех. усадка; лінгв. скорочення, стягнення; скорочена форма; контрактура; The two most well-known uses of contraction involve muscles and words. A contraction of the muscle tenses it or shortens it, like when you're standing in the mirror flexing and admiring yourself. On the other hand, a contraction can also be two words that are combined, with a few letters often replaced by an apostrophe, like when we change do and not into don't.

When a muscle in your body tenses up painfully, it's a (...). If you get a (...) in your leg when you're swimming, you have to stop and stretch out the muscle until the (...) goes away.

cramp - судома, корчі; спазм; Muscle cramps are a side effect of exercise and fatigue, and they can often be avoided by stretching before and after a run or a game of basketball. Cramp is also a verb, meaning both "contract painfully," and also "hold back, or prevent free movement." This is what you mean when you say, "Mom, please don't walk me in to school — you'll cramp my style."

A (...) is a chirping insect that resembles a grasshopper. (...) is also a popular British sport played with a ball and a flat bat. A (...) might be on the cricket field, but it's too little to throw the ball.

cricket - цвіркун; крикет Crickets have small wings and antennae, and while they don't fly, they can hop far. In some places, it's common to keep a cricket as a pet — and in other places, crickets are eaten and considered crispy delicacies. If you ever get a cricket mixed up with a grasshopper, remember that crickets are usually brown and grasshoppers are green. The root of the insect is criquer, "creak or crackle," and the sport comes from cricke, Middle Dutch for "stick."

A (...) is a member of a class of arthropods that live in water. Some of your favorite seafood comes from (...)s — crabs, lobsters, and shrimp.

crustacean - ракоподібні There are plenty of fish in the sea, and there are also plenty of crustaceans: strange-looking aquatic critters who usually have at least four pairs of limbs, plus a segmented body and a chitinous exoskeleton. If you think of a crust as being a little like a shell, that can help you remember crustaceans are essentially critters that have shells. Our word crust is from Latin crusta (shell or crust).

A (...) person is someone who isn't easily frightened or intimidated. If your dance moves bring to mind a marionette being jerked around by a five-year-old but you jump on the dance floor anyway, you could be considered (...).

dauntless - безстрашний;

A (...) is a true representation of something, like the (...) of life as a Jewish teenager in hiding during World War II in Anne Frank's "The Diary of a Young Girl."

depiction - опис, зображення; малюнок, картина; портрет. The word depiction comes from the Latin word for "painting or description," depictionem. If a portrait really looks like you, it's a good depiction — the painter or photographer has done a great job. Another way to give a depiction of an experience is to tell or write about it in so much detail that it's like your audience is really there. Actors who portray real people work hard to make their depictions as true as they can.

A (...) is a serious crime, like murder, arson, or burglary. Fashion critics may think that wearing white shoes after Labor Day is a (...), but it isn't really.

felony - кримінальний злочин; to commit a ~ вчинити; to perpetrate a ~ скоїти злочин. A felony is sometimes called a "high crime" because it's so serious. A felony differs from a misdemeanor in the amount of punishment someone gets when convicted. In the United States, a felony is a crime that has a sentence of more than a year in prison. A year or less in jail means the crime is just a misdemeanor. If you're convicted of a felony, even after you serve your time you may be denied certain rights and privileges.

A (...) is a baby horse. Most horses give birth to only one (...) at a time, though occasionally they have two.

foal - лоша, осля, муленя. You can use the word foal for a horse that's younger than one year old — after turning one, a foal becomes a yearling. Foals can be either male, also called a colt, or female, also called a filly. When a mare, or adult female horse, has a baby, you can say she foals. The Old English root word, fola, means "foal" or "colt."

You can serve as a (...) to someone if you show them to be better than you by contrast. If you can't dance but your friend Lisa can, you can be a (...) to Lisa's grace.

foil - фольга, станіоль; щось контрастне, що підкреслює красу іншого предмета; тло, фон. If you're having trouble remembering this definition, think about a shiny piece of tin foil. It reflects an image back to you, so if you're a foil to someone, their image is reflected off of you in a positive light. Your brother's mediocre grades might serve as a foil to your intelligence. As a verb, if you foil someone's plans or attempts to do something, you cause them to fail. Your brother will be really mad if you foil his plans to hide his mediocre report card from your parents.

