ENGR 302 Test 1
Natural gas combined-cycle combustion turbines
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a 100 HP engine can accelerate a car from 0-60 mph in 10 s. To accelerate the same car from 0-60 mph in 5 s, we need an engine with a power rating of
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an inventor claims to have designed a heat engine, which extracts 2000 kJ of a source of waste heat at 600 K, dumping 800 of waste heat into a sink at 300 K, and converting the rest to useful work.
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saving one Btu of electric energy
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For each kg of gasoline we burn in our cars, we pollute about ___ kg of air.
15
Third Energy Transition
1700-1800 steam, coal, population of 1 billion
4th Energy Transition
1900-2000. Internal combustion engine, petroleum, electricity, population of 7 billion
Percentage of the world's proven conventional oil reserves remains in the US
2-3%
A 20 W incandescent light bulb produces 16 joules of thermal and 4 joules of radiant energy, each second. The efficiency of the bulb is
20%..?
5th Energy Transition
2000-2100 renewable energy, 10 billion
roughly, what percentage of energy from burning coal can be converted to electricity in a coal-fired power plant?
30-45%..?
an engine uses a fuel providing 600 J, but loses 400 J of this energy through the exhaust pipe and other losses. This engine has a thermal efficiency of
33% ..?
Second Energy Transition
4000BCE-1AD. Metallurgy, water/wind power, population of 300 million
how much of the energy burned in a typical power plant is discarded as heat?
70-90%???
doubling time
70/% growth rate
How many years for US population to double? 2010 Census= 300 million. (13.2% increase from 2000) Which means 1.3% growth per year. Doubling time?
70/1.3%=54 years
First Energy Transition
7000-4000 BCE. domestication of animals, food/firewood, population of 5 million
OPEC collectively controls over ___ % of all petroleum reserves.
80%
The US refers to its proven reserve as the _____ percent probability of finding new reserves.
90%
The best method for removing Sulfur from coal
A COMBINATION OF: 1) biological cleaning relying on microorganisms 2) physical techniques like washing and gravity 3) chemical methods that apply a chemical to the coal that makes the Sulfur bind with it and not the carbon in the coal
Heat transfer in solids is mostly by
Conduction
Natural gas liquid
Consists of hydrocarbons other than methane that are separated from natural gas and liquified
Type 1 Civilization
Earth resources
which of the following represents energy? a) electric voltage b) electric current c) electron-volt d) electric charge e) all of the above
Electron-volt
Newton's Second Law
F=ma. Applying a force on a mass causes it to accelerate in the direction of the force; object decelerates if the force is opposite to the direction of motion
Peat
First stage in formation of coal
Newton's Third Law
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
In underground pockets containing petroleum:
Gas on top Oil in middle Water on bottom
most electrical power transmission is in the form of an alternating current because
Generally, it can be transmitted with less transmission loss OR it is cheaper to produce --not sure which
Area mining refers to
Getting coal from shallow mines when the ground is relatively flat
Top 3 oil consumers in the world
IN ORDER: US China Japan
ORIGINAL members of OPEC
Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
OPEC members that border the Persian Gulf
Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar
Propane is the fuel of choice on farms and rural areas because
It's safer than methane???
Shale oil consists primarily of
Kerogen
Newton's 1st Law of Motion
Law of inerta. In absence of an external force, a body at rest remains at rest and a body in motion remains in motion
Which fossil fuel creates the lowest amount of CO2 per kg burned
Methane???
Largest sources of oil
Middle east
Natural gas liquid is
None of the above
Which does the US have more of, in this list? Oil shale Tar sands Oil Coal Natural gas
Oil shale or Coal-not sure which
Gasoline is a product of refining
Petroleum crude
Name of the fluid used to facilitate oil flow by keeping fractures in rock is
Proppant
Fossil fuels
Remains of animals, plants, or other life forms that have been protected from decomposition and oxidation for a very long time and can be burned as energy. Marshlands, swamps, and riverbeds are hot spots for fossil fuels.
Type 3 Civilization
Resources from our galaxy
Type 2 Civilization
Resources from our solar system
Largest sources of natural gas
Russia
Which is true about tar sands?
Tar sand is expected to play a significant role in energy production in the 21st century
Petroleum in the US is primarily used for
Transportation
Largest sources of coal
United states
Energy
What is needed to do work or cause change
The human body works a heat engine, converting ___% of food energy to the mechanical energy neccessary to carry on daily physical activities, while disposing of the rest as waste.
about 15-25%..?
