english march exam
"great chain of being" / divine order in the tempest
(natural order of things get disrupted) -ariel is meant to be a "free spirit" but is enslaved -caliban speakes in "verse" (native speaks in this beautiful language -antonio/sebastians and stefano/trinculos plot for rebellion and power -prospero playing "God" and altering ppl's lives with his magic -caliban displaced from ruler of the island to a measly slave -prospero (the king) was displaced by his brother (INCITING INCIDENT) -servants took charge on the ship over the nobles during the shipwreck if divine order is disrupted, then chaos will ensue, everything is out of balance! the end of the play, everything is restored and put back in order
portend
(v.) to warn that something is about to happen / foreshadow
montaignes essay "of cannibals"
- says "barbarism" is whatever one is not accustomed to - says "wild" is anything manipulated and not pure - feels human priority has been placed over Mother Nature - the europeans are more barbaric than cannibals because they torture ppl while still alive, and cannibals only eat flesh after they are dead - torture of a man is more inhumane^^
genre of romance in shakespeare
-includes more music, dance, and spectacles than -tragedies -elements of magic -long journey -concept of loss and recovery
influence of montaignes essay "of cannibals" on the tempest
-the Europeans are truly barbaric (the nobles) and are morally impure -question of whether caliban is a noble savage who was taken under the corrupt wing of the europeans and their influence -Gonzalo's monologue about how it could be a better world but truly no one is civilized "In my kingdom I'd do everything differently from the way it's usually done...There'd be no riches, no poverty, and no servants—none"
what sins does the pardoner warn of in his tale
1. GLUTTONY (greed) "Corrupted was this world for gluttony" 2. GAMBLING "Gambling is the true mother of lying" 3. LYING "Swearing is a thing abominable, but false swearing is a thing abominable"
how to correct run-ons and comma splices
1. add a period to break up into two sentences 2. make it into a compound sentence by adding a comma and coordinating conjunction or semicolon 3. turn one of the sentences into a dependent clause
how to correct sentence fragments
1. add the missing subject / verb 2. attach the fragment to a complete sentence 3. drop the subordinating conjunction
order of events in the tempest
1. antonio and alonso expel prospero and miranda and they end up on an island after getting thrown overboard 2. meet caliban and he is a part of fam until he tries to rape miranda / then becomes their despised slave 3. conjures the tempest and shipwrecks and leaves the nobles stranded throughout the island 4. caliban follows around and idolizes stephano and trinculo 5. caliban and them plot to kill prospero/ antonio and sebastian plot to kill alonso (both fail) 6. ariel does all the biddings of Prospero about miranda and ferdinand and torturing the nobles in hopes of being freed 7. miranda and ferdinand fall in love/ prospero pretends to hate it but rly it's all part of his plan 8. prospero eventually forgives everyone after seeing the pain his magic has inflicted/ quits his magic / everyone is on good terms and will return home to milan
comma rules
1. use a comma before a coordinating conjunction to connect two independent clauses 2. use a comma after a subordinate and before the independent clause 3. do not use a comma if the dependent clause comes second in the sentence
characters in the pardoners tale
3 debauchers old man
Summary of Pardoner's Tale
3 debauchers begin in a bar and then go out to find this figure "Death" who has been killing everyone in their town/ on their way they come across an old man who points them in the direction of this so-called "Death" / once they arrive they come upon lots of gold / they devise a plan to protect the gold (1 goes out to get food and wine, the other 2 stay and protect it) / they all devise to kill their friends (poisons the wine, ambushes the friend with knives) due to this they all end up dying and no one gets the gold!!
English Sonnet (Shakespearean)
3 quatrains & a couplet rhyme pattern consists of (abab cdcd efef gg) uses iambic pentameter!!
