ENVS1 Quiz 2

pros of aquaculture

- Vast amounts of food - Remove pressure from native fish stocks

causes of undernutrition

-- too poor to purchase food they need, -- political obstacles, especially corruption, -- conflict/war, -- inefficiencies in distribution, -- biofuels.

2016 survey of nearly 9,000 students— nation's largest ever to look at campus food security

19% of UC students go hungry ○ 23% are able to eat but lack steady access to good quality food ○ 1/3 have difficulty studying because hungry ○ 1/4 choose between paying for food vs. education/housing ○ UC and Cal State system ○ 45% of staff go hungry 1/4 of staff have to reduce quality of their diet

lacey act

(1900): first federal law for wildlife conservation based on interstate commerce

fur seal convention

(1911): first treaty for wildlife conservation

basel convention

(on the Control of Transboundary Movt of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal) Ratified at the UN in 1989, now has 182 signatories. USA and Haiti signed but not ratified.

challenges of environmental justice

- Correlation vs. causality? - Timing: which came first? - What are the key variables: race? class? etc.? And how should we isolate the effects of these variables? - Geographic scale and proximity? - How to calculate risk?

program based on assumptions

- Foxes had been safe when bald eagles were around because balds tended to scavenge, while goldens preferred to hunt - Golden eagles will not return in significant numbers because bald eagles, once reestablished, are territorial and would thus fend off any golden eagles that attempted to return - Livestock can be totally eradicated from the islands - Foxes would breed in captivity

levels of biodiversity

- Gene - Individual - Population - Species - Ecosystem - Biome

environmental justice

- Includes race, class, gender, nationality, citizenship, language, etc. - Focuses on environmental inequalities of exposure, risk, access, political power, etc. - Began with focus on African Americans in the US South in the 1980s, although there was a long prehistory - By the 1990s, concern expanded to diverse groups and regions - In the 2000s, expanded to other areas of the world, and began to address broader issues such as climate justice

endangered species act 1973

- Most powerful and comprehensive biodiversity conservation law ever passed by any nation - Passed Congress almost unanimously (Senate: 92-0, House: 390-12); now one of the country's most controversial environmental laws - Federal receivership program for species that have declined under state authority - Around 1500 species listed since passage in 1973 - Two goals: (1) prevent extinctions and (2) promote recoveries

causes of controversy

- Property rights - States' rights - Uneven distribution of costs and benefits - Charismatic megafauna vs. uncharismatic microfauna - Proxy debates - What is the best target for conservation? Who is conservation for? Is it for populations? Species? Ecosystems? Landscapes? Ecological processes? Natural areas?

landfills

1945: roughly 100 landfills. 1955: 1400. Now: about 3100 active landfills and over 10,000 old municipal landfills. Between 1940 and 1968, Americans doubled the amount of solid waste per capita they produced from 2 pounds to 4 pounds. Now 4.4 pounds.

Trends in the Interstate Movement of Trash

1 Trash seems to move from states with high population density to low density. 2 Waste gravitates from states with high per capita incomes to poorer one 3 Trash tends to flow from states confronting fewer air and water pollution problems to those with more of those pollution problems

major benefits of biodiversity

1. Ecosystem Services: Clean air and water 2. Scientific knowledge 3. Instrumental uses (medicines, enhances food security, economic engines for tourism and recreation, etc.) 4. Ethics 5. Aesthetics 6. "Biophilia" 7. Environmental justice

What explains the delay from 1.8 to around 14 million?

