Env

International regime theories exist to explain what plays a critical role in creating, operating or weakening international regimes. Unlike traditional explanations such as hegemony or foreign pressure, Haas (1992)1 argued that a knowledge factor is a determinant, describing the roles of epistemic communities. Discuss how epistemic communities distinguished from other groups such as interest groups, according to Haas (1992). You have to provide specific examples.

According to Haas (1992)2 it is the combination of having a shared set of causal and principled (analytic and normative) beliefs, a consensual knowledge base, and a common policy enterprise (common interests) that distinguishes epistemic communities from various other groups. They differ from interest groups in that the epistemic community members have shared causal beliefs and cause-and-effect understandings. If confronted with anomalies that undermined their causal beliefs, they would withdraw from the policy debate, unlike interest groups.Answers about providing specific examples will vary. For example, the 1987 Montreal ozone protocol to protect the stratospheric ozone layer was completed after a similar ecological epistemic community became influential in the UNEP secretariat and well-represented in the U.S. delegation to the Montreal meetings. Besides, collective policies for the control of European acid rain were adopted in the 1979 Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution after atmospheric scientists were consulted about the origins of regional acid deposition

Traditional command and control regulation has been generally successful in improving environmental quality since the 1960s. However, critics have long argued that ongoing conflicts over environmental policy raise deeper questions about the need for reform. According to chapter 16 of our textbook, how are the new approaches that environmental policy scholars call for different from traditional 'command and control' regulatory systems? List three examples that the chapter describes.

Although the traditional command and control approach has shown positive results, many environmental policy scholars have advocated new forms of smart regulation because the old ones are economically inefficient and often inappropriate for specific local conditions. The difference of new approaches from old ones is that they utilize more flexible, less intrusive and more cost-effective methods for reducing pollution and addressing other environmental problems. Especially many economists have advocated market-based regimes that maximize economic efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Examples include, but are not limited to, 1. cap and trade systems, 2. voluntary collaboration and self-policing programs, and 3. local and regional sustainability planning

In spite of attacks by some businesses and other opponents, Andrews argues that there is hope for the EPA. What is his basis for hope? For example, he says that the scientific foundations of the EPA's decisions remain largely intact. Explain another basis of hope by discussing coalitions between environmental advocates and businesses that would pursue green growth. How does it relate with the EPA?

Andrews (2016) argue that there is still hope for the EPA in coalitions between some environmental advocates and businesses that would prosper in a greener economy. His point is that the EPS's regulations are an important element of the coalitions. Some leading businesses have identified ways in which good environmental management can be good business and in cooperation with some environmental organizations are positioning themselves to prosper in a more environmentally sustainable economy

Russell (1935)2 wrote "We have the technology and infrastructure to greatly reduce the forced workload of the average human, and that should be our goal—to liberate people from excessive work so that they can freely pursue the things that bring them intrinsic joy and happiness." Russell's optimism about technology does not seem to be justified, given the recent economic and technological developments which lead to serious unemployment. The World Economic Forum3, for example, recently reported that over the period 2015-2020, there will be a total loss of 7.1 million jobs witha total gain of 2 million jobs, caused by the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Based on the guest speaker's lecture this week, explain how the norm of environmental sustainability accelerates technological advancement and eventually loss of jobs. You have to take the example of contact lens industry. In your opinion, what should be the real goals of sustainable development, in the context of technology-driven unemployment? Do you agree or disagree with the Principle 1 of the Rio Declaration (1992)? In your opinion, what should be the role of governmental institutions in technological unemployment?

Answers will vary, but you have to provide answers for every question asked on the quiz. For example, you must discuss the Principle 1 of the Rio Declaration "Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature" in the context of the technology-driven unemployment

Which of the following is not true about the destruction of tropical forests, according to Tobin?

As forest certification began as a mechanism to address tropical deforestation, the majority of certified forest is in Latin America

This is a California State Law that fights climate change by establishing a comprehensive program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from all sources throughout the state. As the first program in the US to take a comprehensive, long-term approach to addressing climate change, it requires California to reduce its GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. What is it?

Assembly Bill (AB) 32, or Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006

Long-answer question. 4 points. Urban heat island is a city area that is significantly warmer than its nearby rural areas due to human activities. Explain (1) why the temperature difference usually is larger at night than during the day, and (2) how heat island cooling strategies can incorporate the smart growth principles.