Which of the following observations are consistent with the 2nd Law of thermodynamics? A) If you puncture a hole in an inflated helium balloon, helium will escape. B) The ultimate fate of the universe is heat death where temp, electric potential, pressure, etc. are all uniform. C) We can never build a thermal engine with 100% efficiency. D) Even the cooling of a room is associated with the entropy increase of the entire universe. E) all of the above
all of the above.
Jet engines A) have reaction type turbines B) require O2 or air to operate C) cannot operate in space b/c there is little or no O2 D) are cleaner to operate than gasoline engines b/c they function under leaner conditions E) all of the above
all of the above..?
in the US most electricity is generated by
burning coal
a battery is a convienient device to convert
chemical energy to electrical energy
heat transfer in liquids is mostly by
convection
a lamp which has an efficiency of 15%
converts 15% of electrical energy to light
a magnetohydrodynamic power generator
converts the heat of combustion of coal directly to electrical energy
When you stir a hot cup of coffee with a wooden spoon, the coffee
cools mainly by convection
gas turbines are best suited for power generation
during peak hours and emergencies
the kilowatt-hour is a unit of
energy
According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics,
energy becomes more dispersed during all real processes
According to the First Law of Thermodynamics,
energy cannot be created nor destroyed
Which of the following observations is/are consistent with the First Law of thermodynamics? A)Aging is a ntural process. B) Energy is neither created nor destroyed. C) Heat engines can only reach efficiency of unity if there are no frictional losses. D) 2 objects at the same temperature with a third object, are themselves at the same temp. E) All of the above
energy is neither created nor destroyed
Radiant energy (light) travels
faster in a vacuum than in a medium
Work
force x displacement
exponential growth
growth that increases by a fixed percentage
Linear growth
growth where quantity increases by same amount every time
to maximize power disipation through a given resistance heater, we must
increase current OR increase current and resistance -- both work but need to ask prof which is the "right" right answer
Night vision cameras operate in the
infrared range
Newton
inventor of calculus, rainbow color of visible light, reflecting telescope, laws of motion, theory of gravitation
Which of the following observations are consistent with the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics? A) When we turn on a lightbulb, some energy is lost as heat. B) It is the basis of all measurements. C) There is a temp below which, it is impossible to achieve. D) The ultimate fate of the universe is a total chaos. E) Entropy vanishes at zero absolute temp.
it is the basis of all measurements
what function does a circuit serve in you home?
it provides a complete path through which electricity can flow
what isthe unit used by most utility companies when they sell electricity to our homes?
kilowatt-hours
which of the following represent(s) power?
kilowatts
During photosynthesis,
light is converted to chemical energy
if you leave your refrigerator door open, the average temp of the room will be
lower than it was before
Entropy of a system
may either increase of decrease
in the us when is peak electricity demand in the summer?
noon-3:00pm
according to the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics,
objects at equilibrium must have the same temperature
According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics,
one day the universe will reach "heat death"
refrigerators
operates in violation of the second law of thermodynamics
exponential growth
population, disease, water lilies, radio decay of isotopes, pressure drop with altitude are all examples of ______ growth
the kilowatt is a unit of
power
electrical power can be calculated by multiplying
power = (voltage^2/resistance) OR power = resistance * current^2
the relationship between voltage to current in an electric line is like
pressure to flow rate in a hydraulic line
baseload poer plants are used
primarily during the nighttime
heat transfer in flames is mostly by
radiation
Why do most apples appear red to us?
red apples absorb all colours except red
The reason sand gets warmer than water at sunny beaches is that
sand can trap energy much better than water
Nikolai Kardashev Scale
scale which describes where Earth gets it resources
a Btu is a unit of
specific energy..?
if you think of a battery as a pump charging electric current, then you can think of the battery voltage as
the fluid pressure???
the baseload of daily energy consumption represents
the load required to provide minimal needs of consumers
Heat is
the result of the kinetic motion of particles
the heat transferred by conduction increases with A) the temp gradient across the object B) the thermal resistance across the object C) the thickness of the object D) the volume of the object E) all of the above
the temp gradient across the object
linear growth
tree rings, thickness of snow in Arctic, pressure increase with depth of water are all examples of ____ growth
which of the following statements is not correct?
unlike charges that are always attractive, two masses separated by a distance can attract or repel.
a step-up transformer steps up (the)
voltage
The efficiency of car engines can be improved if
we reduce friction..?