1. Many species are small: bacteria, nematodes (roundworms), fungi, etc. 2. What appears to be one species can turn out to be multiple species: taxonomy is a bare-knuckle, full-contact science. 3. Some habitats are inaccessible to human observations: ocean depths, hydrothermal vents, canopies, soils of tropical forests

Sea Level Rise influenced by multi-compartment changes

1. Post-Glacial Rebound influences regional patterns of land rise and fall 2. Thermal Expansion of ocean water (more heat increases water volume) 3. Circulation Changes in Surface & Deep Ocean (water moves along x-axis) 4. Melting Ice previously stored on land

2008 overnutrition levels

10 % of men obese 14 % of women obese

Four Hypotheses to Explain Overexploitation

1. Tragedy of the Commons When rational, self-interested actors seek to maximize their profits, they can exhaust a common pool resource. 2. Technological Determinism The idea that changes in technology drive human behavior (social structure and cultural values). 3. Regulatory Failure Failures to adequately manage ocean resources based on inaccurate assumptions, inadequate laws, or weak enforcement. 4. Lack of International Cooperation Need for better treaties, frameworks, etc. to pool resources, share knowledge, and promote effective management.

how many species have been discovered

1.8 million Estimate of 3 to 100 millions kinds of species, most widely accepted around 14 million.

solutions for younger people by younger people at UCSB

2011 AS food bank UCSB was first school to have someone in charge of food bank goal: provide friendly but confidential services for students in need 1. Resource referral to students, 2. Educational and skill based workshops 3. Resolving longer term issues affecting hunger to ensure that our student community are able to afford the food that they want and need.

1980 overnutrition levels

5 % of men obese 8 % of women obese

• Upwelling brings nutrients from depth to the surface waters • Q:Why is this important?

A: Phytoplankton range is limited by depth (light availability for photosynthesis) and mobility (they cannot "swim" to find nutrients).

1990 CAA

Addressed acid rain, ozone depletions, toxic air pollution New national permit program for stationary sources

other clean air acts

Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, Clean Air Act of 1963, Air Quality Act of 1967, the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970, 1977, and 1990.

aquaculture

Aquaculture, or in marine environments mariculture, is the farming of aquatic or marine organisms for use as food or other resources. Aquaculture has a long history, but has grown tremendously since the 1980s.

results of endangered species act

Few listed species have gone extinct, but few have recovered.

global pattern of biodiversity

Biodiversity tends to be greatest (red) in the tropics and lowest (blue) toward the poles.

biological productivity

Biological Productivity = primary productivity (by autotrophs) + secondary productivity (by heterotrophs like zooplankton) • Thus, high primary productivity supports robust fisheries

process to recover foxes

Biologists captured and transported the golden eagles to northeastern California, the livestock are almost entirely gone from several islands, bald eagles are back, and foxes have bounced back to their earlier population levels.

examples of slow violence

Climate change, toxic drift, deforestation, radioactive exposures, oil spills, acidifying oceans, species loss, unexploded land mines, dam-building, e-waste disposal, tourism displacing indigenous peoples

controversy over MPAs

Controversy can arise over considerations for: - Fairness/equity - Utility/efficiency - Culturalautonomy&integrity - Congruence of Int'l political boundaries to stock/resource boundaries - Especially when a stock has life cycle stages that require different environmental conditions over time - Competinginterests: - People vs people - People vs corporations - People vs animals - Etc.

inventing agriculture

Defined as practices of raising crops and livestock for human use and consumption.

Changing structure of environmental movement: Develop legal and scientific expertise

Environmental Defense Fund (EDF): Start with Scientists (DDT) NRDC: Start with Lawyers

cons of aquaculture

Feces/nutrient loading - Pharmaceuticals & chemicals - Non-native genetic stock (escapees) & pathogens - Sourcing feed for stocks

Professionalization and institutionalization

Federal agencies make it easier to include the environmental groups in the early stages of policy formation rather than fight them in court after the decisions had already been made

Efforts to protect species and diversity--Laws at the state, federal, and international level

First fish and game (wildlife) conservation measures in U. S. began in the mid-19th century

overfishing

Fishing at a rate that exceeds the ability of the target population to replace itself over time.

overnutrition

Form of malnutrition in which a person's weight "is higher than what is considered as a healthy weight for a given height" described as overweight or obese.

