ESL Praxis Study

SIOP Model

Lesson Preparation. Interaction. Building Background. Practice and Application. Comprehensible Input. Lesson Delivery. Strategies. Review and Assessment

A

Which of the following is a minimal pair? A. scent...rent B. scent...cent C. rend...spend D. rent...sent

B

Which of the following sentences is an example of passive voice? A. Mario needed to pay $25 to enter the contest. B. Mario was given $25 after he won the contest. C. They gave Mario $25 after he won the contest. D. Before Mario entered the contest, he had paid $25.

A

Which of the following words contains a diagraph? A. cushion, B. hardly, C. taxi, D. represent

C

"Do you know the geographic location of the North and South Poles?" Which of the following best represents the primary stress pattern a native speaker of standard American English would use in pronouncing the word geographic? A. *--- B. -*-- C. ---* D. --*- (pick letter)

C

A student who pronounces the word "sport" as (E sport) is attempting to simplify a consonant cluster through A. coarticulation B. metathesis C. epenthesis D. deletion

A

According to Cummins, which of the following would most likely be considered a "context reduced" learning task? A. listening to a biology lecture B. discussing a project with a classmate C. using a graphic organizer to classify information D. reading a textbook that contains illustrations and bolded key vocabulary (Cummins uses cognitive academic language proficiency CALP)

convergence

Refers to strategies that individuals use to adapt to or accommodate the other's communication style, for example, their formality of register to reduce social differences

A

To whom is the concept of transformational grammar credited? A. Chomsky B. Finocchiaro C. Cummins D. Krashen

A

When she first began teaching, Ms. Miller focused on listening and speaking skills with her ELLs. However, state-mandated ESL assessments that evaluate reading and writing as well as listening and speaking have motivated her to place emphasis on all four language skills. This effect of the state-mandated assessments on teaching is called: A. washback B. benchmarking C. reliability D. norming

C

Which activity requires students to identify metalinguistic differences? A. Rose-play these two scenarios: 1. Talk to a friend about the unfairness of your school's new dress code. 2. Talk to the principal about the unfairness of your school's new dress code. B. Explain how changing the stress in the sentence "What are you (doing)?" to "What are (you) doing? also changes the meaning. C. Study the four sentences on the board. What rule can you give to explain the different forms of the verb "have" in these sentences? D. Put yourself in a situation where you can observe people from a distance without being noticed; for example, at a shopping mall or grocery store. Write a short description of your experience and guess what the relationship between the people might be. Be sure to include the reasons for your guess.

Krashen

Who created the input hypothesis related to comprehensible input?

Gerund

a form that is derived from a verb but that functions as a noun, in English ending in -ing

lexical approach

a way of analyzing and teaching language based on the idea that it is made up of lexical units rather than grammatical structures. The units are words, chunks formed by collocations, and fixed phrases.

functional-notional approach

a way of structuring a syllabus around "notions," real-life situations in which people communicate, which are further broken down into "functions," specific aims of communication

Epenthesis

addition of one or more sounds to a word especially to the interior of a word

Behaviorist Theory

all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. This learning theory states that behaviors are learned from the environment, and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behavior

Structural Approach

an approach in the study of language that emphasizes the examination of language in very detailed manner. This strategy, which is considered a traditional approach, examines language products such as sounds, morphemes, words, sentences, and vocabulary

modal verbs

an auxiliary verb that expresses necessity or possibility. English includes must, shall, will, should, would, can, could, may, and might

direct method

focuses on full immersion in the classroom environment where not one word of the students' native language is spoken

Language Experience Approach

integrates speaking and listening, reading and writing through the development of a written text based on first hand experiences

Natural Approach

methodology for second language learning which focuses on communicative skills, both oral and written observations of how children acquire their native language. It attempts to adapt this process of language acquisition to an adult learning environment.

self-monitoring

noticing gaps between what one wants to say and what one can say

negative washback

occurs in situations where there may be a mismatch between the stated goals of instruction and the focus of assessment

Diagraph

one sound represented by two letters

Reliability

refers to the consistency of a measure (whether the results can be reproduced under the same conditions)

sociocultural theory

stresses the role that social interaction plays in psychological development. It suggests that human learning is largely a social process, and that our cognitive functions are formed based on our interactions with those around us who are "more skilled."

whole language approach

teaches students to recognize core words as a single word instead of having them sound out all words

paralinguistic

the aspects of spoken communication that do not involve words

back channeling

the feedback which a listener gives to a speaker to show that (s)he is following, or understands what the speaker is saying

natural order

the idea that children learning their first language acquire grammatical structures in a pre-determined, 'natural' order, and that some are acquired earlier than others

accommodation

the process by which individuals may take on values and beliefs of the host culture in the public sphere, while maintaining the parent culture in the private sphere

Assimilation

the process in which a minority group or culture comes to resemble a society's majority group or assume the values, behaviors, and beliefs of another group whether fully or partially.