Atmospheric urban heat islands are often weak during the late morning and throughout the day and become more pronounced after sunset due to the slow release of heat from urban infrastructure. Urban-rural temperature differences are often largest during calm, clear evenings. This is because rural areas cool off faster at night than cities, which retain much of the heat stored in roads, buildings, and other structures. As a result, the largest urban-rural temperature difference, or maximum heat island effect, is often three to five hours after sunset. Answers about the relationship with the smart growth principles will vary. Heat island cooling strategies can incorporate these smart growth principles. For example, planting trees and vegetation and promoting parks and open space throughout developed areas can simultaneously result in mixed land uses, more attractive communities, and preserved natural beauty.

As a type of energy tax, then President Bill Clinton proposed this in 1993. It was proposed to levy a broad-based tax on the energy content of fuels as a means of promoting energy conservation and addressing climate change. What is it?

BTU Tax

Derthick (2010) lists 'the arrogance of power' as one of the five weaknesses or defects of the federal government. What did Derthick mean by that? How is it checked and balanced in the context of 'compensatory federalism'? Give an example of what Washington State did for the Hanford nuclear reservatio

By the 'arrogance of power' Derthick means the observed reluctance of federal government to consult state governments. The federal government does not routinely and systematically inquire into what can be learned from state-level experience. Both national legislators and administrators often proceed with limited regard for the consequences of their actions for state governments. In spite of the theory of American government, checks on the federal government issuing from the states are hard to find in modern times. Yet, environmental protection provides a good example of state power checking federal power. For example, Washington state threatened to sue the federal government over a failure to meet deadlines for cleaning up the Hanford nuclear reservation, which is the nation's most contaminated nuclear site. Harford is the subject of a pact signed in 1989 by the Washing State Department of Ecology, the US Department of Energy, and the EPA

Following is a part of recent news article from UC Berkeley School of Law and UCLA School of Law. "The most controversial aspect of EPA's New Source Performance Standard is EPA's inclusion of CCS in its BSER determination for new coal plants." Spell out the CCS and BSER. What do they stand

Carbon capture and storage, best system of emission reduction

Recently, twenty four states and a coal company filed lawsuits over this, which was issued by the EPA in June 2014. It is a set of proposed rules that set state-specific goals based on each state's power-plant GHG emission rates, and included flexible guidelines for state plans to achieve the goals. What is it?

Clean Power Plan

Frustrated Reformers

Clinton, Carter

6. The table on the right, quoted from Potoski & Prakash (2004)1, shows the collective action dilemma in sustainable production. According to the game theory, in which cell did most of the activity take place through the strict command-and-control environmental policy epoch? Draw X in that cell. Which cell represents a win-win situation for both firm and government? Draw O in that cell. What do Press & Mazmanian (2016) suggest to move the action out of the X cell to the O cell? Why is it difficult to m

Cooperative context flexible enforcement and self policing It is difficult to move from the X cell to the O cell because government is usually reluctant to give up its reliance on deterrence and most businesses evade when circumstances allow. The challenge is how to combine flexible regulatory strategies with market forces to move the action out of the X cell to the O cell. To find a win-win solution, an optimal mix of flexibility and self-policing, Pr ess & Mazmanian (2016)suggest devising a new hybrid public policy approach within a game-theoretic framework among self-motivated businesses. Citing Marc Eisner, they explain how it can be achievable when businesses form an alliance within their sector. For example, industrial and business associations, as sectoral and quasi-governmental organizations, can themselves implement greening policy. Sectoral trade associations can also serve as intermediary entities to assure the government that policy will be carried out as intended. This approach would mitigate, on the one hand, the businesses' fear of an overbearing regulatory regime and government's fear of becoming a sucker, and on the other hand, the concern of other businesses evading their responsibilities to go green.

During his lecture this week, Professor Na implied multilevel governance can be a better alternative to decentralization as a conceptual framework for discussing the increasing role of state government in the US environmental policy. Explain why it can be by mentioning a distinction of developed vs. developing countries and international activity of a state government agency. Be sure to take an example of South Coast Air Quality Management District.

