ENSC WOOD FINAL

Energy enters a system as sunlight and a producer is able to produce 100 kilograms of tissue. If eaten, the producer would produce about ____ kilograms of primary consumer tissue that would provide about ______ kilograms of tissue for a secondary consumer. A. 10;1 B. 100;10 C. 1;10 D. 1000;100 E.50;25

A. 10;1

Health organization now use the ______, a tool to ______. A. DALY; judge the total impact of the disease rather than only measuring how many people die B. DALY; judge the total impact of how many people die C. Morbidity rate; judge the total impact of the disease rather than only measuring how many people die D. Mortality rate; judge the total impact of how many people die E. Mortality and Morbidity Measure; judge the total impact of the disease rather than only measuring how many people die

A. DALY; judge the total impact of the disease rather than only measuring how many people die

Water flowing over a dam is known as ______ energy. A. Kinetic B. Latent C. Potential D. Chemical M. Mechanical

A. Kinetic

Indicator species, such as lichens, generally have a _________ tolerance range for a ________ A. Narrow; critical factor B. Narrow; number of physical factors C. Average; number of physical factors D. Broad; number of critical factors E. Broad; critical factor

A. Narrow; critical factor

Which of the following is not one of the pillars of sustainability A. Political B. Environmental C. Social D. Economic E. All ARE pillars of sustainability

A. Political

Which organisms usually feed on the producers in an ecosystem? A. Primary consumers B. Producers C. Scavengers and parasites D. Secondary consumers E. Tertiary consumers

A. Primary Consumers

One major difference affecting the scope of environmental issues of the past and present is the A. current ability to alter the natural world through technology b. relatively new emergence of environmentalists c. historical ignorance of the interconnected nature of environmental issues d. development of new fields such as environmental science e. extremely fast transmission of information through the Internet

A. current ability to alter the natural world through technology

Malthus argued that _______is the ultimate cause of social and environmental problems and Marx argued that population growth_____ social and environmental problems. A. excess population growth; results from B. Poverty; results from C. War; results from D. excess population growth; is also the ultimate cause of E. Poverty; is the ultimate cause of

A. excess population growth; results from

Island biogeography explains the phenomenon of _____ terrestrial species on islands small and far from the mainland when compared to larger islands that are closer to the mainland and have _____ terrestrial species. A. fewer; more B. more; fewer C. larger; smaller D. Smaller; larger E. about the same number of; about the same number of

A. fewer; more

Following hurricane Harvey, soil scientists went to Houston, Tx dos study increased organic contaminants in the soil as the floodwaters receded. This is known of which type of experimentation? A. natural experiments B. controlled studies c. manipulative experiments d. blind experiments e. none of the above

A. natural experiments

Highly persistent toxic chemicals A. retain their toxicity as they cycle through the food chain and environment B. Lose their toxicity once released in the environment C. accumulate within one organism but break down at higher trophic levels D. are highly unusual among artificial chemicals E. are usually not that toxic in their life span

A. retain their toxicity as they cycle through the food chain and environment

Survivorship is determined by A. the percentage of a certain age b. number of individuals in a population that survive in a given year c. number of years an individual of a certain age will probably live d. probability that an individual will survive infancy e. maximum life span that an individual of a given species could reach

A. the percentage of a cohort that survives to a certain age

Producers rely on _____ to create energy and consumers rely on ___to release chemical energy. A. Cellular respiration; photosynthesis B. Photosynthesis; cellular respiration C. Cellular respiration; cellular respiration D. Photosynthesis; photosynthesis E. The sun; lower trophic levels

B. Photosynthesis; cellular respiration

You are studying an organism that is a pioneer species is an opportunist and does not care for its offspring. This organism probable has a __________ population growth strategy. A. K-adapted B. R-adapted C. Irregular D. Catastrophic E. R-adapted and irregular

B. R-adapted

Bioaccumulation is a term that describes the way cells A. grow as they absorb all types of molecules B. Selectively absorb and store molecules C. accumulate food that stores as fat D. metabolize compounds that are absorbed E. allow water-soluble compounds to pass through membranes

B. Selectively absorb and store molecules

Which of the following would be an example of infraspecific competition? A. Fungus and an algae or cyanobacterium that form a lichen B. Two male bluebirds fighting over a specific nesting site C. Fox catching a rabbit and eating it D. A male bluebird and a male robin fighting over a grasshopper E. None of the above