Overgeneralization

the process of extending the application of a rule to items that are excluded from it in the language norm, as when a child uses the regular past tense verb ending -ed of forms like I walked to produce forms like *I goed or *I rided.

positive transfer

the similarity between the target language and mother tongue

acculturation

transfer of values and customs from one group to another. Japanese people dressing in Western clothing. A process by which the culture of an isolated society changes on contact with a different one.

Validity

accuracy of a measure (whether the results really do represent what they are supposed to measure)

B

A middle school science teacher is giving the class directions to set up a laboratory experiment. While giving the directions, the teacher points to each piece of equipment to help the ELLs better understand the lesson. As the students begin to set up the experiment, the teacher notices that the ELLs seem confused are not arranging the equipment property. Which of the following would be most likely to increase the comprehension of the ELLs? A. While giving directions, the teacher will write key terms on the board so that the ELLs see the names of the equipment. B. While giving directions, the teacher will demonstrate physically how to use the equipment so that the ELLs can see and hear what to do. C. The teacher will set up the ELL's experiments before the class begins. D. The teacher will pair native English speakers with ELLs so that the English speakers can explain how to set up the experiment.

universal grammar approach

all languages possess the same set of categories and relations and that in order to communicate through language, speakers make infinite use of finite means,

C

According to the Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach (CALLA), which of the following is an example of a cognitive learning strategy? A. group work B. error correction C. making inferences D. scaffolding

Comprehensible Input

Allows students to take in information in a low-anxiety environment using meaningful interaction in their target language in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding

B

An ELL says "I goed to school at eight o'clock this morning." The student's use of "goed" is an example of A. negative washback B. overgeneralization C. self-correction D. recasting

information-processing theory

an approach to cognitive development studies that aims to explain how information is encoded into memory. It is based on the idea that humans do not merely respond to stimuli from the environment. Instead, humans process the information they receive.

C

an intermediate level ESL class has just finished reading an article online. The teacher assigns an essay in which the students are asked to take a stand on the issue presented in the article and provide data to support their opinion. Which rhetorical mode should students use in their essays? A. description B. exposition C. argumentation D. narration

Infinitive

Examples include, "to walk," "to read," or "to eat." Infinitives can act as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. As a noun, they might act as the subject of the sentence. For example, "To travel is the only thing on her mind." As an adjective, they'll modify a noun.

consonant cluster

Group of consonants with no vowels between them

comprehensible input

In daily lessons, Ms. Peterson, an ESL teacher uses vocabulary words and sentences structures that her students have seen before. Additionally, he incorporates words and structures that they have not yet studied. Ms. Peterson is using the concept of (comprehensible input, natural order, positive transfer, self-monitoring)

D

In many countries English is one of the official languages and is used by nonnative speakers on a daily basis for conducting business and as the language of instruction in schools. This type of English is best described as: A. jargon B. register C. standard dialects D. nonnative varieties

C

In the case of Lau v. Nichols (1974), the Supreme Court determined that: A. all children living in the United States have a right to a free public education regardless of their own or their parents' immigration status B. schools must revise testing procedures to accurately assess the achievement of students for whom English is a second language C. schools must provide opportunities for English language instruction to students who are not proficient in English D. schools are forbidden to release any information about a student's immigration status to any government agency

sheltered content instruction

Krashen, comprehensible input, SIOP, comprehensive curriculum in all content areas as we develop student's English language skills. The program instructs students to speak, read, and write in English.

convergence

Makoto, a high school ELL, was in the school hallway speaking to his peers using an informal register with a good deal of slang. When Ms. Richards, his math teacher, approached him while he was with his friends, Makoto immediately spoke to her in a highly formal register. This is an example of: back-channeling, convergence, self-repair, feedback