Driven by many different factors such as democratization, multi-political party system and so on, decentralization in reality has been mostly going on and discussed in the context of developing countries. Thus, it becomes a question whether it is appropriate to consider state vs. federal governments of the US, a developed country through the lens of decentralization. Also, transnational activities of governing authorities at various levels, among others, are highlighted in multilevel governance, while decentralization tends to focus on the transfer of authorities and resources from the central to local government. For example, the international MOU signed between California state government agency, South Coast Air Quality Management District and its counterpart Metropolitan Air Quality Management Office of Greater Seoul, Korea can be better explained by multilevel governance than decentralization in the US

A nation's fertility rates increase when women gain better access to educational opportunities.

F

CFCs are one of the criteria pollutants that the Clean Air Act requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for.

F

City sustainability programs have been not so successfully pursued in less developed places, compared to highly educated or cities on the West Coast, according to Por

F

European countries lagged behind North American countries in terms of ISO 14001 certific

F

For the first time since the 107th Congress, the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology heard from more industry witnesses in the 111th Congress than from any other sector including academia, government, etc

F

From the early 1970s through the early 2000 the divergence on environmental issues between republicans and democrats has decreased, not increased.

F

In 1790, George Washington delivered the 1st State of Union message by having a written report sent to the Congress in NYC.

F

In GIS, 'land cover' is usually a description of how people utilize the land and socioeconomic activity

F

In general, Democrats tend to favor decreased spending on the environment and Republicans favor increased spending

F

In the US, total emissions of air pollutants have increased since the 1970s with increased population, energy consumption, miles travelled, and GDP

F

In the case, Massachusetts v environmental protection agency, the court declared that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are not air pollutants and must not be regulated by the EPA

F

It took about twenty years from the Public Health Service's recommendation of 10 ppb in 1962 before the EPA finally limited arsenic in drinking water to 10 ppb

F

Out of all the achievements and innovations of the EPA, the risk-based, substance-by-substance regulations of hazardous chemicals in particular were more successful.

F

Sustainable production can be understood as a private business matter or a marketplace imperfection rather than a serious public problem

F

The Millennium Development Goals are international development goals for combating poverty, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation and so on that were established in 2000 by the target date of 2020

F

The concept of environmental security demands using the military model of states, conflict and territorial security to environmental problems.

F

The nine US cities studied in Portney (2016) show substantial consistency in the extent to which cities seem to take the goal of sustainability seriously

F

Through the ten regional offices of EPA, state level interaction with the EPA generally creates confusion and friction rather than mutual trust

F

To continue publicizing their environmental performance, Stewardship Action Council was later replaced by Performance Trac

F

US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created by executive order of President George H.W. Bush

F

carbon monoxide is the air pollutant that most frequently exceeds EPA standards

F (Ozone)

What are the two things that can be accepted as proof of legality under the EU Timber Regulation

FLEGT license and CITES permit

As implied in the policy cycle model, the history of environmental policy in the US is one of steady improvement in human relations with the natural environment, according to Kraft & Vig (2016

False

Two documents, Forest Principles and Chapter 11 'Combating Deforestation' of Agenda 21, are the first pieces of legally binding hard law on forests

False

One enduring rationale for giving the federal government so much authority in environmental policy is that states face inherent limitations in environmental policy. Explain why the federal government is still important in terms of enduring federal dependency. Show comparison with Canada

Federal government is still important because a good deal of the most innovative state-level activity has been at least partially underwritten through federal grants, which serve to stimulate additional state environmental spending. Many states continue to rely on federal funding or technical assistance for some core environmental protection activities such as GHG reductions, inventories, risk assessment projects, and so on. In contrast, in Canada, because central government government grant assistance and regulatory presence is extremely limited, provinces have proven less innovative than their American state counterparts.

This president established the world's largest marine reserve covering 140,000 square miles in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands in 2006. He created four national monuments in the Pacific Ocean with his executive authority. Who is he?

George W Bush

Opportunistic Leaders

H Bush, Obama, Nixon

Which of the following is not generally considered as a cause of illegal logging?

Indigenous people's life style

Which of the following is not true about smart growth?

It tends to oppose development so much as it seeks to create more sustainable communities

Which of the following is not true about the Lacey Act?

It was originally passed in 2008 to protect wildlife from trafficking

This is a part of recent news from the University at Buffalo. "It was essential that Kapoor Hall, as a LEED-designed building, achieve a sense of community: Where shared space helps create a smaller environmental footprint." What does the LEED stand for? Explain what it is, including the name of the organization that developed it.