If you're a football fan you know all about the agony of the (...) — the clumsy handling of the ball that makes you drop it or lose possession.

fumble - намацувати (for, after); вертіти, м'яти в руках; невміло поводитися (з чимсь - with); Fumbling is an uncoordinated movement that can involve your entire body, not just your hands. Witness the poor parent of a newborn trying to fumble with a diaper on at three in the morning. Fumble has a more metaphorical meaning as well, meaning to mess up or mishandle. Politicians are often accused of fumbling the major issues.

To (...) is to spray something with fumes, usually to eliminate pests of some kind.

fumigate - обкурювати; дезінфікувати. A fume is a type of smoke or other gaseous substance, and fumigation is when fumes are used to treat something. Most of the time, a house is fumigated because it has pests in it. If you have cockroaches or bedbugs, you might need to fumigate. Fumigating is a gaseous chemical attack that kills pests and is also dangerous to people and pets, so people clear out before fumigating takes places. The person who fumigates is usually an exterminator.

If you're driving a car at night, you're using your car's (...)s to light up the road in front of you. (...)s are the eyes of a car or train, beaming light to help you see what is ahead.

headlight - фара (автомобіля); The headlight is an important part of an automobile, and without it you could only drive at night where there are lots of street lights. On unlit roads, a deer might jump in front of your car and just stand there — staring into the light from your headlights. That's where the expression "like a deer in headlights" comes from, and it means being really still after a shock, like you're frozen in place.

A (...) can be a home for bees. It's also a whole bunch of something moving around — like a (...) of eager students — which is related to the fact that so many bees live in a (...).

hive - вулик; рій бджіл; перен. збіговисько; The word hive is most recognizable as a place where bees live, but it can be a verb that means to move together as one, like a swarm of bees. It can also describe storing a lot of things in a confined space, the way bees are packed into a hive. You might hive your stamp collection in boxes in the attic, but if bees have built a hive in the eaves you won't be able to get to them.

To (...) is to cause to act or occur. Violent words can (...) violent actions which, in turn, might (...) public outcry against violence.

incite - збуджувати, спонукати, стимулювати, заохочувати; підбурювати, підбивати; Incite comes from a Latin verb meaning "to move into action" and if you incite someone to do something, that is exactly how to describe it. Usually it is used in a negative context. Radical and intolerant teachings can incite hatred in those who listen. And if a government restricts its people too much, it can incite unrest and rebellion in the population.

Something that slopes — that is, something that deviates from the straight horizontal or vertical — can be called an (...). If you like to walk up and down hills, you enjoy walking on (...)s.

incline - нахиляти, нагинати; схиляти(ся); відхиляти(ся); нахил, спад, схил; похила площина; The Latin root of the word incline is inclinare, meaning "to lean." As a verb, the word incline can mean to bend, so you incline your head. It can also mean to be favorably disposed toward something and you can think of it as having a bent for or leaning toward something. If the weather is nasty, you may be inclined to stay home to watch a movie with a bowl of popcorn at your side.

The verb (...) means to cut or tear. So the envelope that gave you that nasty paper cut? It (...)ed your finger.

lacerate - рвати, розривати, роздирати; роздирати, мучити; ранити почуття; Something usually needs to be sharp or jagged to lacerate you, like broken glass or a sharp stick. You won't be getting lacerated anytime soon by lace or cotton balls, that's for sure. But watch out for sharp-tongued people hurling hateful words your way; those snide remarks and personal digs can lacerate feelings like a knife slicing through butter.

If you walk unevenly, you have a (...). Maybe you pulled your hamstring at the annual Thanksgiving Day Football Showdown, or maybe one leg is three inches shorter than the other. Whatever the reason, if your gait is off kilter, you (...).

limp - кульгати; шкутильгати; шкандибати; ледве йти; You can have a limp (the noun), or you can limp (the verb), and both mean that for some reason your legs don't work quite in synch. Limp can also be an adjective that means "not strong or firm," like your friends' limp response to your invitation to come help paint your house or when your hair looks limp, meaning it's just hanging, with no volume or style.

Do you move clumsily, heavily and slowly, without a shred of grace? Then it sounds like you might (...). Sorry to hear that.

lumber - рухатися незграбно (вайлувато).