quatrain
4 line stanza
sestet
6 line stanza
octave
8 line stanza
semicolons
; used to join independent clauses use semicolons before a conjunctive adverb and comma ( ; besides, )
metaphor
A comparison NOT using "like" or "as"
simile
A comparison using "like" or "as"
apostrophe
A figure of speech that DIRECTLY addresses an absent person or abstract idea (ex: liberty, love, George Washington)
extended metaphor
A metaphor developed at great length occurring frequently throughout a work
allusion
A reference to another work of literature, person, or event
claribel
Alonso's daughter / whole reason the nobles were on the ship as they were travelling to her marriage in Africa
tone
Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character
imagery
Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)
mood
Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader
helping verbs
Helps the main verb express action or a state of being
The word "sonnet" comes from
Italian word for "little song" (sonnetto)
alonso
King of Naples and father of Ferdinand / aided Antonio in unseating Prospero as Duke of Milan but deeply regrets his desicion
not parallel vs. parallel
NP: Mary likes swimming and to hike P: Mary likes swimming and hiking
antonio
Prospero's brother / power-hungry and foolish as he expelled his brother from the throne and then attempted to persuade Sebastian to kill the sleeping Alonso
miranda
Prospero's daughter who falls in love with Ferdinand
volta
The turning point in a sonnet (shift, change in tone) at the beginning of the sestet in an Italian sonnet
couplet
Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme
Stephano and Trinculo
a drunk and a jester who are comic relief / caliban thinks they are gods and is in awe / are servants to Alonso (a butler and a jester)
Summary of The Wife of Bath's Tale
a knight raped a young woman and was tried in court / the queen sentenced him with the task of finding out what women most desire, and if he doesn't have an answer in a year and 1 day, he will be executed / he searched far and wide but never found the answer until the last day when he stumbled upon an old woman (witch) who granted him the answer (to have power over their husbands) / since this was the correct answer he owed her in marriage / he was very begrudging to this since she was so old and ugly / they were fighting and the old woman combatted all of his arguments and finally gave him the ultimatum of either staying with her, or taking his chanced with a beautiful girl who would sleep around / he ended up conforming to her and gave her the power in the marriage / they ended up living happily ever after as they compromised and she became beautiful and young while still vouching to be an honest and good wife to him
iambic pentameter
a line of verse with five metrical feet, each consisting of one short (or unstressed) syllable followed by one long (or stressed) syllable (like a pirate walking with his bootleg-stab, drag)
what is a parson
a member of the clergy
lyric poem
a short poem of songlike quality
parable
a simple story that illustrates a moral or religious lesson
Italian Sonnet (Petrarchan)
a sonnet consisting of an octave (rhyme scheme: abba abba) and a sestet (rhyme pattern: cde cde or cdc dcd)
ariel
a spirit who is servant to Prospero / has a much healthier relationship then Caliban does, is more of a son than a slave / eventually earns his freedom
frame narrative
a story within a story
cautionary tale
a tale to warn of a danger
sonnet
a verse form consisting of 14 lines with a fixed rhyme scheme
conjunctive adverbs
accordingly, besides, consequently, finally, furthermore, however, indeed, in fact, moreover, nevertheless, next, nonetheless, now, on the other hand, otherwise, perhaps, still, therefore...
action verbs
action performed by the subject
subordinate conjunction
after, although, once, until, as, because, even if, unless, since, whenever, where, until, than, so that, once, why
what literary devices does the wife use in her prologue/tale?
allusion frame narrative apostrophe
being verb examples
am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
exemplum
an example or model, usually a moralizing story that teaches a lesson
linking verb examples
appear, become, feel, grow, look, seem...
divine order
belief that God created a universe where everything had a specific place and order / this order shall NEVER be questioned or violated
literary devices used in "sonnet 130"
blazon/ similes and metaphor/ imagery (author saying his lover is so ugly "If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head) yet he loves her so much anyways despite her appearance) - all other sonnets are fake embellishments of love yet this one is real
sebastion and alonso are brothers just like prospero and antonio
both have plots to overthrow their family bonds in order to get power
independant clause
can stand on their own / contains a subject and verb / sentences
stealth
cautious action or movement / secretive
quaint
charmingly old-fashioned
why did the canterbury tales become so popular?
chaucer wrote it in the "vernacular" (dialect spoken by ordinary people)
1-18 lines in the general prologue are written in
chaucer's original middle english (harder to decipher)
dependent clauses
contain a subject and verb but can't stand on their own / often begin with a subordinate conjunction
perfidious
deceitful and untrustworthy / disloyal
chaucer's opinion of the pardoner
describes him repulsively - bulging eyeballs, waxy, yellow hair that looks like rattails / degrades his manhood when he makes fun of him for having no facial hair / acknowledges and respects his eloquacy in that he can captivate the attention of crowds/ however severely judges him for his behavior and lack of religion
what does the wife of bath discuss in her prologue?
