ENSP 2000 Exam 2 MyLab and Mastering
When predators selectively prey on the old and sick members of a prey population, they _____.
Cause the overall health of the prey population to increase
The products of photosynthesis are the materials that react in the process of ___.
Cellular respiration
The cells of all plants have ___.
Chloroplasts and mitochondria and use carbohydrates to power their functions
Which one of the following types of scientists would most likely be interested in the information we can learn from ice cores from Antarctica?
Climatologists interested in climate change
A temperature inversion around a large city such as Los Angeles traps pollutants in _____.
Cold air near the ground
What does the orange graph line represent?
Logistic growth
Which prediction has the greatest degree of certainty?
Today's World
What does the yellow line represent?
Today's World: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if CO2 emissions cease immediately and CO2 concentrations continue at their current level.
Which of the following represents an example of intraspecific competition?
Two red foxes are fighting over the carcass of a freshly killed rabbit.
Stratospheric ozone destruction involves a complex series of reactions. The first significant reaction involves ________.
UV from sunlight causing Cl atoms to break free from CFCs
In the troposphere, CFCs are stable. But in the stratosphere, CFCs are not stable and release damaging chlorine atoms when exposed to _____.
Ultraviolet light
Which of the following is a cause of natural climate change?
Volcanic eruptions
The most abundant greenhouse gas, which is not considered to be adding to global warming, is _____.
Water vapor
What was the percent change in CO2 emissions for transportation from 1980 to 2005?
36%
Which of the following statements is supported by the graph?
All of the computer-generated forecasts predict some global warming, but reducing the level of CO2 emissions will significantly slow the rate of increase.
With the rapid increase in population and the use of fossil fuels, humans are __________ the Earth's carbon cycle.
Altering
Look closely at the scale on the y-axis. What number would be represented by the point midway between the tick mark labeled 10 and the tick mark labeled 100?
Approximately 32
Niche differentiation is the process by which potential competitors in an ecological community _____.
Are able to coexist because they divide up the fundamental niche
Over the past 400,000 years, variations in global temperatures most closely paralleled changes in _____.
Atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide
Which of the following contribute the most to global warming?
Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide
Photovoltaic cells are ________.
Devices that directly convert sunlight to electrical currents
Mutualism
+/+ Interaction - Algae obtaining nutrients from symbolic coral and coral obtaining sugars from algal photosynthesis
Predation/Parasitism/Herbivory
+/- Interaction - A tick sucking a dog's blood - A cheetah capturing and consuming a gazelle - A rabbit eating the leaves of a dandelion plant
An ecologist predicts turtles grow larger when no predators are around. She places turtles in an experimental pond system where half the ponds have predators and half the ponds have had the predators removed.
- Hypothesis driven - Manipulative
A biologist predicts that shade might influence ground temperature, and therefore turtle sex ratios. He records the sex ratio of turtle hatchlings in shaded and unshaded regions.
- Hypothesis driven - Observational
A climatologist predicts that concentration of CO2 in a city will be negatively correlated with the amount of wind in that city. He collects data and looks at the amount of CO2 in a city as a function of the wind speed in the city.
- Hypothesis driven - Observational
The x axis shows ___. The y axis shows ___
- Nest temperature - Percentage of hatchlings that are male
Between 21 and 25 degrees celsius, as ___ goes up, ___ goes down
- Nest temperature - Percentage of hatchlings that are male
A physiologist incubates eggs in the lab at a range of temperatures to see what temperatures produce males and what temperatures produce females.
- Not hypothesis driven - Manipulative
A scientist determines the average wind speed, and variation in the amount of wind, in a number of locations to see which locations would be most suitable for wind turbines.
- Not hypothesis driven - Observational
A sociologist conducts a survey in Hawaii to describe people′′s attitude about global climate change. This experiment is notA sociologist conducts a survey in Hawaii to describe people′s attitude about global climate change.
- Not hypothesis driven - Observational
Energy is lost as it moves from one trophic level to the next because _____.
- One trophic level does not consume the entire trophic level below it - Some of the calories consumed drive cellular activities and do not add mass - Some ingested materials are undigested and eliminated
Which of the following statements are true of a population at carrying capacity?
- The rate at which resources are used is equal to the rate at which they are supplied. - The birth rate equals the death rate. - The population growth rate equals zero. Submit
Which of the following statements are true of logistic growth?
