envy 1402// CHAPTERS 17,18,19

What does the y-axis show? a. the amount of energy saved, in kilowatt-hours per year b. the current price of energy, in dollars per kilowatt-hour c. the cost of conserved energy, in dollars per kilowatt-hour d. the cost of an energy investment

c.

Predominant greenhouse gas produced by burning fossil fuels

carbon dioxide

All fossil fuels, including coal, are considered an indirect form of ____________ energy. a. nuclear b. geothermal c. wind d. solar e. renewable

d.

Most abundant greenhouse gas

water vapor

What organisms, abundant in the Arctic ecosystem, produce about half the oxygen we breathe? A. zooplankton B. phytoplankton C. organisms living on the seabed D. organisms living under sea ice

B.

What was the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at 8:00 A.M.? A. 0.35 ppm B. 0.15 ppm C. 0.18 ppm D. 0.35% E. 0.15%

A. 0.35 ppm

high-pressure system

A system containing cool air that spreads outward as it descends

Carbon monoxide ________. A. blocks oxygen transport in human blood B. is consumed by plants for photosynthesis C. is produced by plants during photosynthesis D. causes ozone depletion E. is a major component of the atmosphere

A.

Which of the following questions is best addressed by studying ice samples from Antarctica? View Available Hint(s) A. How have the atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide changed in the last 100,000 years? B. When did humans first inhabit South America? C. How has the direction of the prevailing winds changed in the past 100 years? D. What diseases have impacted polar bears over the past 1,000 years?

A.

Which of the following factors would be most likely to lead to an overall increase in the level of photochemical smog? A. windy weather B. a temperature inversion C. increased fuel efficiency in automobiles D. installation of scrubbers on factory smokestacks E. increased use of public transportation

B. a temperature inversion

desert

Biome that generally occurs around 30 degrees north and south of the equator

What is most likely to have caused the levels of ozone and photochemical smog to decline after 4:00 P.M.? A. The production of smog declined as the afternoon rush hour began. B. The production of pollutants declined as smelters and factories closed down for the night. C. The production of smog declined as the amount of sunlight decreased. D. The rate of photosynthesis declined as the sun began to go down.

C. The production of smog declined as the amount of sunlight decreased.

What does the y-axis show? A. concentration of pollutants, in parts per billion B. time of day, in four-hour intervals C. concentration of pollutants, in parts per million D. concentration of pollutants, as percentages

C. concentration of pollutants, in parts per million

Hadley cells

Convective cells near the equator

If we take a sample of ice from 10 meters beneath the surface and find that it is 1,000 years old, where would we need to look for ice that is about 10,000 years old? View Available Hint(s) A. about five meters below the surface B. a little deeper, about 12 meters below the surface C. about one meter below the surface D. much deeper, about 100 meters below the surface

D.

In 1970, the source of most of the airborne lead emissions in the U.S. was ________. A. coal-burning power plants B. pencil factories C. water pipes D. paint E. gasoline

E.

You have been hired by a rapidly growing small city to improve the air quality, which has deteriorated in the past 10 years. What would be a logical action to take? A. try to negotiate with the large city downwind whose factories produce large amounts of pollution B. decrease the amount of CFCs used locally C. move or close the cattle feedlots located along the nearby river D. remove the hydroelectric dam on the nearby river E. improve transportation options, including carpool lanes, buses, and light rail

E.

thermal inversion

Reversal of normal vertical temperature distribution in the lower region of the atmosphere

thermosphere

The highest level of our atmosphere, with relatively few molecules per unit area

stratosphere

The layer of Earth's atmosphere containing the "ozone layer"

Troposphere

The layer of Earth's atmosphere in which we live

Global warming has been greatest in this area of the planet

arctic

How much energy would be saved by adding insulation to ceilings? a. about $0.06 per kilowatt-hour b. about 2,000 kilowatt-hours/year c. about 3,000 kilowatt-hours/year d. about 5,000 kilowatt-hours/year

b.

Energy conservation in the United States ________. a. can be accomplished by changes in tax laws b. becomes more difficult during times of war c. can be achieved through personal actions and more efficient technologies d. is unlikely to ever occur c. can be accomplished only through changes in technological efficiencies

c.