2014 UC Global Food Initiative

Goals include: 1. Identify best practices and share widely within UC, California, the nation and the world; 2. Use the power of UC research and extension to help individuals and communities access safe, affordable and nutritious food while sustaining our natural resources; 3. Deploy UC's research to shape, impact and drive policy discussions around food issues at the local, state, national and international levels.distribution of money to UC systems, leverage purchasing power and democratic advantage, Gaucho farmer's market

Global Weather as Global Heat (Energy) Transfer

Greatest heat input from Sun at equator • Evaporation moves heat and water across compartments (oceans to atmosphere) and across latitudes (equator toward poles)

Temperature of Water Affects CO2 dissolution

If Water Temp ↑, then CO2 moves out of water If Water Temp ↓, then CO2 moves into water

where things stand now with the situation

In 2009, Shell settled out of court with a payment of 15.5 million dollars to relatives of Saro-Wiwa and the others executed in mid-1990s campaign of repression. By avoiding a court case, Shell did not have to accept actual wrongdoing.

has pollution increased or decreased over time

It depends on... Macroeconomic development trends Government policies Kinds of pollution and specific locations Who you are: race, class, etc

Ken Saro-Wiwa, Ogoni people of Nigeria, and slow violence

Ken Saro-Wiwa was a member of the Ogoni people, one of the nearly 300 ethnic groups in Nigeria. Ogoni number about 500,000 among Nigeria's population of 180 million people. Since 1960 independence, diverse society suffered under military rule until democratization in 1999. Many local groups in the Niger Delta have shouldered all of the environmental costs of oil infrastructure without financial or social benefits. Environmental costs: Aging infrastructure, poorly maintained, result in oil spills, natural gas flaring— burning of associated natural gas that is produced with oil—pollutes the air, soil, waters, fishing. Ogoni people were not inherently vulnerable people, but were made vulnerable by social, political, environmental forces beyond their control. --Legacy of colonial dispossession and mismanagement --Greed of Nigerian military and ruling classes --International oil companies --Demand for oil as energy to power other places, other peoples --Indifference, ignorance of international audiences who could not see the disaster of the slow violence unfolding on the ground in the Niger Delta

Post-Glacial Rebound a.k.a Continental Rebound:

Land previously under a weight (glacier) rises when weight is removed (glacial ice melts)

Ground Subsidence

Land that was adjacent to "weighted" land was artificially elevated, so it sinks when weight is removed

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

MPAs, a common feature of ocean zoning, seek to protect certain areas from resource exploitation and thus provide for the continued diversity and productivity of regional ecosystems. - 1970: 118 MPAs in 27 nations - 1975: first U.N. conference on marine protected areas - 1994: 1,306 MPAs in many nations - 1995: first U.N. guidelines for Marine Protected Areas - 2012: more than 10,000 MPAs worldwide

golden age

Many laws passed during the "golden age," including the Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972) and the Convention on the International Trade of Wild Flora and Fauna (1973)

what was new about the clean air act of 1970

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for "Criteria" Pollutants: Ozone, Particulate Matter, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide, Lead Management areas designated as either in attainment or non-attainment. If non-attainment, SIP must demonstrate how and when NAAQS will be achieved, maintained, enforced. First major environmental law to include provision for citizen suits

ocean pH

Pre-Industrial average ocean pH = 8.2 Current average ocean pH = 8.1 This corresponds to a drop of 0.1 pH units, representing a 25% increase in acidity over the past two centuries. The oceans currently absorb about a third of human-created CO2 emissions, roughly 22 million tons a day.

Examples of "linkages" between compartments (atmosphere, ocean, land)

Precipitation Evaporation Heat exchange Deposition •Diffusion •Combustion

solutions for pollution

Professionalization/Institutionalization to Freeganism to informal coercion Recognizing slow violence and global dimensions of EJ

king slow violence?