B

Mr. Johnson is an ESL middle school teacher who views language as a complex collection of grammatical rules that are to be learned in a set order. For example, in his beginner ESL class, he asks the students to practice and use "to be" in the present tense before introducing the present continuous tense "to be" with the auxiliary verb. Mr. Johnson is most likely to be following the A. functional notional syllabus B. structural approach C. direct method D. natural approach

C

Ms. Biava, a first-grade teacher, is concerned about one of her ESL students, Eliza. Eliza spoke very little English when she arrived one year ago at the beginning of the school term. Since then she has made very little progress learning English. Ms. Biava is concerned that there may be learning disabilities present. Which of the following would be the best first step for Ms. Biava to take? A. Talking to the child study team about testing the student for learning disabilities B. Interviewing the parents to get their input and opinion about the student's abilities C. Trying academic interventions suggested by the ESL teacher and recording the results D. Waiting another year to observe Eliza's progress when she is in second grade

objective

Ms. Lee uses fill in the blank grammar tests to assess her ELL's knowledge of verb tenses. Which of the following terms best describes this type of testing? (objective, portfolio, subjective, holistic)

C

Ms. Solonick is a 3rd grade teacher with a small group of intermediate-proficiency level ELLs in her class. It is now the middle of the year, and Ms. Solonick is concerned that during classroom discussions the ELLs rarely participate. When she asks questions in class, the ELLs rarely respond, even when she is sure that they know the answer. What is the most likely reason for the ELLs' unwillingness to participate or respond to Ms. Solonick's questions? A. The ELLs are undergoing a period of articulation. B. The ELLs are experiencing an extended silent period. C. The ELLs come from a teacher-centered school system. D. The ELLs are not interested in the topic of instruction.

C

One feature of a two-way immersion program is that it promotes: A. subtractive bilingualism B. sheltered content instruction C. additive bilingualism D. immersion in English (pick letter)

D

Susie and her family moved to the U.S. five years ago from South Korea. Many of the Korean ELLs in her class have kept their original names, but Susie recently decided to change her name and chooses to speak only English during the school day. Susie's parents are happy that she has chosen to adopt American cultural practices but are worried she will lose her Korean identity and language. Based on the description, Susie is most likely experiencing: A. positive transfer B. interlanguage C. acculturation D. assimilation

B

TEFL refers to teaching English to (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) *think overseas A. native English speakers studying a foreign language B. nonnative speakers of English in a non-English-speaking country C. nonnative speakers of English in an English-speaking country D. native English speakers in a non-English-speaking country

minimal pairs

What are words or phrases that differ in one phonological element and have different meanings?

metalinguistic

What focuses on the ability to explain the rules and processes of a language?

present perfect progressive

a verb tense which is used to show that an action started in the past and has continued up to the present moment Ex. She has been sitting in class since early this morning.

auxiliary verbs

a verb used in forming the tenses, moods, and voices of other verbs (helping verbs) Am, is, are, was, were, will, have, has, had, may, might, can, could, shall, should, must, ought to, would

C

Which activity focuses exclusively on the paralinguistic features of communication? A. Study the four sentences on the board. What rule can you give to explain the different forms of the verb "have" in these sentences? B. Working with a partner, take turns acting out these two situations. 1. Complain to your best friend about your math grade. 2. Complain to your math teacher about your math goals. C. Observe the Americans on the video, with the sound turned off. What do you think their relationship is to each other? What do you think they are talking about? What clues help you guess? D. Read the following statements aloud. Without changing the order of the words, read the statements again as if they were questions.

B

Which activity focuses on life-skills exercises? A. Study the four sentences on the board. What rule can you give to explain the different forms of the verb "have" in these sentences? B. Working with a partner, take turns acting out these two situations. 1. Complain to your best friend about your math grade. 2. Complain to your math teacher about your math grade. C. Observe the Americans on the video, with the sound turned off. What do you think their relationship is to each other? What do you think they are talking about? What clues help you guess? D. Read the following statements aloud. Without changing the order of the words, read the statements again as if they were questions.

A

Which activity is characteristic of a total physical response approach to language instruction? A. An ESL teacher is teaching her students how to make applesauce. She first teaches basic cooking vocabulary and techniques by saying the words "peel," "cut," "mix", "add," and "pour" as she demonstrates the actions. She then says, "Ok, peel the apples," and students follow her step-by-step directions. B. An ESL teacher is helping her students practice listening skills. She gives students the partial lyrics to popular songs, to which the students must listen and then fill in the blank spaces in the lyrics. C. An ESL teacher is teaching her students how to write paragraphs. She takes a basic paragraph and cuts the sentences into strips. She asks the students to arrange the sentences in logical order. D. An ESL teacher is teaching her students classroom vocabulary. She makes a work sheet with pictures of important objects that students will encounter in her class. She has students make flash cards with the name of each object and then practice saying and spelling the words with a partner.

