English Final Examination Reviewer

4.) Move the subject of the active sentence to the back of the passive sentence with the aid of the preposition "by". If the subject of the active sentence is not important, omit...

(Active) He rode his horse. (Passive) His horse was ridden by him. His horse was ridden.

6.) When changing a sentence with a progressive verb tense to passive form, follow this pattern: be verb + being + past participle.

(Active) Lady Bertilak was kissing Sir Gawain. (Passive) Sir Gawain was being kissed by Lady Bertilak.

5.) If there are two objects, use one of them (direct or indirect) to be the subject of the passive Normally, the indirect object is used.

(Active) Sir Gawain gave the host two kisses. (Passive) The host was given two kisses by Sir Gawain. The two kisses were given to the host by Sir Gawain.

1.) Make the object of the active sentence the subject of the passive.

(Active) Sir Gawain hurriedly offered the three kisses. (Passive) The three kisses were hurriedly offered by Sir Gawain.

2.) Add the correct form of the verb "be" according to the tense of the verb and the number of the...

(Active) Sir Gawain visited the castle last evening. (Passive) The castle was visited by Sir Gawain last evening.

Negative + Positive = Negative

(Sentence) I hardly have any money. (Meaning) I have little money.

Negative + Negative = Positive

(Sentence) I hardly have no money. (Meaning) I have some money.

2.) Use a singular verb with a compound subject that IS PLURAL IN FORM BUT SINGULAR IN MEANING. This subject refers to one person or one thing that is generally considered as a unit.

Example: THE CHAIRMAN AND CEO is the same man who helped my father land a job in that company. HAM AND CHEESE is my favorite sandwich.

Basic Sentence Patterns with Transitive Verbs:

The following are basic elements on sentence patterns with the actual sentence patterns with transitive verbs.

Degrees of Comparison:

The following are the degrees of comparison such as the Positive, Comparative, Superlative degree.

Subject-Verb Agreement (Part 1):

The following are the rules in (Part 1) subject-verb agreement.

Subject-Verb Agreement (Part 2):

The following are the rules in (Part 2) subject-verb agreement.

6.) Use a plural verb form when the amount or the time is CONSIDERED TO BE A NUMBER OF SEPARATE UNITS.

Example: HALF OF THE PEOPLE in town are afraid of the criminal in the loose. HUNDRED-PESO BILLS are inserted in those red envelopes.

Objective Complements - are nouns, pronouns, or adjectives that follow a direct object. They describe or rename the direct object.

Example: I find the songs MELODIOUS. -The direct object is the songs. The object complement is melodious.

Predicate Adjectives - are adjectives that are followed by a linking verb. They describe the verb's subject.

Example: Lana is TALENTED. -The linking verb is is. The predicate adjective is talented

4.) S-LV-PN - the predicate nominative refers to the main subject and may also serve as the subject of the sentence if the pattern is changed.

Example: Mrs. Cruz (Subject) is (Transitive Verb) the principal (Predicate Nominative). Joel (Subject) is (Transitive Verb) the class valedictorian (Predicate Nominative).

Direct Object - a noun or a pronoun that receives the action of the verb. Ask the question What? or Whom? after the verb: Made What? A person or a thing and is the first receiver of the action.

Example: My aunt made a HANDBAG with intricate details.

2.) Comparative Degree - used when two things are being compared.

Example: My friends are LOUDER than my siblings when I eat with them at the cafeteria.

1.) Positive Degree - used when only one thing is being described.

Example: My siblings are LOUD when I eat with them at the dining table.

3.) When a compound subject consists of a singular subject and a plural subject connected by or or nor, use a verb that agrees in number with the subject closer to it in the sentence.

Example: Neither the children nor the TEACHER was on the bus. Either my sister or my PARENTS plan to meet at the airport.

2.) The pronouns he, she, and it uses the singular form of the verb.

Example: SHE watches over her little brother. IT is a lovely show.

All STARS just like our sun, possess a system of planets.