Rob Nixon ○ Multiplier threat ○ Vulnerability of ecosystems are linked with the vulnerability of the poor Aka global south

Rachel Carson

Silent Spring 1962 book about DDT helped increase agricultural production and control insect-born disease, but it badly affected some bird species, which laid eggs with thinner shells that collapsed during incubation widespread indiscriminate use of pesticides

Pollution Regulation

Solutions will be challenging for non-point sources, but rapid reductions could result from better point source regulations. Improvements could be made for non-point sources, too, for example by developing more biodegradable and ecologically benign industrial materials.

species-area curve

Species-area curves show the total number of species per unit area. The shapes of these curves vary for different ecosystems. For example, CA has many different kinds of landscapes, but Amazonian forests have for more species within a given landscape.

what did saro-wiwa believe

written testimony, along with activism, could make a difference in the struggle against neocolonial politics of mineral rights in the Niger Delta.

biological pump

The "Biological Pump" refers to the process wherein phytoplankton aid in drawing carbon (in the form of CO2) into the ocean water due to their photosynthetic needs. Removal of dissolved CO2 from ocean water causes physicochemical pump to increase diffusion of CO2 from atmosphere into water. This carbon that has been incorporated into phytoplankton bodies can potentially become either cycled in the upper ocean or sequestered for long geologic timescales in ocean sediments.

sixth mass extinction

The current extinction event began with the disappearance of the Pleistocene megafauna between about 6 and 14 thousand before the present (BP). The extinction rate increased during the early modern period (1500-1800), and has accelerated during the modern period, what many call the Anthropocene (1800-present).

biodiversity hot spots

The global biodiversity pattern is complicated by regional differences. Thirty-four regions are considered "hot spots" due to their density (.5% or 1500) of endemic species that occur nowhere else.

biodiversity

The total diversity of all life on earth. Includes all levels of biological organization.

Thermohaline Circulation: Global Oceanic "Conveyor Belt"

Thermo = heat Haline = salt • Density of a water mass largely determined by temp & salinity • Density helps determines movement of water mass w/in oceanic basins • More dense water (cooler & saltier) sinks • Less dense water (warmer & fresher) "floats"

international cooperation

Treaties such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), first written in 1982,could facilitate greater cooperation on issues of ocean governance, including sustainable fisheries. The United States is one of the only important maritime countries that has not signed the treaty.

what is slow violence

Typically not viewed as violence at all--not spectacular, not instantaneous Occurs gradually and out of sight Anonymous—starring no one Its delayed destruction dispersed across time and space Incremental, accretive, its repercussions postponed for years, decades, centuries Major threat multiplier Links the vulnerability of ecosystems with the vulnerability of the poor, particularly across the global South.

Polar Ice Melt & Thermohaline Circulation Disruption

Warmer global temperatures lead to: A. Less seasonal sea ice formation, therefore water remains "fresher" at surface due to lack of brine rejection B. Melting of polar ice sheets (on land) introduces low salinity water to areas of deepwater formation, further decreasing salinity and increasing sea level • In combination, these occurrences threaten deepwater formation due to changed water density dynamics • Result: "weakened" Conveyor Belt

ken saro-wiwa

Wrote poetry, novels, newspaper columns, plays, diaries, children's tales, satire. One of the founders of Nigeria's Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) in 1990. Arrested in 1994 and held prisoner without trial for his environmental and human-rights activism. Initially, circa 1990, both international human rights groups and ecological groups were unreceptive to Ogoni cause: Greenpeace, Amnesty International, Friends of the Earth Arrested in 1994 and held prisoner without trial for his environmental and human-rights activism. Gen. Sani Abacha's regime executed Saro- Wiwa, along with 8 other Ogoni activists in Port Harcourt, on November 10, 1995. Execution turned Saro- Wiwa into a modern environmental martyr, the Niger Delta into an international symbol of slow violence. By 1995, the year of Saro-Wiwa's execution, Nigeria's military and mobile police force had killed about 2,000 Ogoni through direct murder and burning villages.

ocean zoning

Zoning has long been a part of land management, but it has only recently become an important component of marine resource management. Ocean zoning involves dividing ocean space into areas where certain activities are permitted or excluded.