B. Two male bluebirds fighting over a specific nesting site

10. if the PH of the water in a pond goes from 5.0 to 7.0, the hydrogen ion concentration of the pond has A. increased 10 fold B. decreased 100 fold C. increased 100 fold D. decreased 10 fold E. decreased 1 fold

B. decreased 100 fold

The second law of thermodynamics states that as energy moves through different forms and systems it gradually A. becomes more concentrated B. dissipates and becomes less available c. disappears and is lost d. accumulates in the form of electricity e. changes from kinetic to potential energy

B. dissipates and becomes less available

In the real world, many factors determine the numbers of organisms in any one population. Yet, a "superbly" with unlimited food and no mortality would show what type of growth? A. carrying capacity geometric increase B. Irruptive growth C. Exponential growth D. Logistic growth E. Malthusian growth

C. Exponential growth

The preferred method for studying systems is A. With the use of models B. Through what others have done C. In-situ studies D. Ex-situ studies E. All of the above are preferred methods

C. In-situ studies

The single factor in shortest supply relative to demand is the limiting factor and is known as A. Shelford's Rule B. Leopold's edict C. Liebig's Law D. Carson's concept E. Wood's Wisdom

C. Liebig's Law

Environment can be defined as A. complex of social or cultural conditions that affect an individual or community B. All the biotic and abiotic external conditions that affect an organisms or group of organisms C. Circumstances or conditions that affect an organisms or group of organisms D. all of the above E. none of the above

D. all of the above

Mechanisms of evolution include which of the following a. natural selection b. migration c. genetic drift d. all of the above e. both A and B

D. all of the above

Evolution occurs as a result of A. the discovery of a desirable characteristics in a population B. an individual's physiological modification C. Environmental change that forces acclimation in a resident species D. better survival or reproduction rates by individuals with a particular characteristic E. A population's physiological modification

D. better survival or reproduction rates by individuals with a particular characteristic

Interspecific competition is competition among____for resources A. Predators and prey B. both plants and animals C. producers, consumers and detritivores D. members of different species E. Members of a single species

D. members of different species

a biological community's productivity is a measure of A. its number of species B. the number of individuals in the community C. available solar energy that can be converted to biomass D. the amount of biomass produced in the community E. all of these are combined in measuring a community's productivity

D. the amount of biomass produced in the community

Tundra biomes occur a. at high latitudes, where temperatures are low b. where rainfall is too great for tree growth C. only at high latitudes D. almost exclusively on Antartica E. At high latitudes and altitudes, where the growing season is short

E. At high latitudes and altitudes, where the growing season is short

Which of the following biogeochemical does not have an atmospheric phase? A. hydraulic cycle B. Nitrogen cycle C. sulfur cycle D. carbon cycle E. phosphorus cycle

E. phosphorus cycle

In the graph of precipitation and temperature, dessert biomes would fall in the area marked by the letter a b c d e

a

an example of primary productivity would be a. a prairie adding 1000kg of biomass per acre during 7 days of growth b. a young oriole growing 10 more grams of muscle during a visit to a raspberry bush c. a grasshopper growing 1 gram in mass over a 14-day period d. a rabbit eating a carrot e. all of the above

a. a prairie adding 1000kg of biomass per acre during 7 days of growth

A viceroy butterfly that closely resembles the bad tasting monarch is an example of __________ and the example of beetles that look like stinging wasps is an example of ______. a. batesian mimicry; Batesian mimicry b. batesian mimicry; Mullerian mimicry c. Muellerian mimicry; Muellerian mimicry d. Muellerian mimicry; batesian mimicry e. commensalism; symbiosis

a. batesian mimicry; Batesian mimicry

When glaciers break apart it is called a. calving b. birthing c. sloughing d. splintering e. none of the above

a. calving

Habitat fragmentation usually leads to a a. decrease in biodiversity b. reduction in the number of introduced species c. increase in biodiversity due to the isolated populations d. increase in the number of introduced species e. more stable environment

a. decrease in biodiversity

A generalization formed after making many observation is known as A. inductive reasoning b. deductive reasoning c. hypothesis testing d. reductive reasoning e. parsimony

a. inductive reasoning

The average age that a newborn can expect to attain in a given society is referred to as a. life expectancy b. infant mortality c. life span d. survivorship e.life age

a. life expectancy

The term "fecundity" refers to an organim's__________while fertility is_________. a. physical ability to reproduce; actual number of offspring produced b. actual number of offspring produced; physical ability to reproduce c. average life span; physical ability to reproduce d. replacement level of reproduction; actual number of offspring produced e. physical ability to reproduce; replacement level of reproduction