4.) In the first example, the verb is possessing. Thus, you ask the question., What possesses a system of planets? The answer will be stars; therefore, the subject is stars.

The MAN in the dark pants looks like my grandfather.

4.) In the second example, the verb is looks. So, you ask the question, who looks like my grandfather? The answer will be the man. Thus, the subject is man.

Changing the active voice to passive voice:

6 ways to change an active voice into a passive voice.

Double Negative

A construction occurring when two forms of grammatical negation are used in the same sentence.

5.) Use a singular verb form for TITLE OF BOOKS AND MOVIES and for the NAME OF ORGANIZATION AND COUNTRY.

Example: The LORD OF THE RINGS is one of my favorite movies of all time. The UNITED STATES OF AMERICA has chosen Barack Obama as its president for the second time.

9.) The phrase A NUMBER OF takes the plural verb form, but the phrase THE NUMBER OF takes the singular form of verb.

Example: A NUMBER OF STUDENTS have attended the concert. THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS attending the concert is only two hundred.

2.) Passive Voice - If the subject is the receiver of the action, the verb is in the passive voice.

Example: A challenge is presented by the Green Knight.

3.) Verbal Irony - the speaker intends to be understood as meaning something that contrasts with the literal or usual meaning of what he says.

Example: A character stepping out into a hurricane and saying, "What nice weather we're having!"

1.) Situational Irony - when the actual outcome of a situation is the opposite of what is expected.

Example: A fire station burns down. A marriage counselor files for divorce.

4.) Intervening words and phrases do not affect the subject-verb agreement. Sometimes subjects are followed by phrases like set off with, along with, together with, according to, because of, and due to, also do not affect the normal subject-verb agreement. To determine the subject in sentences with intervening words and phrases, locate the verb and ask the question Who? or What?

Example: All STARS just like our sun, possess a system of planets.

6.) Use a singular verb with words and phrases that refer to singular units such as FRACTION, MEASUREMENT, AMOUNT OF MONEY, WEIGHT, VOLUME, or SPECIFIC INTERVALS OF TIME when they refer to a specific unit.

Example: EIGHT MILLION PESOS is just enough for me. THREE THOUSAND MILES separates us.

5.) Use a singular verb with a singular indefinite pronoun and a plural verb with a plural indefinite pronoun.

Example: EVERY package is thoroughly checked at the airport. EACH of the children has to have a piece of candy. MANY avoid being seen with her. BOTH are taught good manners since childhood.

3.) S-TV-DO-OC - shows that the objective complement refers to or describes the direct objects of the...

Example: Emma (Subject) cut (Transitive Verb) her hair (Direct Object) short (Objective Complement). I (Subject) call (Transitive Verb) my grandfather (Direct Object) "gramps" (Objective Complement).

1.) Use a plural verb with most compound subjects connected by AND.

Example: GAVIN AND HIS BROTHER take swimming lessons.

2.) S-TV-IO-DO - the indirect object comes before the direct object. Verbs that are usually used in this pattern are bring, give, and sell.

Example: Grammy (Subject) gave (Transitive Verb) her grandchildren (Indirect Object) a big hug (Direct Object). I (Subject) baked (Transitive Verb) you (Indirect Object) a caramel cake (Direct Object).

1.) When a word refers to one thing, it is singular, and therefore will require a singular verb. When it refers to more than one thing, it is plural and will require a plural verb.

Example: The CHILD is on the waiting list. The PEOPLE are on the waiting list.

4.) There are instances when COLLECTIVE NOUN is used as a PLURAL NOUN when it refers to the individual members of a group. In this case, use a plural verb form.

Example: The FAMILY are arguing about where to go for vacation. (This is considered plural because the members of the family are not doing the action collectively.)

1.) Active Voice - If the subject of a sentence is the doer of the action. the verb is in the active voice.

Example: The Green Knight presents a challenge.

7.) Some common and proper nouns ending in s are singular and take a singular verb.

Example: The NEWS depicts how dangerous the world is now. PHYSICS is my waterloo.