LEED stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council, it is a certification program in the private sector, in which new or existing buildings can be granted silver, gold, or platinum status. I t is a suite of rating systems for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of green buildings, homes and neighborhoods. It is based on a voluntary standard for the construction of high-performance, sustainable buildings encouraging numerous examples throughout the country

As we read in Chapter 1 of our textbook, President Richard Nixon signed this as his first official act of 1970. One of its key provisions was to set up procedural requirements for all federal government agencies to prepare environmental impact statements. What is the name of the US environmental law?

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

Nobel Peace Prize for 2007 was awarded to both the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Al Gore. What was the recognition of the Nobel Committee for the prize? Explain it from the perspective of environmental security. Discuss how it was different from President Obama's State of the Union in 201

Nobel Committee recognized the possibility that climate change may intensify linkages between the environment and conflict as it forces people to migrate or amplifies competition for natural resources. It noted that there may be increased danger of violent conflicts and wars, within and between states. In recognition of this, Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to both Al Gore and the IPCC in 2007. Obama's 2015 State of the Union characterized it as a present-day threat demanding immediate action, whereas the Nobel Committee had seen climate change more as a possible future risk, which represents a shift in considering the urgency of the issue.

Interview with Julian Simon, the author of The Ultimate Resource that we saw in class last week, showed cornucopians' belief that there is no such thing as a limit for humans. Which of the following is not along the same line of his logic?

Nonhuman parts of nature are valued for their ecosystem goods and services as well as for humans' resources

Overdevest & Zeitlin (2012) describe the EU's FLEGT Action Plan as the most ambitious initiative for combatting illegal logging. Explain how it can be considered as such, by discussing the implications of 'T' in FLEGT and VPAs. Also explain how it can be rebutted by comparing it with the Lacey Act.

Overdevest & Zeitlin (2012) wrote that the EU's Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) is the most ambitious initiative in tackling illegal logging issues in international society. Building on the FLEG (Forest Law Enforcement and Governance) of the World Bank, FLEGT attempts to take a stronger action than FLEG by linking the FELG to regulation of trade (T). By using access to the lucrative EU markets as an incentive for exporting countries, it aims to ensure that illegally harvested timber from their territory is not admitted to the EU market. Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) between the EU and exporting countries is another centerpiece of FLEGT to establish a national Legality Assurance System (LAS). It is a licensing system for export of legally harvested wood to European market. Although it is a voluntary joint agreement, once a VPA has entered into force, it is legally binding on both sides. However, in fact, penalties and scope of the law are more severe and broader under the Lacey Act Amendment 2008, compared to the 'ambitious' FLEGT. Under the Lacey Act 2008, companies can be criminally prosecuted for importing illegal timber, and penalties vary according to the severity of the offence, the value of the goods and the type of operator. On the other hand, FLEGT does not stipulate the level of penalties for those involved in importing illegal timber, l eaving it to the EU member states to determine the penalties. Also the 2008 Lacey Act amendment binds any party that procures timber products along the value chain and applies to timber products purchased within the US as well as timber products imported into the country. On the other hand, FLEGT binds only operators that place timber (for the first time) on the EU market.

Which of the followings is least related to explanations for how the states have become 'new heroes' of American Federalism?

Passivism by state courts and state attorneys general create alternative routes for policy adoption

It is well known that policy gridlock in Congress can have negative consequences. But Kraft (2016) discusses how there can be some positive effects as well. What are the possible positive effects of policy gridlock in Congress? Do you agree or disagree? What are the reasons for your agreement or disagreement?

Policy gridlock in Congress has had some positive effects. It often has stimulated innovative environmental policy change at the state and local levels, in executive agencies and in the courts. (p.115) (Answers will vary for the rest of the question - Do you agree or disagree? What are the reasons for your agreement or disagreement?

Portney (2016) provided the result of an assessment to examine how many different sustainability programs and policies each of the largest US cities had implemented. Name the three cities at the top of the list.

Portland (OR), San Francisco (CA), Seattle (WA)

In classifying the US Presidents in terms of their influence on environmental policy, Vig set up six criteria to examine and evaluate several indicators. Discuss what those six criteria are that Vig used

President's environmental agenda Presidential appointments to key positions Relative priority given to environmental programs in the president's proposed budgets Presidential legislative initiatives or vetoes Executive orders and other unilateral actions by the president Presidential support for or opposition to international environmental agreements

REDD is a climate change mitigation strategy introduced by the UN to help stop destruction of the world's forests.What is the difference between REDD and REDD+?