a. physical ability to reproduce; actual number of offspring produced

____________ is considered the catalyst of modern awareness of the threat of toxic pollution and the notion of environmentalism related to human health. A. rachel carson b. aldo leopold c. Gifford pinchot d. John Muir e. none of the above

a. rachel carson

An organisms biotic potential is the maximum number of offspring a. that could be born without any constraints on growth and reproduction b. its habitat can support c. it produces at one time d. it actually produces over its lifetime e. that survive to adulthood

a. that could be born without any constraints on growth and reproduction

Barrier islands are formed of a. wind-and wave-deoisited sand b. volcanic debris c. silt and mud left by estuaries d. coral deposits e. coral reef formations

a. wind-and wave-deoisited sand

the doubling time for a population with an annual percentage growth rate of 3.0% is a. 70 year b. 23 years c. 25 years d. 35 years e. 15 years

b. 23 years

Hazardous substances________while toxins are___________. a. react with specific cell components to kill cells; poisonous substances b. are dangerous substances; poisonous substances c. are usually of concern at all concentrations; dangerous substances d. are poisonous substances; also poisonous substances e. none of the above is correct

b. are dangerous substances; poisonous substances

A biome is described by a. s specified bioregion b. broadly similar environmental conditions c. a watershed divide, generally d. geographic location e. large landforms in the area

b. broadly similar environmental conditions

The stratified horizontal layers of soils are called soil a. profiles b. horizons c. textures d. types e. classifications

b. horizons

Which of the following statements is true? A. in a mutualistic relationship now partner benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped B. in a mutualistic relationship both partner benefit from the relationship C. In a commensalistic relationship one partner benefits benefits and the other is adversely affected D. In a commensalistic relationship both partners benefit equally E. In a parasitic relationship both partners are adversely affected

b. in a mutualistic relationship both partners benefit from the relationship

The longest period of life that a given type of organism can reach is known a a. survivorship b. life span c. life expectancy d. mortality e. fecundity

b. life span

Carrying capacity is the population or biomass a. that an environment can support in an optimal year b. of a species that an environment can support on a long-term basis c. that remains after a catastrophic dieback has occurred d. of a species without limiting factors e. of a species without predators

b. of a species that an environment can support on a long-term basis

Logistic growth would be represented by a _______ curve? A. j-shaped b. s shaped c. straight d. bimodal e. linear

b. s shaped

the largest carbon sinks are found in a. atmosphere and water b. soil and oceans c. plants and oceans d. mountains and wetlands e. none of the above

b. soil and oceans

a complexity in an ecological community has to do with the number of a. species in the population b. species at each trophic level and trophic levels represented c. genetic variations within a species at each trophic level d. primary producers available for secondary consumers e. primary producers relative to the number of consumers

b. species at each trophic level and trophic levels represented

Which of the following is an intraspecifc interaction? a. mutualism b. territoriality c. parasitism d. predation e. all of these are examples of infraspecific interactions

b. territoriality

DDT accumulation in North American eagles, pelicans and other birds disrupted birds' calcium metabolism, causing a. infertility b. thin eggshells c. severe nerve damage d. adult deformities e. all of these are correct

b. thin eggshells

Mangrove trees are found along ________ shorelines. a. tropical freshwater b. tropical saltwater c. temperate freshwater d. temperate saltwater e. tropical and temperate saltwater

b. tropical saltwater

Gifford Pinchot believed that resources should be used for the greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time and thus practiced a. biocentric preservation b. utilitarian conservation c. holistic preservation d. all of the above e. none if the above

b. utilitarian conservation

What aquatic ecosystem phenomenon is illustrated in the diagram below? a. nutrient inputs from upstream and uphill b. vertical stratification c. nutrient cycling d. internal convective currents e. horizontal stratification

b. vertical stratification

Cryoconite can be defined as a. a vertical shaft in a glacier through which water travels from the surface to the base of the glacier b. wind blown materials that accumulate on the glaciers c. bubbles of CO2 found in the surgical deposits of glaciers d. the deposited material that a glacier leaves behind e. the material at the terminal end of the glacier

b. wind blown materials that accumulate on the glaciers

an ecosystem consists of a. a physical environment within which a biological community lives b. the species with which a biological community interacts c. a biological community and its physical environment d. the primary producers within a biological community e. all of the above

c. a biological community and its physical environment

Approximately how many species have been identified on Earth? a. about 500,000 b. a little less than 1 million c. a little more than 1.5 million d. a little more than 3 million e. about 30 million