mary douglas

anthropoligist context matters when defining waste "Shoes are not dirty in themselves, but it is dirty to place them on the dining-table; food is not dirty in itself, but it is dirty to leave cooking utensils in the bedroom, or food bespattered on clothing; similarly, bathroom equipment in the drawing room; clothing lying on chairs; out-door things in-doors; upstairs things downstairs; under-clothing appearing where over-clothing should be, and so on."

hadley cell circulation

as Atmosphere-Ocean Coupling that transfers heat across the globe • Greater Precipitation around divergence points (equator and poles) • Less Precipitation around convergence points (subtropics)

climate justice

assumes that human rights, development, vulnerability, gender equity, and other social issues are all related to, and in the future will be increasingly shaped by, climate change.

micronutrient deficit

body does NOT get enough vitamins or minerals, iron, zinc, vitamin A, or both.

freeganism

employ alternative strategies for living based on limited participation in the conventional economy and minimal consumption of resources, advocating to not buy anything at all • Range of strategies ○ Buying less stuff ○ Waste minimization ○ Free housing ○ Community gardens ○ Food should be a right not a privilege Doesn't have to be just food

food security

guarantee of an adequate, safe, nutritious and reliable food supply to all people at all times

major causes of biodiversity loss

habitat loss pollution overharvesting invasive species (aka golden eagle)

California Channel Islands

home of the channel island fox started using DDT brown pelican and bald eagle were hit hard from it bald eagles disappeared from the island dispersal of feral animals bc golden eagles starting eating them (pigs and foxes) grad student notices decline in fox population restoration program to stop imminent extinction of animals by a captive breeding program try and move golden and relocate them set out to kill and eliminate the feral livestock

protein-energy deficit

intake of calories falls consistently short of a person's needs. Depends on age, pregnant, activity level, about 1800 calories

clean air act of 1970

involves federalism • Federal governement charging EPA with decreasing pollution • States can defer their responsibility to the federal government • Not all states are involved • States that do want to be involveed have to submit a State Implementation Plan(SIP) to the EPA for approval • It must meet the minimum citeria established by the EPA • SIP becomes the state's legal guide for local enforcement of the CAA

why was the recovery effort controversial

it involved risky actions, such as capturing golden eagles and foxes, and also because it required killing thousands of feral animals.

extinction

like speciation (emergence of new species)--is a natural process. Over the past 65 million years, the background rate, or overall average rate of extinctions in the absence of human action, has been .1-1 species worldwide per year.

extirpation

local extinction or disappearance of a particular population from a given area, but not the entire species globally.

undernutrition

long-term dietary condition that includes either protein-energy deficit or micronutrient deficit or both.

mass extinction

many have occurred in short, catastrophic events, such as the "K-T" event that annihilated so many dinosaur species over 65 million years ago.(the big 5)

Water Masses have distinct "signatures" determined largely by

temperature & salinity Taken together, these determine the property of density

species richness

the total number of species in an area Amphibian diversity is clustered mainly in the wet tropics.

pollution

trash nutrients

2 subcategories of malnutrition

undernutrition and overnutrition

Body Mass Index

used as a screening tool for overweight or obesity

Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane (DDT)

used extensively as an insecticide during World War II for troops serving in tropical areas where malaria was present. After 1945, DDT became a popular civilian tool for controlling insect pests during an age of increasing agricultural production. Much of it was manufactured by the Montrose Chemical Company in Los Angeles.

oceanic carbon cycle

• CO2 from atmosphere dissolves into ocean to reach equilibrium. • Once dissolved into water, chemical reactions determined by the ocean's innate chemistry transform CO2 into H2CO3 and then HCO3-. This process releases a free H+ ion into the water, raising the H+ concentration, thereby lowering pH and increasing acidity.