REDD was mainly focused on reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. But REDD'+' goes beyond deforestation and forest degradation, and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. REDD+ also holds that the co-benefits or non-carbon benefits of protecting biodiversity and livelihoods should be included on equal footing with carbon storage and uptake

Rollback Advocates

Reagan, W Bush

This is a regulatory mandate to increase production of energy from renewable sources such as wind, solar, biomass and other alternatives to fossil and nuclear electric generation, adopted by 29 US states and Washington DC. Rabe (2016) wrote that the eight bills about this that were enacted in 2013 involved expansion or technical modification of existing policies, even though many new proposals were made to either downsize or repeal this. What is this? Do not use acronym

Renewable portfolio standards

The International Court for the Environment (ICE) Coalition seeks to establish a specialized forum for transboundary environmental disputes. Their argument is that an ICE will become the principal court addressing two main issues -access to justice and scientific understanding. Explain how the 1992 Rio Declaration can be the basis or rationale for the ICE's mission of addressing the two issues. What are the implications of the Principle 10 of the Rio Declaratio

Rio Declaration, especially its principle 10 serves as a basis or rationale for the ICE's two-fold missions. The principle states that 'each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities.' Public access to environmental information is a critical part of the ICE's mission for 'scientific understanding.' As for the other mission, access to justice, the principle 10 also emphasizes 'effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy' for realization of environmental justice. Considering the impact of Principle 10 on the ICE's missions, we can see that the Rio Declaration laid the foundation for transparency based on the access to information and accountability through access to justic

We discussed several similar but different definitions of 'international regime' this week. Write down the most widely cited definition of international regime.

Sets of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules and decision making procedures around which actors' expectations converge in a given area of international relations

Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee hearing on her nomination in 2009, Secretary of State-designate Sen. Hillary Clinton said in her opening remarks "We must use what has been called 'smart power,' ... for each situation. ... With smart power, diplomacy will be the vanguard of foreign policy." Based on what we covered this week, define what the smart power is. Discuss how it is different from soft power and how science has to do with soft power

Smart power can be defined as the combination of hard power and soft power strategies. It involves the strategic use of diplomacy, persuasion, capacity building, and the projection of power and influence in ways that are cost-effective and have political and social legitimacy. Soft power, as opposed to hard power relying on the traditional methods of sticks and carrots, means the ability to attract and co-opt, or the ability to shape the preferences of others through appeal and attraction. Science is one of the sources of soft po

Aarhus convention is considered as having been influenced by the principle 10 of Rio Declaration

T

According to Kraft, Congress has been more influential than the White House in the formulation and adoption of environmental policies

T

Because people are packed densely in cities, more land outside cities is left undeveloped

T

By issuing executive order protecting nearly sixty million acres of roadless areas in national forests from future road construction, clinton could claim to have preserved more public land in the US than any president since Theodore Roosevelt

T

Command and control approaches have resulted in better environmental practices in business and industry, according to Press & Mazmania

T

Death rates fall before birth rates, according to the demographic transition model

T

Environmental conflict resolution approaches are becoming more common in environmental policy

T

Examples of political interference with government science from 2004 to 2009 documented by the Union of Concerned Scientists show that issues of environmental area were more manipulated than any other areas such as national security

T

In the 20th century, human population tripled globally

T

Judges shape environmental policy in how they interpret laws

T

Lacey Act can be said to be the world's first domestic law banning the trade of illegally sourced wood products

T

Outer Space Treaty of 1967 declared Outer Space to be the common heritage of mankind

T

Ronald Reagan signed the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987

T

The EPA's Environmental Appeals Board is the final EPA decision maker on administrative appeals under all major environmental statutes that EPA administers

T

The Rio Declaration (on Environment and Development) is a document produced at the 1992 UNCED, also known as the Earth Summit

T

The SOTU address presented by US President to the US Congress fulfills rules in Article II, Section 3 of the US Constitution, requiring the President to give Congress information on the SOTU

T

The US has a dual court system, with different cases starting either in federal court or in state or county court

T

Tourism industry has played an active role in seeking strong environmental programs designed to maintain natural assets in many states

T

US federal financial support to states to support environmental protection efforts has generally declined since the early 1980s

T

With the onset of the agricultural and industrial revolution in the late 18th century, an unprecedented growth in urban population took place over the course of the 19th century

T

in 2002 cali enacted first of its kind legislation regulating carbon dioxide emissions from motor vehicles