Someone who suffers, or is even killed, for his or her political or religious beliefs is called a (...).

martyr - мученик, страдник; страждальник, страждальниця; Martin Luther King Jr. is often called a martyr in connection with the American civil rights movement. A martyr is also someone who chooses to be put to death rather than renounce his or her religious beliefs, as the story of Saint Stephen tells. In the figurative sense, if you are a martyr to headaches, you suffer from them. Sometimes, martyr is used negatively to refer to someone who chooses to suffer when there is no need to do so.

The verb (...) means to seamlessly join something. For example, when you (...) onto the highway, you need to smoothly join the traffic, forgetting everything you learned riding the bumper cars at the fair.

merge - поглинати; занурюватися; зливатися, зникати, щезати; If two or more things become one, they merge. If your favorite deli, The Cheese Stop, merges with a sandwich shop called Chez Lui, the two restaurants might also merge their names, becoming Chez Cheese. You can also use merge when things only appear to blend. You know it's time to go to sleep when the words in your book begin to merge together.

An (...) blocks things, like a roadblock prevents drivers to enter a street or a piece of food cuts off your windpipe.

obstruction - перепона, завада, перешкода; an ~ to завада чомусь;

If something is (...) it's bizarre or unfamiliar, far outside the boundaries of expected or normal behavior. Driving around the city in a golf cart and eating spaghetti with pineapple sauce are both examples of (...) behavior.

outlandish - заморський, чужоземний; незвичайний; дивний; малокультурний; глухий (про місцевість). It's easy to imagine how the word outlandish originated. The Old English root is utland, which literally means "out-land," or foreign. Now, it would be inappropriate to refer to a foreigner as outlandish, unless, say, he shows up to the office in a red patent-leather Speedo and a ten-gallon hat.

You know the lawyers who try to make the jury believe the guy on trial for stealing the bananas actually stole the bananas? That team of lawyers is known as the (...).

prosecution - судове́ переслі́дування; позивач; (the prosecution) обвинувачення (сторона в судовому процесі); ве́дення; викона́ння The entire process of trying to convict someone of a crime is known as the prosecution, and if convicted, you may face prosecution. Any words with the root prosecute are connected to trying to prove someone's guilt. You might often hear about "the prosecution's case" — that's their evidence. Or you might hear about a "prosecution witness" — someone who is supposed to tell jury members something that will convince them of the defendant's guilt.

You know that science experiment that used to be lunch that is now rotting in the back of your fridge? Because it's decomposing and stinks to high heaven, you can call it (...).

putrid - гнильний; гнилий; трухлий; смердючий; зіпсований; спотворений; The adjective putrid describes something that is rotting and has a foul odor, but it can also describe anything that is totally objectionable or exceptionally terrible. Something that is morally corrupt or evil can also be described with putrid: "That putrid politician took kickbacks for his vote and then used the money to buy fur coats made from the pelts of endangered leopards."

A (..) a pleated piece of decorative fabric often used as trim on clothes, like the (...)s on a pirate's shirt. To (...) is to make someone lose their composure. Argh.

ruffle - куйовдити, кошлатити (волосся); роздратовувати(ся), сердити(ся); The word ruffle is mysterious, but it might be from the Low German word ruffelen which means "to wrinkle." A ruffle on the bottom of a dress is like a fancy wrinkle. To ruffle someone is to upset them, and they'll need to get straightened out. Often, this word is used in the expression "ruffle their feathers." Hearing bad news will ruffle most people's feathers. An unruffled person and an unruffled shirt will both be smoother.

When you (...) you make an angry face. The angry face you make is also called a (...). Lighten up.

scowl - дивитися сердито, кидати сердитий погляд (на - at, on); хмуритися, супитися, хмурніти; Scowl is an expressive word: it shares "ow" with frown, and if you say it like you mean it you might end up scowling yourself. Being scowled at is more unsettling than being frowned at. A scowl is like an angry frown you would give someone if you disapproved of them. A frown expresses sadness, but a scowl expresses disdain.

When you (...) something, you wash it forcefully. You might (...) your dirty bathtub with a brush and some bleach, for example.

scrub - чистити, скребти, мити (звич. щіткою з милом); терти, розтирати; When you scrub your floor, you use elbow grease — in other words, you work hard to get the floor clean. You might need to scrub your fingernails after a morning working on your car's engine, rubbing with a nail brush to get the grease off. Word experts think that scrub comes from the Middle Low German word schrubben, which also means "to scrub."