Alaskans benefit from the trans-Alaska pipeline because Alaska's state constitution requires approximately 25% of state revenues associated with the oil industry to be placed into a monetary fund called the Permanent Fund, which ________. a. pays for education of native Alaskans through scholarships b. is used for social infrastructure, such as hospitals, roads, and schools c. is divided equally among the politicians in the state for running their offices d. is used as a main source of funds to reduce environmental damage d. pays yearly dividends to all Alaska residents

d.

Produced by microbes decomposing matter in landfills and swamps

methane

Evidence from polar ice core analysis shows that, until now, global carbon dioxide levels have never exceeded ________ ppm in the last 800,000 years. A. 500 B. 300 C. 1000 D. 200 E. 25

B.

During peak usage, what happens to the cost of electricity? a. It almost always increases. b. It depends on where the power plant is located. c. It depends on the time of the year. d. Cost of electricity always stays the same. e. It almost always decreases.

a.

Compound that contributes to short-term atmospheric cooling

sulfate aerosol

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reported that physical, biological, and economic evidence exists confirming global climate change due to human-produced greenhouse gases. Although the United States emits most of Earth's carbon dioxide, its policies do not reflect concern over its environmental effects. The United States failed to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement signed by other developed nations to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Requested voluntary reductions of carbon dioxide emissions have not been effective in reducing greenhouse gases. Revisions to the 1970 Clean Air Act, called the "Clear Skies Initiative," were proposed to limit mercury, nitric oxides, and sulfur oxide emissions from power plants. Nicknamed by Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., as the "Clear Lies Initiative," this proposal did not specifically address emission of carbon dioxide, and its loopholes excluded older power plants from having to modernize, seemingly supporting pollutive industries with political influence. Environmentalists are arguing for immediate action, including stricter laws to limit power plant carbon dioxide emissions and subsidies for renewable energy. They favor "portfolio standards," requiring electric companies to provide clean energy alternatives to consumers and "green tags," "wind certificates," and "green pricing" to support the use of alternative fuels. Why do environmentalists and scientists advocate immediate action, including stricter laws to limit power plant carbon dioxide emissions and subsidies for renewable energy? A. These industries produce the most greenhouse gases. B. Power companies do not have labor unions that oppose legal restrictions. C. These industries export goods to all other nations on Earth. D. No laws currently exist to regulate these industries. E. Environmentalists do not want to anger farmers, even though agriculture produces the most carbon dioxide.

A.

How do dust particles from the vast deserts in China affect weather patterns? The dust __________. View Available Hint(s) A. increases the chances of snowfall in Australia B. increases the chances of rainfall in California C. decreases the chances of snowfall in Oregon D. decreases the chances of storms in Europe

B.

Part complete In the Arctic, scientists are using a device called the "rosette." The rosette helps the scientists __________. View Available Hint(s) A.track the movements of polar bears in the Arctic B. sample water from surface to seabed C. measure the direction and temperature of ocean currents D. measure atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases

B.

The Montreal Protocol ________. A. is an example of a failed attempt to reduce international air pollution B. resulted in a significant reduction in the production of CFCs by signatory nations C. developed the international treaty for eliminating sulfur emissions from nuclear power plants D.developed the framework for reduction of carbon dioxide in the United States and Canada E. addressed the transnational movement of acid-forming pollutants

B.

The relative humidity is the ________. A. amount of oxygen a given volume of air holds relative to the maximum amount it could hold at a given temperature B. amount of water vapor a given volume of air holds compared to the maximum amount it could hold at a given temperature C. difference in available water vapor at midnight and at noon D. amount of oxygen in the atmosphere E. amount of water vapor in the atmosphere

B.

VIDEO How does China's air pollution get to the United States? China's air pollution __________. A. settles into the ocean and drifts across the Pacific to the west coast of the United States B. is moved by the jet stream to the west coast of the United States C. is carried by winds over Europe and the Atlantic Ocean to the east coast of the United States D. is carried by jets traveling from Asia to the United States

B.