c. a little more than 1.5 million

Individuals represented by the middle of the dose/response curve (responding to doses of 20 ppm) are ________ for that population. A. very sensitive b. very insensitive c. about average in sensitivity d. relatively insensitive e. relatively sensitive

c. about average in sensitivity

The acquisition of traits that allow a species to survive in its environment is referred to as A. acclimation b. adjustment period . adaptation d. resilience e. constancy

c. adaptation

When a new species evolves due to geographic isolation it is referred to as A. sympatric speciation b. natural speciation c. allopatric speciation d. resource partitioning e. population shift

c. allopatric speciation

Natural selection will ultimately make a species a. more intelligent b. physically bigger c. better adapted to its environment d. more aggressive e. less vulnerable to its predators

c. better adapted to its environment

The conversion of organic sulfur to inorganic sulfur is defined as a. immobilization b. volatilization c. mineralization d. all of the above e. none of the above

c. mineralization

When aldo Leopold said, "The first rule to intelligent tinkering is to save all the pieces." in terms of biodiversity he meant that we should a. save records of all species that have disappeared b. not interfere with disappearance of species c. not cause species to disappear d. not interfere with nature e. aldo leopold did not intend to have this statement applied to biodiversity

c. not cause species to disappear

historically, the greatest threats to human health came from a. carcinogenic or toxic chemicals b. psychological stress factors due to crowding c. pathogenic organisms d. teratogenic chemicals e. injuries (intentional and unintentional)

c. pathogenic organisms

Which of the following is not a step in the global nitrogen cycle a. nitrogen fixation b. nitrification c. photosynthesis d. ammonification e. dentrification

c. photosynthesis

Networks of interactions among interdependent factors are known as a. science b. ecology c. systems d. processes e. negative feedback loops

c. systems

The thermocline is the layer in a lake at which A. pollutants are trapped and held b. seasonal lake mixing occurs c. the warm upper zone meets the cold lower zone d. nutrient levels are the lowest e. light no longer penetrates enough for photosynthesis to occur

c. the warm upper zone meets the cold lower zone

Coral reefs form in A. deep, warm, tropical seas b. cold polar seas c. warm, clear, tropical seas d. deep, cold oceans off continental shelves e. nutrient rich coastal areas

c. warm, clear, tropical seas

Allergens are substances that a. repress the immune system b. stimulate the nervous system c. prevent oxygen uptake d. activate the immune system e. interfere with oxygen uptake

d. activate the immune system

When organic nitrogen such as protein is added to soil, dentrification of nitrogen in the protein will occur when conditions are A. aerobic b. anaerobic c. either aerobic or anaerobic d. aerobic followed by anaerobic e. none of the above

d. aerobic followed by anaerobic

Basic principles of science include A. we can learn through observation b. simpler explanations are preferable c. nothing can be absolutely proven by science d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

The conservation of matter principle is that matter a. is composed of atoms and molecules b. cannot be created, destroyed, nor changed in form c. must be used carefully or earth will eventually run out d. can neither be created nor destroyed but can change form e. none of the above

d. can neither be created nor destroyed but can change form

Barnacles are a type of crustacean that attach to whales. Barnacles cannot move on their own, so they use the whale to move around and find locations with food. The whale does not benefit in anyway from the barnacles. This is an example of which of the following types of symbiotic relationships? A. parasitism b. mutualism c. communism d. commensalism e. none of the above

d. commensalism

Endocrine disruptors a. disrupt nerve cells b. alter genetic material c. repress the immune system d. disrupt normal hormone functions e. cause abnormalities in nervous tissue during embryonic grown and development

d. disrupt normal hormone function

Which of the following is not a density-dependent population control factor? A. stress B. overcrowding c. predation d. drought e. competition

d. drought

sustainable development, ideally improves living conditions a. for a few decades into the future b. for the entire current political administration c. as long as resources last d. for generations in the future e. for the present generation

d. for generations in the future

the demographic transition refers to a country's change from a. a majority of young people to a majority of elderly people b. high to low birth rates and low to high death rates c. low to high birth rates and high to low death rates d. high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates e. a majority of elderly people to a majority of young people

d. high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

a keystone species is a species whose presence a. is the main reason a community exists b. provides food for all other species in a community c. is an indicator of environmental health d. influences the population size of many other species in its community e. is always at the top of the trophic levels as a top predator

d. influences the population size of many other species in its community

The competitive exclusion principle states that a. members of a species who look differently are excluded from the species b. only the strongest and best hunters within a species will survive c. predators will exclude prey from their biological communities d. no two species can occupy the same niche e. the resource in shortest supply will cause species to have move