- When the population reaches carrying capacity, it stops growing. - As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more slowly.
Competition
-/- Interaction - Two species of mussels relying on the same species of phytoplankton as a food source
If the global temperature rises 4 degrees celsius, approximately ___ of hatchlings will be male
0%
What was the overall change in CO2 emissions for electricity generation from 1980 to 2005?
0.9 billion metric tons
What is the current regulatory standard for gasoline mileage of automobiles in the U.S.?
27.5 miles per gallon
Which of these removes carbon from the atmosphere?
Algae
At the average nest temperature of 23 degrees celsius, approximately ___ of hatchlings are male
50%
Which of the following emission reduction strategies would result in the greatest overall decrease in CO2?
A 10% decrease in both electricity generation and transportation emissions
Plants benefit from seed dispersal. Many plants produce nutritious fruits containing seeds that are eaten by some animals, and pass undigested in the animal's feces. These seeds are then ready to start a new plant in a pile of fertilizer. This relationship between the plant and the animal represents _____.
A coevolutionary relationship between a fructivore (an animal eating fruits) and a plant
A paddlefish in the Mississippi River swims through the water with its giant mouth open, catching food that is trapped by its gills. After several days of capturing small, shrimp-like critters, the shrimp population falls and the paddlefish swims through regions where recently hatched tadpoles are concentrated. The feeding strategy of this paddlefish represents _____.
A filter feeder engaging in prey switching
The research on the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone National Park reveals that in this ecosystem, wolves represent _____.
A keystone predator
A temperature inversion can adversely affect air quality and is characterized by ________.
A layer of warm air forming above colder air
In 1948 in Donora, Pennsylvania, the routine release of toxins into the air became a deadly fog because of _____.
A temperature inversion and secondary air pollutants
Overhunting of deer followed by a very difficult winter caused the deer population on an island to drop by 80%. In the next two years, visitors to the island were surprised to see many young trees sprouting up at the edges of the forest. This change in the number of saplings as a result of the decline of the deer population represents _____.
A trophic cascade
In a population of 1,000 elephants, how many individuals would survive for 50% of the species' maximum life span?
About 100
Forms from emissions of sulfur dioxide
Acid Deposition
Leaches plant nutrients from soils:
Acid Deposition
The three most important forms of pollution in the troposphere are _____.
Acid deposition, heavy metals, and smog
Tissues within an organism's body are different from each other becuase the cells in each tissue ___
Activate different portions of the identical DNA
If U.S. population increased 32% from 1980 to 2005, how would you describe the change in per capita CO2 emissions for electricity generation?
As population increased, per capita CO2 emissions increased twice as fast.
The accuracy of computer forecasts of global climate change is measured by _____.
Backcasting to see if the models accurately describe the weather and climate in the past
In examining a terrestrial food web, we expect that the _____.
Biomass of primary consumers exceeds the biomass of secondary consumers
Which of the following factors does not contribute to environmental resistance?
Birth rate
A population will not change in size if the _____.
Birth rate equals the death rate and the immigration rate equals the emigration rate
As a population increases to near its carrying capacity, _____.
Birth rates decline, death rates increase, and the overall rate of population growth declines
Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the increased flux of carbon into the atmosphere has been primarily because of ________.
Burning of fossil fuels
Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph?The maximum life span of Albertosaurus was about 100 years.
Cannot be determined from this graph
3. If the CO2 level increases above 600 µmol mol-1, how would ragweed pollen production and the allergen concentration change?
Cannot tell from the data
Humans are a(n) ________-based life form.
Carbon
Cattle egrets are large white birds that follow grazing cattle. The cattle disturb the grass and stir up insects upon which the egrets feed. The cattle do not seem to mind the birds and gain nothing from this relationship. This relationship between cattle and cattle egrets is a type of _____.
Commensalism
In which of the following situations would we expect a parasite to spread the fastest?
Concentrated hosts with rapidly moving vectors
Detritus is composed of _____.
Dead organic matter and excreted wastes
What name is given to the process by which detritivores return carbon to the atmosphere?
Decomposition
Impacts of global warming include all of the following except ________.
Decrease in mortality because winter is warmer
The Neutral Gator program used methods that _____.
Decreased production of carbon dioxide and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere
In general, China's air pollution __________.
Decreases rainfall in California
In Brazil, what is the primary cause for increase in CO2 in the atmosphere?