VIDEO Ice that formed thousands of years ago is often found to contain tiny bubbles of gas. This gas came from __________. View Available Hint(s) A. tiny phytoplankton that lived in the water before it froze B. the atmosphere C. tiny zooplankton that lived in the water before it froze D. water vapor released from melting ice

B.

What is most likely to have caused the increase in atmospheric nitrogen oxide (NO) between 4 A.M. and 7 A.M.? A. generation of electricity in coal-fired plants B. exhaust from vehicles during morning rush hour C. emissions of heavy metals from smelting plants D. reactions driven by sunlight

B. exhaust from vehicles during morning rush hour

What is most likely to have caused the rapid increase in photochemical smog between 8 A.M. and 11 A.M.? A.reactions of sulfur oxides (SOx) with water vapor in sunlight B.reactions of nitrous oxides (NOx) and VOCs with oxygen in sunlight C.emissions of heavy metals from smelting plants D.exhaust from vehicles during morning rush hour

B. reactions of nitrous oxides (NOx) and VOCs with oxygen in sunlight

According to the graph, how much warmer on average were global temperatures in the year 2000 than in the year 1900? A. 1.2°C B. 0.9°C C. 0.6°C D. Average global temperatures were about the same both years. E. 0.3°C

C.

In general, China's air pollution __________. View Available Hint(s) A. increases the amount of ice that forms in the Arctic region B. falls out in rain over the ocean C. decreases rainfall in California D. increases the amount of snowfall in eastern Europe

C.

In the wake of the U.S. failure to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, ________. A. the United States has shown that it is a leader in carbon emission reduction without having signed the Protocol B. many nations have severed diplomatic relations with the United States C. U.S. cities and states are setting their own programs for reducing greenhouse gas emissions E. dozens of other nations pulled out of the Protocol D. oil exporting nations have refused to sell to the United States

C.

One consequence of CFC pollution is ________. A. the eutrophication of waterways B. the movement of toxins into lakes and rivers, poisoning fish C. increased rates of skin cancer in humans D. accelerated damage to human red blood cells increased rates of respiratory irritation and lung cancer

C.

Recent, warmer Arctic temperatures have meant that polar bears have __________. View Available Hint(s) A. less food and must hunt over greater distances through increasing snow and ice B. more food but must spend more time swimming C. less food and must spend more time swimming D. more food but must hunt over greater distances through increasing snow and ice

C.

Seasons are a result of ________. A. differences in the distance between Earth and the sun B. changes in day length C. differences in the amount and intensity of sunlight brought about by the tilt of Earth's axis D. alterations in Hadley cells E. the phases of the moon

C.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is an international panel that ________. A. could not achieve its objectives because of lack of popular support B. fines companies that pollute C. reports on how climate change influences wildlife, ecosystems, and society D. constructed the Kyoto Protocol E. performed the research included in the climate change findings

C.

The best fit between observed and model data is shown by the model that ________. A. incorporates observed global temperature changes B. emphasizes natural factors over anthropogenic factors C. incorporates both natural and anthropogenic factors D.reflects both observed and predicted temperature changes E. incorporates only natural factors

C.

Which of the following would occur if the Earth's axis were not tilted rather than being tilted 23.5 degrees? A.The northern tier of the contiguous United States would experience winter days during which the sun would not rise above the horizon. B. The mid-latitudes would remain cold throughout the year. C. Seasons would not occur. D. The sun would rise in the west and set in the east. E. Regions of the Arctic and the Antarctic would experience warmer summers and colder winters.

C.

Which one of the following types of scientists would most likely be interested in the information we can learn from ice cores from Antarctica? View Available Hint(s) A. criminologists B. zoologists studying amphibians C. climatologists interested in climate change D. anthropologists interested in the evolution of human's use of tools

C.

________ is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that may cause lung cancer. A. Carbon monoxide B. Helium C. Radon D. Secondhand smoke E. Hydrogen sulfide

C.