T

public opinion data in recent decades has found that citizens have a considerably higher degree of trust and confidence in the public services and regulations form their state governments than the federal government

T

What is the first major federal environmental program that moved away from the traditional command-and-control approach toward a softer, gentler self-reporting and cooperative framework? It was created by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act

TRI Toxics Release Inventory

Regardless of which party controls Congress, the appropriations process has been used in two different ways to achieve policy change. One is through changes in the level of funding, either a cut or an increase in spending for programs. What is the other way, according to Kraft (2016)? Discuss an example of it from the 104th Congress, which was aimed to weaken the EPA. Did the President Clinton approve the bill in the end?

The other one is riders. For example in the 104th Congress, seventeen riders were appended to the EPA appropriations bill in 1995 among many other provisions in an attempt to prohibit the agency from enforcing certain drinking water and water quality standards and to keep it from regulating toxic air emissions from oil and gas refineries. President Clinton vetoed the bill

Environmental peacemaking integrates natural resource management in conflict prevention, mitigation, resolution, and recovery to build resilience in communities affected by conflict. What is the rationale for the argument of environmental peacemaking both as a theory and practice that it can foster the process of peacemaking in conflict regions? How does it relate to the concept of sustainable development?

The rationale for environmental peacemaking is that the common dependency of mankind on natural resources and a healthy environment facilitates cooperation between societies and nations. Therefore, it can foster the process of peacemaking in conflict regions. It also draws upon the three pillars of sustainable development - economic, socio-cultural and ecological sustainability

This publication was reportedly the first report to show that race was the single most important factor in determining where toxic waste facilities were sited in the US. It was published by the United Church of Christ's Commission for Racial Justice Race in 1987. What is the title of the publication

Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States (1987)

According to the Stern Review (2006), avoiding deforestation is one of the most cost-effective ways of reducing greenhouse gas emissions globall

True

NYS banned fracking entirely in late 2014.

True

The Intl tropical timber agreement of 1983, 1994, and 2005 is the only intl commodity agreements with a conservation mandate, according to Humphreys (2008)

True

The atmosphere remained unmanaged commons until 2005, according to the lecture in week 1

True

The first Earth Day was April 22 1970

True

Which of the following is not true of the 1992 UNCED

US Canada and Euro countries emphasized sovereign rights to utilize natural resources

According to O'Leary, which of the following is not one of the major sources of environmental law?

customs

What is the name of the social theory that argues that continued modernization is necessary for ecological sustainability? For example, it say s that economic globalization contributes to a greening of many global production and consumption processes by the export of green practices?

ecological modernization

According to the EPA, __________ __________ refers to the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies

environmental justice

An Avoided Deforestation (or REDD) project to conserve forests that were under threat of clearance might displace deforestation to another space outside the project's boundary. What is the greenhouse gas thus emitted called? It refers to the unanticipated increase in emissions outside an avoided-deforestation (REDD) project's accounting boundar

leakage

Which of the following is not one of the public proprietal claims made against forests, according to Humphreys 2008?

legal protection should be provided for financial investment on forests

As one of several sources of environmental law, this is judge-made law that guides and informs subsequent court decisions involving similar or analogous situations. What is it

precedent

in dealing with the 'Tragedy of the Commons,' Elinor Ostrom highlighted this concept in response to central government or market system. Through her extensive empirical studies, it is based on the finding that local users in many locations all over the world have organized themselves to vigorously protect and, in some cases, enhance their common resources. What is the concept called

self governance

The courts determine who does or does not have the right to sue. What is the one-word legal term meaning capacity of a party to bring suit in court?

standing

Following is a part of recent news article. "Zecco Marine was assessed a total penalty of $9,512 for the unauthorized modifications to the marina. Zecco will pay $2,378 of the penalty and will conduct a SEP in lieu of the remainder of the penalty." What is the SEP? Explain how it is different from the two most common actions ordered by a court. You must give three examples of it

supplemental environmental project. It is different from the two most common actions ordered by a court (mandatory compliance with environmental law and punitive monetary penalties) in that it is an alternative payment in the form of projects or activities. It is an environmentally beneficial project which a violator voluntarily agrees to perform as part of a settlement of an enforcement action. In return, EPA agrees to reduce the monetary penalty that would otherwise apply as a result of the violation(s). Examples include environmental restoration, environmental education and the establishment of green space such as parks