Subject Complement - follows a linking verb and renames or describes the subject of the sentence. It can be nouns, pronouns, or adjectives. Gives further meaning to the subject and will only follow a linking verb and describes the subject, not the object.

Example: The student looks EAGER to learn new things. -The adjective eager functions as a subject complement as it follows the linking verb looks and modifies the noun student.

8.) Nouns that come in SETS OF TWO take the SINGULAR VERB FORM when the world pair is present but otherwise take the plural verb form.

Example: This PAIR OF SHOES needs repair. GIANN'S SCISSORS require sharpening.

3.) The pronouns you, we, and they uses the plural form of the verb.

Example: YOU are the most beautiful girl to me. WE have watched that movie before.

Object Complement - modifies an object rather the subject. Gives further meaning to the object.

Example: I find the student EAGER to learn new things. -In this case, the noun student is no longer the subject but the direct object of the verb find. The adjective eager acts as an object complement as it modifies the direct object student.

2.) Dramatic Irony - the reader knows something that the characters in the story do not.

Example: If you're watching a movie about the Titanic and a character leaning on the balcony right before the ship hits the iceberg says, "It's so beautiful I could just die,"

1.) S-TV-DO - shows the direct object as the receiver of the action of the transitive.

Example: Loren (Subject) voiced out (Transitive Verb) her concern (Direct Object). Uncle Danny (Subject) bought (Transitive Verb) a new house (Direct Object).

Indirect Object - noun, pronoun, or group of words that usually comes between the verb and the direct object. An indirect object answers the questions To Whom? and For Whom? or To What? and For What? the action of the verb is done. Is an animate object or objects to whom or for whom something is done.

Example: Mom gave HERSELF a reward for enduring the trials of the past year. -The pronoun herself is the indirect object of the verb gave. It answers the question "to whom did mom give a reward?" it comes in between the verb gave and the direct object reward. The boy in over-worn, ripped jeans bought his LITTLE SISTER a new doll. -The indirect object in this sentence is little sister as it answers the question, "for whom did the boy buy the new doll?"

3.) Superlative Degree - used when three or more are being compared.

Example: My class was the LOUDEST in our batch when we went on a field trip.

5.) S-LV-PA - similar to the S-LV-PN except that instead of noun, the one that describes or modifies the main subject is an adjective.

Example: My parents (Subject) are (Linking Verb) supportive (Predicate Adjective). Maria (Subject) is (Linking Verb) kind-hearted (Predicate Adjective).

4.) Usually a COLLECTIVE NOUN is used as:

Example: The ORCHESTRA is playing at the big dome tomorrow night.

Voice

Form of the transitive verb that shows whether the subject is the doer of the action or the receiver of the action.

6.) Fractions, percentages, and indefinite modifiers such as some, all, and any follow the rule where the verb is dependent on the noun before it.

If the noun is SINGULAR; the verb is also SINGULAR: ONE-HALF of the butter is used for the icing. If the noun is PLURAL; the verb is also PLURAL: ALL OF THE SOURCES are used for the introduction.

Multiple Negation

Is a more general term referring to the occurrence of more than once negative in a clause.

Negative Concord or Emphatic Negation

Languages where multiple negatives affirm each other.

Negative Words:

No, Not, None, Nothing, Nowhere, Neither, Nobody, No one, Never, Barely, Hardly, and Scarcely.

Types of Irony:

Reality is usually the opposite of what it seems; form of literary technique in which words are used to express contradiction or difference between what is expected to happen and what actually happens. The following are the types of Irony:

Recognizing Double Negatives

Two negative words are put together in the same sentence.

Gift of Magi by William Sydney Porter aka O. Henry

William Sydney Porter: -American Author -September 11, 1862 in Greensboro, North Carolina -Known for writing short stories that depicted the lives of the lower and middle class "Cabbages and Kings" (1904), "Roads of Destiny" (1909), and "Whirligigs" (1910) (Read the Story on the module)