Deforestation
On May 18 of 1980, Mount Saint Helens erupted violently, sending plumes of ash high into the air. About 250 miles east of the volcano, several inches of ash accumulated on the ground in the college town of Pullman, Washington, representing _____.
Dry deposition of a natural aerosol
The various activities that define an organism's role in an ecosystem are that organism's _____.
Ecological niche
The total amount of CO2 that photosynthetic organisms convert to organic carbon each year is called ________.
GPP
An egg and a sperm are ___.
Gametes that combine in sexual reproduction to produce a zygote
Greenhouse Gases
Gases that efficiently capture heat
The growth of a population of sparrows accelerates with each generation. The chances of dying are about the same for these sparrows, regardless of age. This population of sparrows therefore demonstrates _____.
Exponential growth and a type II survivorship curve
At high temperatures, only ___ are produced
Females
In general, _____.
Food webs are interconnected food chains
Fans attending University of Florida athletic events are responsible for providing carbon offsets for _____.
Fossil fuels used to get fans to and from the stadium
Biofuels are ________.
Fuels that are derived from plant material
Which of the following is a mutualistic relationship that has a significant effect on an entire ecological community?
Fungus-plant root associations benefit most of the plants living in a prairie.
What information is presented on the y-axis of the graph?
Global surface warming, in °Celsius Submit
Scientists grew a population of yeast cells in a flask to which they provided a constant supply of nutrients. As the population of yeast cells increased, competition for the nutrients also increased. This caused the population to grow more slowly, until the rate at which the yeast cells used the nutrients was equal to rate at which the nutrients were supplied to the flask. Which of the three graphs shown in Part G best represents the growth of these yeast population?
Graph A
A pair of coyotes colonized a large island where rodents (their prey) were abundant. At first the number of coyotes increased. But as the coyote population increased, competition for prey also increased and the coyote population grew more slowly. In some years, weather conditions killed many of the rodents, causing some coyotes to starve. In other years, weather conditions were favorable for the rodent poulation, allowing the coyotes to thrive, reproduce, and raise many pups. Which of the three graphs shown in Part G best represents the growth of this coyote population?
Graph B
A female darkling beetle laid her eggs in a sack of corn meal. The corn meal was an excellent source of food for the beetle larvae (mealworms), and the beetle population quickly increased. After four months, the beetles had eaten all of the corn meal, and the adult beetles flew away to find new food sources.Which graph best represents the growth of the beetle population in the sack of corn meal?
Graph C
Net ecosystem production values (NEP) will always be positive because of ________.
High GPP and increases in biomass during succession
A population will grow the fastest when total fertility rates are _____.
High and generation times are short
Which of the following questions is best addressed by studying ice samples from Antarctica?
How have the atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide changed in the last 100,000 years?
The greatest terrestrial net primary production can be seen to occur ________.
In South America
1. As the CO2 level increases up to 600 µmol mol-1, how does ragweed pollen production change?
Increases
2. As the CO2 level increases up to 600 µmol mol-1, how does the ragweed allergen concentration change?
Increases
As a population approaches carrying capacity, environmental resistance __________.
Increases
How do dust particles from the vast deserts in China affect weather patterns? The dust __________.
Increases the chances of rainfall in California
How does China's air pollution get to the United States? China's air pollution __________.
Is moved by the jet stream to the west coast of the United States
A species's realized niche _____.
Is smaller than the fundamental niche because of the constraints of competition
How did the global surface temperature change between 1900 and 2000?
It increased by about 0.7 °C.
According to the Business as Usual scenario, how will the global surface temperature change in the century between 2000 and 2100?
It will increase by about 3.5 °C.
Suppose you found the following sources for Janzen to use as references for the predicted rise in global temperature. Indicate if each source is an example of primary literature, and then decide if each source is reliable. If you are uncertain about a source, look it up online.
Journal: Check/Check National Geo: X/Check Climate Dyn: Check/Check NYT: X/Check website: X/X
Now compare the change in GDP to the change in CO2 emissions from electricity generation. If GDP more than doubled from 1980 to 2005, what is the ratio of changes in CO2 emissions to changes in GDP for that period of time?
Less than 1:1, showing a slight CO2 decrease per unit of economic activity
At low temperatures, only ___ are produced
Males
Which of the following are found in the cells of a dog but not in the bacteria that are found on a dog's fur?
Membrane-enclosed nuclues and mitochondria
Which of the following is not an aerosol?