discusses her 5 husbands (trials and tribulations with all of them) / fights that women r justified to have as much husbands as they want since men do the same thing / says that virginity is NOT a necessity (God intended us to have sex) and instead should be used as a way to wield power in a relationship as well as for pleasure / discusses the injustices she has underwent within her marriages
helping verbs examples
do, does, did, have, has, had, can, may, must, will, shall, could, might, would, should
antithesis
exact opposite "speech is silver, but silence is gold"
how are frame narratives used in the Canterbury Tales?
example: the Wife of Bath and the Pardoner tell frame narratives along their pilgrimage (characters in the story are telling fellow characters a story)
description of the knight
experienced crusader/ is humble in his attire despite his excessive wealth / very rich / "true, perfect, gentle, knight"
what does the pardoner discuss in his prologue
explains what he does for a living (selling fake relics) and exposes his corruptness - "For my intention is only to win, and nothing for the correction of sin" / ironic that "Though I myself am quite a vicious man, a moral tale yet to you tell I can"
being verbs
express a state of being/ describe the subject / link the subject to info about the subject
literary devices used in "whoso list to hunt"
extended metaphor (hunting a deer- chasing after a woman/ he's giving up as it is a lost cause since she is married/ giving advice for the next person who will attempt winning over her heart)
literary devices used in "sonnet 18"
extended metaphor (man trying to describe his lover/ saying she is better than a summer's day/ but then takes a drastic turn by becoming cocky and says that she's only beautiful because of his poem- he will keep her famous forever because the words of this poem will never die)
odious
extremely unpleasant; repulsive
belie
false impression / contradict or disguise
what three estates were the characters divided into?
fight (knights) pray (priests, friars, nuns) work (millers)
Personification
figure of speech where an inanimate object is given human-like qualities
Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS)
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
endow
give or bequeath an income or property to (a person or institution) / donate
levels of divine order
god angels humanity animals plants matter nothingness
sentence fragment
group of words that don't contain a subject or verb/ doesn't express a complete thought
enmity
hatred
how does ariel become prospero's slave
he was originally sycorax's slave / and was entrapped in a tree by her / prospero finds him
literary terms used in the pardoners prologue / tale
imagery metaphor simile personification apostrophe
wife of bath's opinion on women and men in marriage
in marriage, women are unjustly oppressed by their male spouse / they should be able to use their gifts from God to seduce their husbands in order to gain the upper hand / use sex as a weapon!!
run-on sentences...
incorrectly combine two or more sentences
history of the sonnet
invented in the 13th century/ perfected by italian poet, Petrarch, in the 14th century (wrote his sonnets about an idealized woman, love at first sight, and how poetry will outlast the poet)
chaucer's opinion of the parson
is amazed by the good deeds he commits / admired his devotion to religion / thought that there was never a better priest
chaucer's opinion of the monk
is surprised that he is a monk due to his lack of religion / chaucer slightly makes fun of him (sarcastic, ironic) and is critical of his non-religious behavior
what's the historical background for the Canterbury Tales
king henry elected thomas beckett as the archbishop of canterbury/ the king's knights then killed him because he tested his power with controversial ideas/ the king then went on a crusade for penance to the church where beckett was murdered (in Canterbury) to relieve his guilt
linking verb
links two words together
incense
make very angry, infuriate
parallel structure
matching of the structure of words, clauses, or phrases within a sentence
blazon
metaphors/similes used to describe parts of a woman and her body "her forehead is ivory white"
nimble
moving quickly and lightly
subtle
not obvious / sly
characters in the wife of baths tale
old lady (witch) rapist knight queen
chaucer's opinion of the friar
paints him in a very bad light / is critical of his corrupt behavior and greed / notes that the friar is only part of the church for financial benefit and is NOT RELIGIOUS at all
spendthrift
person who spends money recklessly / wastes it
meek
quiet, gentle, and easily imposed on; submissive.
what is the job of a pardoner supposed to be? what does he actually do?
release people of their sins / but the pardoner in this story would convince people that if they bought these "relics" they will be absolved from their sins - while in reality he is j robbing them of their money
how did divine order play a place in society?