To (...) something is to smudge or blur it. You might literally (...) your pen-and-ink drawing, or figuratively have your reputation (...)ed by getting caught in a lie.

smear - мазувати, мазати, натирати (чимсь); обмазувати; мазатися, розмазуватися; бруднити, мазюкати; забруднитися, замурзатися; пляма; мазок (для мікроскопічного дослідження);

A (...) person is self-satisfied. You can usually recognize someone who is pleased with himself by his (...) little smile and self-righteous remarks.

smug - самозадово́лений, самовдово́лений; заст. оха́йний; чепурни́й

When you pass a dump, you might hold your nose and say, "Oh, I can't handle the (...)." A (...) is a bad smell.

stench - сморід; Stench can also be used metaphorically. If it is discovered that many members of a police force have been taking money from mob bosses so that they can continue their life of crime, a new chief may be brought in to remove the stench of corruption from the office. In either sense, stench is the kind of smell that takes work to get rid of.

Describe something that is firmly constructed or strongly made as (...). That house you built was not (...) at all. It blew down in the last wind storm. Fortunately, it was only a dog house and the dog wasn't in it.

sturdy - сильний, міцний, здоровий; стійкий, твердий; Physical strength and robust health can also be described as sturdy. Your grandmother is pushing 80, but she is still pretty sturdy if she can beat you at tennis. The adjective sturdy can also describe something (or someone) determined, firm, stalwart, and steady. Hopefully, you and your siblings have a sturdy relationship, so you can withstand all the bickering over who gets to ride shotgun in the car.

When things (...), they're coming out of deep freeze and warming up. You can (...) a chicken, and a chilly friendship can (...) too.

thaw - танути; відтавати; пом'якшуватися; ставати сердечнішим (приязнішим);розтоплювати, топити, перетворювати на рідину; Anything that thaws is warming up after a frigid or chilly period. The weather thaws when spring hits, especially after a bad winter. When you take food out of the freezer, it thaws. When you have an unpleasant relationship with someone, that can thaw too. A warm, friendly gesture from one person to another can be a sign that their cold relationship is thawing. When you think of thawing, think "Warming up."

The (...) of an engine controls the fuel going in, and if you're going at full (...), you'd better hang onto your hat.

throttle - душити (тж перен.); розм. горло, горлянка; гортань; тех. дросель; дросельний клапан; You can think of a throttle as a throat, and the two words may be related. But as with a throat, if you block a throttle, something bad is likely to happen. You can throttle your car — cut off the air to the engine, also known as applying the choke — and you might stall it out. You can also throttle a person — the image is that you grab the person by the throat and cut off his air. It's much better to use throttle figuratively: when you crushed your opponent at tennis, you could say "you throttled her" — but nobody really got hurt.

When you cut something, literally or figuratively, you (...) it. If you have steady hands, you can (...) your own bangs (челка). If you don't have steady hands, you can save up for a professional haircut by (...)ing the amount of money you spend on comics and snacks.

trim - підрізати, підстригати, підрівнювати; прикрашати; впорядковувати A landscaper trims the grass and shrubs, and a cook trims fat off of meat before cooking it. But when you trim the Christmas tree, you decorate it, and when a sailor trims the sails, she adjusts them so they'll catch the wind just right. And as a noun, a trim is "an act of cutting," while trim is "decoration." All forms of this word are rooted in nautical language.

A (...) is a quick spin, and when something (...)s , it rotates fast. You can also use it to mean "a try." Hang-gliding? Snake-charming? "Sure," you say. "I'll give it a (...)."

whirl - крутіння, кружляння; вихровий рух, вихор, завихрення; вертітися, кружляти; Both whirl and spin are words that mean "turn in circles" but that have also come to mean trying something briefly--you might take a car for a spin or take a turn hiking in the Himalayas. All imply an attitude so free-wheeling, so easy, so devil-may-care that it might make your head spin. Or whirl.

To (...) means to grab or pull something with a lot of physical force. See this teddy bear? If you want it, you'll have to (...) it out of my hands, because I'm not willing to give it up.

wrench - розвідний гайковий ключ; вивертати, виривати (тж ~ off, away, from, out of); вивихнути; перекручувати Maybe you have a wrench at home, that is, a hand tool that is used to hold or twist a nut or a pipe joint. If so, you also have a great way to remember what wrench the verb means. Just imagine you're twisting with a wrench, except instead of using a tool, you're using your hands. If something is heart wrenching, it makes you feel very sad. If you wrench a part of your body, you strain, pull or twist it, injuring yourself in some way.