ESC1000C Exam 1

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The Cascade Range in the Pacific Northwest is an example of ocean-ocean subduction.

False

The top horizon of a soil is called the A horizon.

False

The widening of cracks in a rock by water expanding as it freezes is ___________________________.

Frost wedging

A mineral is defined as natural, solid, and _______________ with a specific chemical composition and ordered internal structure.

Inorganic

Curving island chains that are associated with subduction zones and are volcanic in origin are _______________________.

Island arcs

Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust.

True

Rainwater is slightly acidic because of the dissolved carbon dioxide.

True

Relative dating does not depend on establishing a specific numerical age.

True

Rocks can also form from ions precipitating out of solution.

True

If rock layers are ______________________, then groundwater can flow through them.

permeable

The Moment Magnitude and Richter Scales are scales that scientists use to give a numerical value to the magnitude of an earthquake. Magnitude is ______________________________________.

the measure of the amount of energy released by an earthquake

A hypocenter or focus is ______________________________________.

the point along the fault plane under the surface

The stratigraphic principle that states that a rock that is cut by a fault or igneous intrusion is older than the thing that cuts it is ______________________.

Cross-cutting relationships

A tabular (flat) igneous intrusion that cuts across and does not follow the layers of the surrounding rock is a(n) ________

Dike

What type of plate boundary is seen in diagram A?

Divergent

Erosion is defined as the physical or chemical processes of breaking down Earth material in place at the surface.

False

Laboratory created diamonds are also considered minerals.

False

A possible answer to a scientific question that will be tested is a(n) _____________________.

Hypothesis

Sinkholes and disappearing streams that we see in Florida are characteristic of ___________

Karst

_______________ is molten rock at the Earth's surface while _____________ is molten rock that is underground.

Lava, magma

_______ is the main agent of erosion

Liquid water

The lava that creates shield volcanoes is ______

Mafic

_______ was a cartographer who's map of the seafloor helped pave the way for plate tectonic theory.

Marie Tharp

A _________________________ delineates the change from both the Paleozoic Era to the Mesozoic Era, and the Mesozoic Era to the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale.

Mass extinction

Minerals that are composed of only one element, such as diamond, are called __________________________________.

Native elements

Hotspots are associated with ____________

No plate boundary

What type of plate boundary is seen in Diagram C?

Transform

In the diagram above, B and D represent a _________________________________.

Trench and Mid-ocean ridge

An aquifer is a large body of permeable, saturated material with extractable groundwater

True

Cleavage is the tendency of minerals to break along zones of weakness that make parallel planes.

True

In general, an unconformity is a buried erosional surface represents a large gap in geologic time within a rock or stratigraphic sequence.

True

Liquid Mercury is not considered a mineral.

True

Salt is a common groundwater contaminant.

True

The organic part of a soil is called humus

True

Uniformitarianism is the assumption that the chemical and physical laws of nature have not changed.

True

Earthquakes may create a large sea wave or ____________________.

Tsunami

All of the following are properties that control the flow of groundwater through rocks EXCEPT ___________________.

Types of minerals in the water

An earthquake is ______________________________.

a sudden release of energy stored in rocks as they slide past each other

Dating rocks using the decay of radioactive isotopes is ____________________.

absolute age dating

Which if these is NOT a volcanic hazard _______________.

acidic lakes

Intrusive igneous rocks form ________________________________________.

below ground

Rocks can form in all of the following ways EXCEPT ______________________________.

by the process of accumulation on the Earth's surface

In the water cycle, the process by which clouds cool and water molecules bond together before falling toward Earth.

condensation

The volume of water flowing past a point in the stream over a defined time interval is ________________.

discharge

Chemical weathering occurs in a warm, humid climate, like Florida ______________ than it does in cold, dry settings.

faster

The first step of the scientific method is to ____________________

formulate a question

The area of sediment production of a stream is its __________________ and the _______________ is the area of sediment deposition.

headwater, mouth is

What type of stream is in the image above?

meandering stream

The type of drainage pattern that you would find on symmetrical mountains such as volcanoes is ________________.

radial

All of the following are known sources for groundwater contamination EXCEPT __________________________.

retail stores

In limestone caves, ______________________ hang from the ceiling as they form and ________________________grow upward from the floor of the cave.

stalactites, stalagmites

How old is the Earth?

4.5 billion years old

Unlike stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes have ____________________ slopes.

Broad, gentle

Which of the following is not a common type of volcano?

Butte

The layer of the Earth that is most associated with producing the magnetic field is ________________.

Outer core

Which of the following waves will travel thought solid or liquid rock?

P-waves

In Earth's history, which of the following came first?

Precambrian

______ is a combination of air, water, minerals and organic matter.

Soil

Which of these is not an agent of metamorphism?

Sunlight

The stratigraphic principle that states that in a sequence of sedimentary rock the older rock is on the bottom and the younger rock is on the top is _______________________________.

Superposition


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