B

Which activity practices aural skills through a cloze activity? A. An ESL teacher is teaching her students how to make applesauce. She first teaches basic cooking vocabulary and techniques by saying the words "peel," "cut," "mix", "add," and "pour" as she demonstrates the actions. She then says, "Ok, peel the apples," and students follow her step-by-step directions. B. An ESL teacher is helping her students practice listening skills. She gives students the partial lyrics to popular songs, to which the students must listen and then fill in the blank spaces in the lyrics. C. An ESL teacher is teaching her students how to write paragraphs. She takes a basic paragraph and cuts the sentences into strips. She asks the students to arrange the sentences in logical order. D. An ESL teacher is teaching her students classroom vocabulary. She makes a work sheet with pictures of important objects that students will encounter in her class. She has students make flash cards with the name of each object and then practice saying and spelling the words with a partner.

A

Which of the following activities most effectively uses technology to provide writing practice in English in an intermediate ESL classroom? (Pick letter) A. Having students correspond by e-mail with a pen pal whose native language is English B. Having students use a computer to copy English sentences from a textbook C. Having students use a software program that displays direct translations from the ELLs' native language D. Having students write basic directions in English for using a computer program

A

Which of the following approaches is based on the assumption that language consists of meaningful chunks that, when combined, produce fluent coherent speech, and that only a minority of spoken sentences are entirely novel creations? A. The lexical approach B. The whole language approach C. The universal grammar approach D. The language experience approach

C

Which of the following scenarios is an example of an ELL's interlanguage? A. Student 1: (Student points to a pencil) Student 2: "Do you want a pencil?" B. Student: "It's hot. Open the ventana." Teacher: Ok, I'll open the window. C. Student: "I bathroom go?" Teacher: "Yes, you may go to the bathroom." D. Student 1: "You wanna come to my house after school?" Student 2: "No, I can't."

C

Which of the following statements best reflects the sociocultural perspective on language acquisition? A. Language learners acquire the target language more quickly through a large amount of exposure. B. Language learners acquire linguistic features in a predictable and systematized sequence. C. Language learning takes place when learns interact with more knowledgeable people within their ZPD. D. Language learning is most successful if a teacher choses inductive, rather than deductive methods of instruction.

A

Which of the following theories supports teaching methods that foster learning through apprenticeship and scaffolding? A. sociocultural theory B. behaviorist theory C. cognitive theory D. information-processing theory

1

Which sentence contains a gerund? 1. Studying is important! 2. She has been studying for the test. 3. Will she be studying next week? 4. She could have studied last week (numbers)

D

With whom is the comprehensible input hypothesis associated? A. Chomsky B. Finocchiaro C. Cummins D. Krashen

Interlanguage

a language produced by a learner of a second language that often has grammatical features not found in either the learner's native language or the language being acquired

self-repair

a repair that is performed by the speaker of the utterance that needs repair

Washback

a term used in education to describe the influence, whether beneficial or damaging, of an assessment on the teaching and learning that precedes and prepares for that assessment

Krashen

learners progress in their knowledge of the language when they comprehend language input that is slightly more advanced than their current level. this level of input "i+1", where "i" is the learner's interlanguage and "+1" is the next stage of language acquisition. Who is associated with this?

expletive

phrases or sentences that begin with "There are," "There is," "It is," or "It was."

Cognitive Theory

uses metacognition—"thinking about thinking"—to understand how thought processes influence learning Ex. Explicit Learning. ... Implicit Learning. ... Meaningful Learning. ... Discovery Learning. ... Receptive Learning. ... Non-Associative Learning (Habituation and Sensitization) ... Emotional Learning. ... Experiential Learning.

Recasting

when a communication partner repeats something a child says with more detailed language, or more correct language. For example.... The child says, "mommy home" and the adult responds with, "Yes! Mommy is home!"

subtractive bilingualism

when a student learns a second language at the expense of their first language

Additive Bilingualism

when a student's first language continues to be developed while they're learning their second language