Esophagus and Upper GI
Where is the duodenum located?
first part of the small intestine
Where does the digestion process begin?
in the stomach
What is gastritis?
inflammation of the lining of the stomach
The stomach is divided into four regions
cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
The expanded portion of the terminal esophagus, which lies in the abdomen, is called the?
cardiac antrum
The pharynx and esophagus are organs of ______________?
deglutition
The large intestine, or colon, is an organ of _____________ ?
egestion
What does egestion mean?
elimination of waste matter
Where is the rectum located?
end of large intestine
The gastrointestinal (GI) consists of how many regions? What are they called?
5 regions the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small bowel, and large bowel
What is chyme?
Food that has been mechanically and chemically broken down
Where is the cardia of the stomach located?
The cardia of the stomach is the section immediately surrounding the esophageal opening. -
What are the four layers of the esophagus?
fibrous, muscular, submucosal, mucosal
What are the routine projections/positions for an Esophagram?
RAO, AP/PA, Left Lateral, LAO
What does masticated mean?
chewed
Where is the colon located?
large intestine
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum
How long is the adult esophagus?
10 inches in length and 3/4 inches in diameter
The whole gastrointestinal (GI) tract extends about ?
29-30 feet
What is a Hiatal Hernia?
A protrusion of part of the stomach into chest through esophageal opening of the diaphragm.
A single contrast study use ______________ or ____________________ contrast only to evaluate the anatomy.
A single contrast study use barium or water-soluble contrast only to evaluate the anatomy.
What are the routine projections/positions for an Upper GI?
AP Scout, RAO, AP/PA, Right Lateral, LPO
For both an Esophagram and an Upper GI study, the patient will begin the exam standing in front of the fluoroscopy machine in an ________ or ___________ position and drink contrast upon the radiologist's instructions in order to coat the esophagus.
AP or AP oblique positon
What is the purpose of an Esophagram?
An Esophagram is performed to evaluate the function and motility of the esophagus and its connection to the stomach at the esophagogastric junction.
What is the purpose of an Upper GI Series?
An Upper GI Series is performed to evaluate the function and motility of the esophagus, stomach, and proximal small bowel (the duodenum) through the use of fluoroscopy and barium sulfate contrast agents. 2 Esophagram and Upper GI Series are done the same. Just looked at different parts of the GI tract
What is Barium Sulfate? What does it adhere to?
Barium Sulfate - water insoluble, adheres to the walls of the stomach
Why is RAO the most common recumbent position ?
Because gastric peristalsis is most active in this position
Where is the large intestine?
Between the Ileum and the anus
In the mouth, food is masticated (chewed) and converted into a _____________?
Bolus
Where does the esophagus originate?
C6
Where is the body of the stomach located?
Descending from the fundus and beginning at the level of the cardiac notch is the body of the stomach. The inner mucosal layer of the body of the stomach contains numerous longitudinal folds called rugae. When the stomach is full, the rugae are smooth. The body of the stomach ends at the vertical plan passing through the angular notch.
Where is the Pyloric portion of the stomach located?
Distal to the body of the stomach, which consists of the pyloric antrum and the narrow pyloric canal to the immediate right of the angular notch.
How are double contrast studies different from single contrast studies and why?
Double contrast studies use air as a type of contrast in addition to barium by ingestion of a gas-producing substance such as powder or crystals. This allows better visualization of small lesions within the upper GI tract.
What is Gastrografin/Omnipaque? What is it used for?
Gastrografin/Omnipaque - Water-soluble, so that if contrast escapes into the peritoneum through a preexisting perforation of the stomach or intestine, no ill effects will result. The contrast is readily absorbed from the peritoneal cavity and excreted by the kidneys.
How is the stomach positioned in an Asthenic body habitus?
In persons of Asthenic habitus the stomach is vertical and occupies a low position, with its most dependent portion extending well below the transpyloric, or interspinous.
How is the stomach positioned in a Hypersthenic body habitus?
In persons of hypersthenic habitus the stomach is almost horizontal and is high
The accessory glands include what? What does it do?
Include the salivary glands, liver, gall-bladder, and pancreas Secretes digestive enzymes into the alimentary canal.
Where is the digestion process completed?
It is completed in the small bowel.
What position is more prominent when standing and looking for tiny lesions in the esophagus?
LPO
What is the most common position used to obtain more complete filling of the esophagus and to check for various pathologies of the esophagus and the stomach?
RAO
Where is the Ileum located?
RLQ
In the lower thorax the esophagus passes through the diaphragm at?
T 10
The esophagus joins the stomach at the esophagogastric junction, which is at the level of the xiphoid tip, which is located?
T 11
What is the valsalva maneuver? What is it used for?
The act of forcing a deep breath against the closed glottis or the larynx. This is achieved by a straining action as if trying to move the bowels and is used to check for hiatal hernias.
How many openings does the diaphragm have? what are they?
The diaphragm has only three openings: the esophagus, the aorta (an artery) and the inferior vena cava (a vein)
What is the esophagus?
The esophagus is a long, muscular tube that carries food and saliva from the laryngopharynx to the stomach.
Where is the fundus of the stomach located?
The fundus is the superior portion of the stomach of the stomach that expands superiorly and fills the dome of the left hemidiaphragm. When the patient is in the upright position, the fundus is usually filled with gas and in radiography is referred to as the "gastric bubble"
The Greater Curvature is located on what side of the stomach?
The left border
The Lesser Curvature is located on the what side of the stomach?
The right border
What are the two parts of the digestive system?
accessory glands and alimentary canal
Where is the cecum located?
at the junction between the small intestine and the large intestine
What is Gastroesophageal reflux?
backward flow of the stomach contents into the esophagus
Where is the Jejunum located?
between duodenum and ileum
Where is the small intestine?
between stomach and large intestine
What are the components parts of the alimentary canal?
mouth, in which food is masticated and converted into a bolus by insalivation The pharynx and esophagus, which are the organs of swallowing The stomach, in which the digestive process begins The small intestine, in which the digestive process is completed The large intestine, which an organ of egestion and water absorption that terminates at the anus
Where is the anus located?
near the siphons
Where is the appendix located?
right lower quadrant
What does deglutition mean?
swallowing