relied on a strict hierarchy / peasant - landowner - king - God / pleased the people in power yet suffocated the poor
chaucer's opinion of the wife of bath
seemed to respect her / was in awe of her beauty (handsomeness) and wealth / he was neutral in his description - didn't feel to strongly for or against her
description of the pardoner
sells fake relics of the church / "made monkeys of the Priest and Congregation" / a very persuasive preacher (therefore a good con-man as well because he hooks their attention with his lies) / very corrupt
solemnity
seriousness
wife of bath's opinion on nobility
she preaches her opinion through the old woman (witch) - she went on a feminist rant that attacked the patriarchal behavior of society / ALSO argues that those in poverty are the luckiest souls (closest to God) which totally goes against the idea of Divine Order where the wealthiest landowners are the purest in society
insolent
showing a rude and arrogant lack of respect
literary devices used in "sonnet 29"
similes (author is really struggling as he desires to be like someone else-better personality, looks, etc- but then all of his problems go away once he thinks about his lover, and says he wouldn't change a thing)
how did the black plague relate to the church and clergy?
since so many people were dying, corrupt people were able to enter the church for all the wrong reasons (majority of people within the Church weren't necessarily religious during this time - NOT GOOD)
trifle
something of little importance or value
ferdinand
son of Alonso who falls in love with Miranda
chaucer's opinion of the knight
speaks of him very highly and respects him / described him very positively without the use of sarcasm
allegory
story in which the characters/events represent abstract concepts rather than "real people" or "situations"
predicate
tells something about the subject (always includes a verb)
what is the pardoners opinion on sinfulness
that certain sins are the downfall of society YET he ironically exemplifies these behaviors in his everyday life
elaboration on "sonnet 130"
the author describes in the first two quatrains how ugly his lover is, almost to the point where it seems as if he hates her (describes her eyes, lips, breasts, hair, breath, cheeks repulsively) then in the third quatrain he describes how he still loves to hear her speak, even though she has an annoying voice, and that she is anything but a goddess when she walks. however, there is a volta in the couplet at the end of the poem when he completely changes his tone and says he loves her more than anything despite her appearance. throughout the poem, blazons and similes are used. the overall significance of this poem is that it completely contrasts the usual nature of sonnets during this time period, as the lover is portrayed in a very harsh yet realistic light, instead of the phony and false comparisons usually used when describing a woman and their love.
summary of the opening 1-18 lines of the general prologue
the beginning of springtime (april rain, baby animals being born) / people are travelling to Canterbury for a pilgrimage to see the shrine of a martyr (someone killed for religion)
prospero
the former Duke of Milan / father of Miranda/ master of Ariel and Caliban/ brother of Antonio
caliban
the non-human, deformed slave of Prospero / son of Sycorax / attempted to rape Miranda after being welcomed to their family / is he a noble savage?? / is now treated horrifically by prospero
who is the only religious person in this tale?
the parson !! (despite the company of a nun, monk, and pardoner)
discretion
the quality of behaving or speaking in such a way as to avoid causing offense or revealing private information
satire
the use of humor or irony to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices (making fun of the faults in society)
wife of bath's opinion on marriage
there is nothing wrong with having several husbands since lots of biblical figures and kings have had countless wives / god even encourages marriage / can be used for both sexual and monetary gain
description of the friar
thinks he is equal to Jesus / refuses to associate with the poor and diseased / is only friends with wealthy people/ sells indulgences for a living (corrupt) / is very good with words (appears to be personable)
engender
to cause / to create
chide
to scold
comma splice
two independent clauses are joined together by a comma without a conjunction
slant rhyme
two words that have some sound in common but do not rhyme exactly (orange and porridge) "for profits, thirsty criminals take pockets"
sundry
various; miscellaneous; separate; distinct
description of the monk
very rough and tough outdoorsy man who hunts / happy and personable / had a welcoming smile and bald head / not very religious at all
description of the wife of bath
very wealthy / sexual - "she'd had five husbands" / personable - "liked to laugh and chat" / a symbol of women empowerment in the way she would treat her husbands
what past professions did Chaucer have?
was a page/valet was a soldier was a civil servant (member of Parliament) therefore encountered many walks of life which helped him write the Canterbury Tales
description of the parson
was poor / incredibly religious "yet he was rich in holy thought and work" / very generous and selfless despite his low position in society / genuinely good and religious person
subject
who or what the sentence is about (noun or pronoun)