ESC1000C Exam 1
The Cascade Range in the Pacific Northwest is an example of ocean-ocean subduction.
False
The top horizon of a soil is called the A horizon.
False
The widening of cracks in a rock by water expanding as it freezes is ___________________________.
Frost wedging
A mineral is defined as natural, solid, and _______________ with a specific chemical composition and ordered internal structure.
Inorganic
Curving island chains that are associated with subduction zones and are volcanic in origin are _______________________.
Island arcs
Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust.
True
Rainwater is slightly acidic because of the dissolved carbon dioxide.
True
Relative dating does not depend on establishing a specific numerical age.
True
Rocks can also form from ions precipitating out of solution.
True
If rock layers are ______________________, then groundwater can flow through them.
permeable
The Moment Magnitude and Richter Scales are scales that scientists use to give a numerical value to the magnitude of an earthquake. Magnitude is ______________________________________.
the measure of the amount of energy released by an earthquake
A hypocenter or focus is ______________________________________.
the point along the fault plane under the surface
The stratigraphic principle that states that a rock that is cut by a fault or igneous intrusion is older than the thing that cuts it is ______________________.
Cross-cutting relationships
A tabular (flat) igneous intrusion that cuts across and does not follow the layers of the surrounding rock is a(n) ________
Dike
What type of plate boundary is seen in diagram A?
Divergent
Erosion is defined as the physical or chemical processes of breaking down Earth material in place at the surface.
False
Laboratory created diamonds are also considered minerals.
False
A possible answer to a scientific question that will be tested is a(n) _____________________.
Hypothesis
Sinkholes and disappearing streams that we see in Florida are characteristic of ___________
Karst
_______________ is molten rock at the Earth's surface while _____________ is molten rock that is underground.
Lava, magma
_______ is the main agent of erosion
Liquid water
The lava that creates shield volcanoes is ______
Mafic
_______ was a cartographer who's map of the seafloor helped pave the way for plate tectonic theory.
Marie Tharp
A _________________________ delineates the change from both the Paleozoic Era to the Mesozoic Era, and the Mesozoic Era to the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale.
Mass extinction
Minerals that are composed of only one element, such as diamond, are called __________________________________.
Native elements
Hotspots are associated with ____________
No plate boundary
What type of plate boundary is seen in Diagram C?
Transform
In the diagram above, B and D represent a _________________________________.
Trench and Mid-ocean ridge
An aquifer is a large body of permeable, saturated material with extractable groundwater
True
Cleavage is the tendency of minerals to break along zones of weakness that make parallel planes.
True
In general, an unconformity is a buried erosional surface represents a large gap in geologic time within a rock or stratigraphic sequence.
True
Liquid Mercury is not considered a mineral.
True
Salt is a common groundwater contaminant.
True
The organic part of a soil is called humus
True
Uniformitarianism is the assumption that the chemical and physical laws of nature have not changed.
True
Earthquakes may create a large sea wave or ____________________.
Tsunami
All of the following are properties that control the flow of groundwater through rocks EXCEPT ___________________.
Types of minerals in the water
An earthquake is ______________________________.
a sudden release of energy stored in rocks as they slide past each other
Dating rocks using the decay of radioactive isotopes is ____________________.
absolute age dating
Which if these is NOT a volcanic hazard _______________.
acidic lakes
Intrusive igneous rocks form ________________________________________.
below ground
Rocks can form in all of the following ways EXCEPT ______________________________.
by the process of accumulation on the Earth's surface
In the water cycle, the process by which clouds cool and water molecules bond together before falling toward Earth.
condensation
The volume of water flowing past a point in the stream over a defined time interval is ________________.
discharge
Chemical weathering occurs in a warm, humid climate, like Florida ______________ than it does in cold, dry settings.
faster
The first step of the scientific method is to ____________________
formulate a question
The area of sediment production of a stream is its __________________ and the _______________ is the area of sediment deposition.
headwater, mouth is
What type of stream is in the image above?
meandering stream
The type of drainage pattern that you would find on symmetrical mountains such as volcanoes is ________________.
radial
All of the following are known sources for groundwater contamination EXCEPT __________________________.
retail stores
In limestone caves, ______________________ hang from the ceiling as they form and ________________________grow upward from the floor of the cave.
stalactites, stalagmites
How old is the Earth?
4.5 billion years old
Unlike stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes have ____________________ slopes.
Broad, gentle
Which of the following is not a common type of volcano?
Butte
The layer of the Earth that is most associated with producing the magnetic field is ________________.
Outer core
Which of the following waves will travel thought solid or liquid rock?
P-waves
In Earth's history, which of the following came first?
Precambrian
______ is a combination of air, water, minerals and organic matter.
Soil
Which of these is not an agent of metamorphism?
Sunlight
The stratigraphic principle that states that in a sequence of sedimentary rock the older rock is on the bottom and the younger rock is on the top is _______________________________.
Superposition