In which period was the concentration of photochemical smog highest? A.11:00 P.M. to 3:00 A.M. B.12:00 noon to 4:00 P.M. C.11:00 A.M. to 3:00 P.M. D.8:00 A.M. to noon

C. 11:00 A.M. to 3:00 P.M.

VIDEO - chapter 18 In the Arctic, factors that __________. A. increase zooplankton populations will most likely lower fish populations B. reduce phytoplankton populations will most likely increase fish populations C. increase zooplankton populations will most likely lower seabird populations D. reduce phytoplankton populations will most likely reduce fish populations

D.

The huge dust storms that took place in the United States in the 1930s ________. A. were the result of glacier melt B. were triggered by tornados, worsened by global climate change C. were the result of polar cells D. were the result of ozone depletion E. were the result of poor farming techniques

E.

Which of the following is an adaptation response to climate change? A. building a nuclear power plant to replace an outdated coal-burning power plant B. replacing incandescent light bulbs with LED bulbs C. increasing fuel efficiency of new automobiles D. replanting a tropical rainforest E. a Pacific island nation building higher seawalls

E.

Which of the following may result in a positive feedback mechanism that would intensify climate change? A. At higher temperatures, trees increase rates of photosynthesis. B. Warmer temperatures result in increased evaporation of water, leading to an increase in cloud cover. C. A large volcano emits huge quantities of sulfate aerosols into the atmosphere. D. An increase in rainfall results in increased plant growth. E. Warmer temperatures result in the melting of permafrost.

E.

Earth's atmosphere can cause global warming because ________. a. molecules in the atmosphere trap heat radiated from Earth's surface b. fossil fuels release heat when they are burned c. plants release CO2 d. plants absorb CO2 e. warm air cannot escape, as in a greenhouse

a.

Growing rice results in the release of ________ into the atmosphere. a. methane b. sulfur oxides c. nitrous oxide d. ozone e. sulfate aerosols

a.

In Johannesburg, South Africa, the South West Township (Soweto) was one of several areas established early in the last century for blacks to live away from the white ruling minority. On the hills surrounding Soweto, the company that provides South Africa's electricity, Eskom, built a large coal-burning power plant. The electricity was for white areas of Johannesburg, miles away from the plant, and the residents of Soweto had no electrical connections. Along with many other governmental reforms that began in 1994, the electrical plant just outside Soweto was closed in 2000, and other plants were brought into use. Some parts of Soweto were then wired for electricity. It is estimated, however, that only about 30% of the more than 1.2 million black inhabitants have electricity in their homes; the remainder either cannot afford the costs involved or live in areas that have no electrical access. These inhabitants probably use ________ for fuel. a. wood and coal b. natural gas and backyard windmills c. natural gas and solar cells d. charcoal and candles e. gas-powered home generators

a.

Which of the following energy investments would be cost-effective to install? a. triple paned windows b. ground source heat pump c. solar hot water heating d. gas stove

a.

The greenhouse effect involves warming of Earth's surface and the ________. a. thermosphere b. troposphere c. ionosphere d. stratosphere e. mesosphere

b.

What is the cost of conserved energy for compact fluorescent lighting? a. about $.02 per kilowatt-hour b. about $.08 per kilowatt-hour c. about $.12 per kilowatt-hour d. about 1,500 kilowatt-hours per year

b.

Which country leads the world in coal production and consumption by extracting and consuming approximately half of the world's annual coal yield? a. India b. United States c. China d. Russia e.Canada

b.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of eminent domain? a. Residents of the Chicago area who were in the proposed path of Interstate 355 were forced to sell their homes and move when the interstate was built. b. The conversion of landscapes is an inescapable effect of our reliance on fossil fuels. c. Settlers in the Oklahoma Territory were allowed to claim land during the land rush. d. The transportation sector has shifted away from using coal as an energy source and now relies almost entirely on oil. e. The United States government pays subsidies to the fossil fuel industry despite the negative environmental impacts of fossil fuel use.

b.