Methane
If we take a sample of ice from 10 meters beneath the surface and find that it is 1,000 years old, where would we need to look for ice that is about 10,000 years old?
Much deeper, about 100 meters below the surface
Which one of the following relationships would be considered a win/win?
Mutualism
6. Do the data prove that increased CO2 levels cause more severe ragweed allergies? (yes or no)
No
Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph?The mortality rate of young Albertosaurus dinosaurs aged between 25% and 50% of their maximum life span was far greater than the mortality rate of dinosaurs that reached 75% of their maximum life span.
Not supported
Which of the following is a primary pollutant?
Not sure
What of the following is a difference between cellular respiration and anaerobic respiration?
Only cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down carbohydrates
Stratospheric ozone depletion is currently most serious ________.
Over New Zealand and Australia
What is shown on the x-axis?
Percentage of the maximum life span of a species
A reaction between pollutants and atmospheric compounds that creates over 100 different chemicals:
Photochemical Smog
Concentrations are elevated by hot, sunny days:
Photochemical Smog
Most pronounced in cities prone to inversion events:
Photochemical Smog
Which of these would NOT contribute to a global increase in temperature?
Planting trees
Which of the following particles is likely to fall out of the air faster?
Pollen
The greatest source of greenhouse gases in industrialized countries is _____.
Power stations
The University of Florida's athletic program became carbon neutral because it _____.
Promoted programs that reduced fossil fuel use and sequestered carbon
Largemouth bass and rainbow trout are stocked in a small, deep 10-acre pond. The bass are most active in 20-30 °C water, and the rainbow trout prefer water at about 6-22 °C. We expect to find few places in this pond where the two species interact because they have different _____.
Ranges of tolerance
CFCs were primarily used in ________.
Refrigeration
The primary source of the acidity in acid rain are the gases ________.
SO2 and NOx
Which step would be most likely to have the greatest effect on improving outdoor air pollution?
Significant reduction in automobile use
Which one of the following health problems is most closely associated with the destruction of the stratospheric ozone?
Skin cancer
Switching from fossil fuels to _____ energy would significantly decrease the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Solar, nuclear, and geothermal
According to the graph, which modern animal has a relatively constant mortality rate throughout its life span?
Starling
Caused by halocarbons, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs):
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Increases exposure of organisms to ultraviolet light
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Montreal Protocol aimed to reduce emissions that cause this:
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Photochemicals are secondary pollutants whose formation is facilitated by _____.
Sunlight
Greenhouse Effect
The absorption of radiation by greenhouse gases and trapping of that heat in the troposphere
How did the University of Florida help address the problem of global warming?
The athletic program reduced local energy consumption and planted trees.
Ice that formed thousands of years ago is often found to contain tiny bubbles of gas. This gas came from __________.
The atmosphere
Which line is not a computer-generated forecast?
The black line representing 20th century data
Two species of ant compete for limited resources in a front yard, until only one species is able to remain. This is an example of _____.
The competitive exclusion principle
The greatest progress in reducing atmospheric levels of lead pollution resulted from _____.
The elimination of leaded gas
Global Warming
The increase in atmospheric temperature since the late 1800s
Global warming over the past 200 years is most closely associated with _____.
The industrial revolution
Which of the following represents an example of intraspecific exploitation competition?
The leaves of the huge hickory tree overshadow the young hickory tree saplings struggling for light just below.
The y-axis to the right represents ___________.
The level of resources available per capita
Global Warming Potential
The measure of an individual molecule's long-term impact on atmospheric temperature
How does planting trees offset carbon generated by the University of Florida athletic program?
The planted trees will sequester carbon dioxide from the air as they grow.
At 50% of maximum life span, how does the survivorship of Albertosaurus compare to the survivorship of the crocodile?
The survivorship of Albertosaurus is about 100 times greater than that of the crocodile.
Global Circulation Model
The use of basic physical principles to forecast future climate change
Snow and ice accumulations in California's mountains are carefully monitored because __________.
They contribute to the main water source for most of the residents of the state
Many plants have evolved adaptations to discourage herbivore feeding. Which one of the following is an example of such coevolution between bison and prairie plants?
Thorns
4. Do the data support Hypothesis 1 and its prediction--that plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce more pollen? (yes or no)
Yes
5. Do the data support Hypothesis 2 and its prediction--that plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce higher concentrations of allergens? (yes or no)
Yes