d. no two species can occupy the same niche

If solubility is an important characteristic in toxic material movement in the a. water-soluble compounds require carriers to enter cells b. oil-soluble compounds readily damage kidneys c. water-soluble compounds move slowly in the environment d. oil-soluble compounds accumulate in the body e. solubility is not an important characteristic in toxic material movement

d. oil-soluble compounds accumulate in the body

Genetic diversity is lost in a small population when a. the ecological diversity is high b. genetic mutations cause some individuals in a population to be different in coloration or size c. individuals from other populations are introduced into the population and the genes are diluted d. only a few individuals survive a catastrophe e. genetic mutations cause most individuals in a population to have similar genetic makeup

d. only a few individuals survive a catastrophe

all of the individuals of a species that inhabit a particular place at the same time is known as a a. biological community b. ecosystem c. species d. population e. none of the above

d. population

boreal forests are generally a. cold and dry, with extensive barren areas b. warm and humid, with large rivers c. dry because water is frozen most of the year d. slow-groing because of the cold temperature e. soggy in the summer because of permafrost

d. slow-groing because of the cold temperature

chemical interaction in which one substance exacerbates the effects of another is termed a. a persistent reaction b. a bioaccumulation c. an antagonistic reaction d. synergism e. metabolic degradation

d. synergism

A species that is naturally rare of that has been depleted to dangerous levels is known, according to the Endangered Species Act, as a ______ species. A. endangered b. threatened c. unusual d. vulnerable e. at risk

d. vulnerable

In the real world, population explosion is usually followed by a. continuous high population levels b. a gradual decrease in population as food supplies dwindle c. a tremendous increase in genetic diversity d. a gradual increase in population due to the availability of mates e. a population crash

e. a population crash

Carbon sequestration involves the capture and long-tern storage of carbon dioxide in a. soil organic matter b. oceans c. terrestrial forests d. geologic formations e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Chasing ice was shown to the class in an effort to raise awareness about? A. increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels b. global climate change c. the melting of the polar ice caps d. the intersection of art and science in communication e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following best defines an ecological niche? a. the part of the environment into which species fit b. the role each species play in its environment c. the food a species eats d. where a species reproduces e. all of the above

e. all of the above

resource partitioning leads species to a. feed at different times b. utilize slightly different prey c. develop different physiological adaptations d. live in slightly different regions e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following is not a benefit of biodiversity for humans a. aesthetics b. ecological services c. food d. drugs and medicines e. all of these are benefits of biodiversity

e. all of these are benefits of biodiversity

Which of the following factors would explain the seemingly irrational behavior of a father who smokes (high risk factor for baby), but throws away his baby's teething rings that may contain phthalates (seemingly low risk factor for baby)? A. people tend to downplay risks that are associated with activities they are committed to or enjoy b. most people do not understand the concepts of probability c. news media can give a biased view of hazards d. people tend to have an irrational fear of certain technologies that are not as well understood e. all of these factors can lead to the relatively irrational behavior demonstrated by the father

e. all of these factors can lead to the relatively irrational behavior demonstrated by the father

Tree growth in the taiga is limited by a. the increased soil salt content from ocean tides b. intense heat and dryness c. competition from fast-growing grasses d. the lack of large predators e. extreme cold and short summers

e. extreme cold and short summers

Predation is considered to be a ____________factor. a. extrinsic b. intrinsic c. abiotic d. biotic e. extrinsic and biotic

e. extrinsic and biotic

An LD50 is a dose of a toxic chemical that a. is an acceptable level of risk for most individuals b. all individuals react to c. kills individuals 50 years old and over d. is 50 times less than the minimal dose e. kills half of the population

e. kills half of the population

The incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen-containing compounds by bacteria living with plants in nodules or free-living is known as A. nitrification b. denitrification c. assimilation d. immobilization e. nitrogen fixation

e. nitrogen fixation

Which of the following is a biotic population control mechanism? a. nutrients b. precipitation c. day lengths d. climate e. pathogens

e. pathogens

An organism with ______"strategies" would be considered to have_____natality. a. K-adapted; high b. s-adapted; high c. s-adapted; low d. r-adapted; low e. r-adapted; high

e. r-adapted; high

Density-independent population control factors cause mortality a. when the population becomes too large b. when the density becomes too high c. when the population becomes too small d. when the density becomes too low e. regardless of population size

e. regardless of population size

Morbidity is another word for a. death b. health c. unhappiness d. illness e. emergent diseases

illness