In Johannesburg, South Africa, the South West Township (Soweto) was one of several areas established early in the last century for blacks to live away from the white ruling minority. On the hills surrounding Soweto, the company that provides South Africa's electricity, Eskom, built a large coal-burning power plant. The electricity was for white areas of Johannesburg, miles away from the plant, and the residents of Soweto had no electrical connections. The fact that there is a high sulfur content in the coal burned in South African power plants means that the ________. a. coal is very expensive, forcing most poor people to go without electricity b. coal is very inexpensive, leading to an improved economy c. power plants contribute to acid deposition d. power plants emit high levels of radioactive pollution e. power plants burn cleanly, with little pollution

c.

In the U.S., which of the following is used almost exclusively, but not entirely, for the production of electricity? a. nuclear b. coal c. natural gas d. oil e. renewables

c.

The bars on the graph are not of equal width. What does the width of each bar represent? a. the cost-effectiveness of each energy investment b. the cost of conserved energy for each investment, in dollars per kilowatt-hour c. the amount of energy saved by an investment, in kilowatt-hours per year d. the amount of energy saved by an investment, in kilowatts per year

c.

The oil spill resulting from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster ________. a. is considered a minor incident compared to other oil spills b. was quickly cleaned up, preventing loss of wildlife and damage to fisheries along the Gulf Coast c. is the largest accidental oil spill in world history d. resulted in a permanent ban on all offshore drilling in U.S. coastal waters e. eclipsed all non-point oil spills by 500%

c.

Where is electricity made at a coal-fired power plant? a. cooling tower b. boiler c. generator d. control room e. silo

c.

Which of these energy investments is the least expensive to install? a. solar hot water heating b. triple paned windows c. adding insulation to ceilings d. cannot be determined from the graph

c.

chapter 19// graph What does the y-axis show? a. the amount of energy saved, in kilowatt-hours per year b. the current price of energy, in dollars per kilowatt-hour c. the cost of conserved energy, in dollars per kilowatt-hour d. the cost of an energy investment

c.

Crude oil is ________. a. formed less than 100 yards below the surface; in deeper places with more pressure, coal is formed b. formed in a wide range of temperature and pressure circumstances c. usable in its raw form d. refined to separate the chemicals used for gasoline, lubricants, plastics, and other products e. composed of three different hydrocarbon molecules

d.

Energy can be conserved by ________. a. replacing mass transit with more and larger roads for cars and trucks b. repealing the law of entropy c. using cogeneration in automobiles, especially in SUVs d. using heat from a power plant to heat nearby homes e. replacing compact florescent with tungsten bulbs

d.

How much energy would the family save by investing in all of the features that are cost-effective at the current price of energy? a. about $.12 per kilowatt-hour b. about $.13 per kilowatt-hour c. about 7,000 kilowatt-hours per year d. about 9,000 kilowatt-hours per year e. about 13,000 kilowatt-hours per year

d.

If the cost of energy rose to $.18 per kilowatt-hour, which of the following would be true? a. Investing in a ground source heat pump and a gas stove would become cost-effective. b. Installing triple paned windows would no longer be cost-effective. c. The cost-effectiveness of all the investments would remain the same. d. Investing in a solar hot water heating and a ground source heat pump would become cost-effective.

d.

VIDEO Many pollutants from coal-fired power plants are properly managed today. Which of the following is currently considered to be the biggest threat to the environment? a. nitrous oxide b. sulfur dioxide c. methane gas d. carbon dioxide e. oxygen

d.

What color smoke coming from a coal-fired power plant would indicate wasted fuel? a. red b. green c. white d. black e. clear

d.

Which of the following energy sources is considered nonrenewable? a. solar energy b. geothermal energy c. tidal energy d. wind energy e. fossil fuel energy

e.

By-product of feedlots, chemical manufacturing, and fertilizer use

nitrous oxide

Stratospheric greenhouse gas that absorbs the sun's incoming short-wave radiation

ozone

What gas comprises the largest portion of Earth's atmosphere? A. argon B. oxygen C. ozone D. sulfur E. nitrogen

E.

Which of the following is a consequence of acid deposition? A.It increases the likelihood of low-lying ground fogs. B. It results in offshore eutrophication, damaging coral reefs. C. It creates rainwater that can damage skin cells or cause cancers. D. It is increasing the rate of global warming. E. It leaches important minerals from soils.

E.