California Marine Life Protection Act (1999)

• Calls for the creation of a science-based, citizen-planned network of MPAs • South Coast Regional Planning Process ➡ 50 days of meetings, 64-person regional stakeholder group ➡ Regulations adopted in December 2010 ➡ 36 new MPAs, 187 square miles (8%) of state waters ➡ 116 square miles (4.9%) as "no take" ➡ Added to preexisting 168 square miles (7%) of reserves in the northern Channel Islands ➡ Santa Barbara is now a global center of MPAs

primary production

• Driven by nutrient availability (N, P, Fe, other micronutrients) • Nutrients upwelled (along coasts or from open-ocean gyres) from old, nutrient-rich deepwaters • Primary Production: creation of biomass via fixation of C by photosynthesizing organisms • On land, these organisms are grasses, trees, etc. • In the ocean, one of the most important groups of organisms are microscopic phytoplankton

eutrophication

• Excessively high nutrient input -> • Explosive algal growth -> • Quick die-off -> • large amount of biomass to be decomposed -> • Decomposition (biological and chemical) draws oxygen out of the water column -> • RESULT: low (hypoxia) to no (anoxia) oxygen available in the water for fish and other oxygen- breathing organisms. Either flee or die.

Maximum Sustained Yield (MSY)

• Fisheries managers often define overfishing as take that exceeds the largest yield possible from a population at equilibrium. • MSY can be expressed in terms of population size, fishing effort, or time. • Critique (from conservation biology): How many individuals need to exist for a population to be healthy and genetically robust going into an uncertain future? e.g. population bottleneck and the risks of low-diversity genetic "monocultures"

Until WWI, most Americans produced little trash

• Merchants continued to sell most food, hardware, and cleaning products in bulk. • Consumers practiced habits of reuse that had prevailed up until 1920s. - Food scraps - Durable goods - Toys. - Parts reused or sold to 'junk men' - Fuel for homes or cooking By 1945, most americans had become largely unaware and uninterested where their food came from and where their trash went "a solid waste stream" • Example: paper was biggest source of solid waste ○ 130 tons a day in 1870s to much more ○ Sellers link them to important societal values § Cleanliness, modern, convenience

Threats to the Ocean as we Know it

• Ocean Acidification (OA) related to anthropogenic CO2 emissions • Decreasing Ocean pH threatens calcifying organisms such as corals, mollusks, and important primary producers like coccolithophores by increasing the potential of their body structures to dissolve and/or causing physiological stress, thus compromising their overall health and reproductive fitness. • Pollution • Trash • Eutrophication (nutrient excess) • Other (pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, etc.) • Sea Level Rise and Disruption of Thermohaline Circulation related to Global Warming • Overfishing/Overexploitation

Global Warming (Anthropogenic Climate Change)

• The increased emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs), such as CO2 and methane, into the atmosphere as a result of human activity. • The Sun emits energy (shortwave radiation) that is absorbed by the Earth and re-emitted into the atmosphere as (longwave) thermal radiation. • GHGs in atmosphere absorb thermal radiation, thereby holding it within the Earth's atmosphere and re-emitting it back towards the Earth' surface as heat. • This increases the Earth's average global surface temp (warms oceanic waterthermal expansion)

upwelling

• Upwelled waters are: • Old (can be up to 1000 yrs) • Cold • Nutrient rich • Acidic (low pH)/corrosive • The nutrients in upwelled waters "feed" primary producers, leading to high biological productivity and thus productive fisheries

Marginal Place for Marginal Waste:

○ Fresh Kills, Staten Island NYC Opened in 1947, peak production in 1960s, 20 barges a day, 650 tons each, 13,000 tons a day. Closes in 2001, out of state, out of mind

khian sea barge

○ Vessel that is a symbol of the american trash crisis ○ Philadelphia used to send its garbage to NJ ○ Basel convention ○ 480 ft. vessel carrying waste ○ Moving from Philadelphia to bahamas because NJ didn't want it anymore ○ Keeps being told no ○ Everyone hates it ○ Haiti said sure, they needed the money ○ They told them it was soil fertilizer, then Haiti said peace out when they found out ○ Vessel dumped some trash and then dipped out ○ The stuff goes missing somewhere between asia and US § Sketchy!! ○ Owners convicted of lying ○ Khian Sea is an example of NIMBYism § Not in my backyard Pushing off problems to someone else