environ sci 2 ch 8

According to the IPATS model, what change would reduce environmental impact?

A decrease in the human population growth rate

In 2014, how many 25- to 29-year-old women lived in Niger?

0.6 million women

The naturally occurring sex ratio at birth for human populations is 106 males born per every _____ females born.

100 females

The global population is older than past years. The median age today is 28; in 2050 it is predicted to be ___.

35

The human population is currently growing at a rate of __ million per year; that is 2.8 people added every second.

88 million

One Child Policy

A program established by the Chinese government in 1979 to slow population growth in China. created problems, the population's labor force shrank, the percentage of elderly increased, and there were too few women

what has helped to slow birth rates?

Enhanced prosperity, education, and increasing gender equity

A sensitivity factor (S) may also be added to denote the vulnerability of a given environment.

I = PxAxTxS

ecological deficit

If humanity's ecological footprint exceeds its biocapacity

Thomas Malthus

a British economist who argued that the number of people would eventually outgrow the available food supply.

Births and immigration...

add individuals to a population

the global distribution of people is ...

clumped

pre-industrial stage

death rates are high due to widespread disease, rudimentary health care, and unreliable food supplies

transitional period

death rates decline during this period due to improved food production and health care though birth rates remain high as society has not yet adjusted to the new economic conditions

a pyramid with a wide base

denotes a large proportion of pre-reproductive age people, and the potential for rapid future growth.

age structure/population pyramids

describe the relative numbers of individuals at each age class within a population

A high proportion of the nations in this group have total fertility rates below replacement level fertility.

developed nations

As a group, these nations have the lowest rates of population growth today.

developed nations

In general, women in these nations have higher access to education, employment, and contraception

developed nations

These nations account for only about 20% of the global human population.

developed nations

what factor has a positive correlation with fertility rates and population growth?

economic poverty

industrial stage

employment opportunities increase for women and birth control becomes more widely available, decreasing birth rates; population growth begins to stabilize

what reduces fertility rates?

empowering women; women must be given equality in decision-making power and access to education and job opportunities

increasing affluence lowers __________?

fertility

A country with a population pyramid shaped like a triangle most likely has a _____ population.

growing

poorer societies tend to show _________ population rates than wealthier ones

higher

birth control

includes all efforts to reduce the frequency of pregnancy.

a pyramid with a higher proportion of post-reproductive age adults

indicates a shrinking population

a pyramid with an even age distribution

indicates a stable population

infant mortality rates are closely tied to a nation's..

level of industrialization

low contraceptive use may be combination of ...

low availability (especially in rural areas) and a lack of acceptance due to religious or cultural doctrines

The colors of the bars on the graphs indicate the life stage of the people in that age class. What does it mean if a bar is colored red?

past reproductive age

post-industrial stage

population growth stabilizes or begins to shrink during this stage

Based on a comparison of the age-structure pyramids, which of the following would likely be a higher priority in the Netherlands than in Niger?

providing long-term care for the elderly

Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to increase in size will have what shape?

pyramid (This would mean that most individuals are in the pre-reproductive years. Such a population is expected to increase.)

command-and-control policy

regulatory strategy where government sets a requirement and then enforces individual and corporate actions to be consistent with meeting the requirement; geared toward providing birth control to a bottom-up policy that addresses poverty and social needs first.

death and emigration...

remove individuals from a population

IPAT model

represents how our total impact (I) on the environment results from the interaction of population (P), affluence (A), and technology (T). I=PxAxT

The culturally increased value of male children combined with the one-child policy had lead to...

selective abortion and the killing of female children; creates unbalanced male to female ration

Japan's total fertility rate is 1.4. By comparing this to the replacement fertility level, their population is assumed to be ______

shrinking

Highest human densities are found in ...

temperate, subtropical, and tropical climate

replacement fertility

the TFR that keeps the size of a population stable. For humans, this is 2.1

(Netherlands and Niger age graphs) Look at the age-structure pyramids. The numbers between the bars (in the middle of the graphs) serve as the y-axis. What do these numbers represent?

the age classes in a 5 year range

biocapacity

the amount of biologically productive land available to us

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

the average number of children born per woman during her lifetime

family planning

the effort to plan the number and spacing of one's children

What do the bars on the graphs represent?

the number of males and females in each age group

demography

the study of statistical changes in the human population

reproductive window

the time at which a woman can become pregnant

A country is experiencing a decrease in death rates due to improvements in the food supply and health care. Its birth rates, however, remain high and their population is growing rapidly. In what stage of the demographic transition model is this country?

transitional

In 2015, the one-child policy was immediately altered to a

two-child policy.

The 2014 age-structure pyramid for Niger indicates that the population of Niger ________.

was increasing

affluence

wealth; is built on unsustainable levels of resource consumption

The United Nations predicts that by 2050, the global population will surpass ___ billion

9.7 billion

contraception

a deliberate attempt to prevent pregnancy despite engaging in sexual intercourse

Ignoring migration, the age structure diagram of a human population likely to maintain a relatively stable size will have what shape?

a rectangle tapering toward the top (Such a population is expected to have a relatively stable size.)

demographic transition

a series of stages of economic and cultural change

In the Netherlands in 2014, people between the ages of 45 and 54 made up the largest percentage of the population. What factor is most likely to have caused this bulge in the age pyramid?

a surge in the birth rate after World War II ended in 1945

In the Netherlands in 2014, which age classes contained the largest number of people?

adults between 45 and 54

Some nations in this group are in the transitional stage of the demographic transition model.

developing nations

The nations in this group have populations with many more people in the pre-reproductive age class than in the post-reproductive class

developing nations

These nations will experience the vast majority of population growth in the coming decades.

developing nations

Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to decrease in size will have what shape?

inverted pyramid (In such a population the majority of individuals are in their post-reproductive years. Such a population is expected to decrease.)

life expectancy

the average number of years a person in an age group is expected to live (increases due to drop in infant mortality)

population effects..

the environment

infant mortality rate

the frequency of children dying in infancy

what is a TRUE statement regarding the current world population and global ecological footprint?

the human population is generating an ecological debt

demographic fatigue

when countries are so overpopulated that they may not be able to complete a transition

exponential growth

where a small percentage growth rate still produces a large increase due to the size of the base population.

rate of natural increase

The annual rate of population growth

________ leads to greater per capita resource consumption.

Affluence

ecological reserve

If the footprint is less than its biocapacity

what has helped to reduce infant mortality?

Improved sanitation, modern medicine, and higher agricultural output

What county will soon become the most populous country?

India

demographers study several characteristics of human population:

Size Distribution Age structure Sex ratio Rates of birth, death, emigration, and immigration

Assuming that current trends continue, predict how the age structure of the Netherlands in 2034 will likely differ from that in 2014.

The proportion of the population made up of older adults (65+) will increase.