ESS Quarter: chapters 1-7
what is AMDR
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (from most needed to least - carbs, fats, proteins)
In the United States, overnutrition is less common than undernutrition
All of the following statements are true about undernutrition and overnutrition EXCEPT ________.
VLDL
Contains only about 15% of the cholesterol in the bloodstream but carries the largest share of the triglycerides
Symptoms
Deficiency disease can cause subjective health problems called ________, which may include headaches, dizziness, and fatigue.
true
People who have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are more likely to develop colorectal cancer than people who do not have the syndrome.
Improves bowel Motility, lowers blood cholesterol, slows the rise in blood glucose after a meal
Potential health benefits of dietary fiber
RDA
Recommended Dietary Allowance
Vitamins and Minerals
Regulates body processes
stomach
Where protein digestion begins
fish, poultry, and meat
Which of the following groups of foods contribute most of the protein in the typical American diet?
balanced diet
a diet that contains the combinations of foods that provide the proper proportions of nutrients
peptic ulcer
Deep, dull upper abdominal pain
ADMR for fat
20-35% (400-700 calories)
what is RDA
Average amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of nearly all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a particular life stage/sex group.
Gallbladder
Bile is stored in the
How does sucrose change the configuration (shape) of sucrase?
By binding to the active site of the enzyme
LDL
Carries most of the cholesterol in the bloodstream and transports cholesterol to cells
nonessential amino acids
-may be referred to as dispensable amino acid -body can make these amino acids -aspartic acid is this type of amino acid
Essential amino acids
-may be referred to as indispensable amino acid -must be supplied by food -tryptophan is this type of amino acid
ADMR for protein
10-35% (200-700 calories)
EER
Estimated Energy Requirement
The synthesis of a specific protein is the end product of a number of intermediate steps. Place the protein synthesis steps in the order in which they occur to create a specific protein.
1.a gene is transcribed producing messenger RNA 2. Messenger RNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of the cell 3.messenger RNA travels to the ribosomes where the mRNA code is translated to produce a specific protein 4. During translation ribosomes and tRNA link amino acids together to produce a polypeptide chain 5. the polypeptide chain twists and folds into the three-dimensional structure of the protein coded for by the gene
energy contribution of protein
4 kcal/gram
ADMR for carbohydrates
45-65% (900-1300 calories)
energy contribution of carbohydrates
4kcal/gram
energy contributions of fat
9kcal/gram
fiber
A person experiencing constipation should consider adding more _______ to his/her diet.
Essential nutrients
A(n)_____is one that must be provided by the diet because it cannot be produced by the body in the amount that is needed.
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Abdominal cramps, loose stools, mucus in stools
AMDR
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
saturated fatty acids ,trans fat and cholesterol
According to the Dietary Guidelines (2015-2020), people should limit their intake of ____________ to less than 10% of total calories, and keep ---------intakes as low as possible.
10%
According to the Dietary Guidelines, Americans should consume less than ______ of calories from saturated fat.
refined carbohydrates
Added sugars are a form of ____________ .
excessive emotional stress
All of the following are thought to be primary causes of peptic ulcers EXCEPT _______.
Mouth and Salivary glands
Amylase is released here to start starch digestion
avoid consuming alcohol
As part of Adrian's treatment for the intestinal problem, his doctor recommends that Adrian _______.
a peptic ulcer
Based on this information, Adrian probably has _______.
pancreas ,small intestine
Bicarbonate, which is secreted by the ____________ , is a base that neutralizes the acidity of chyme in the ____________ .
Liver
Bile is necessary for some nutrient digestion and absorption; bile is produced in the
Sucrase
Breaks disaccharide into glucose and fructose
Lactase
Breaks disaccharide into glucose and galactose
Maltase
Breaks disaccharide into two molecules of glucose
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Burning pain in the upper chest area
chylomicron
Carries absorbed dietary lipids away from the intestinal tract
Disaccharide: Maltose,Sucrose,Lactose Monosaccharide: glucose, fructose, galactose
Classify the simple sugars as disaccharides or monosaccharides.
dietary fiber
Compared to a traditional diet that is based on animal foods, a vegan diet is higher in _______.
Oxidized LDL
Damaged LDL that is taken up by the arterial cells and forms plaque
Signs
Failure to consume adequate amounts of nutrients can lead to noticeable and measurable physical changes that are______of deficiency disease
Rectum
Feces are held here
promotes colon health
Fiber increases fecal (stool) size and softness:
Reduces cardiovascular disease risk
Fiber reduces cholesterol absorption and increases cholesterol excretion:
Helps promote weight loss
Fiber-rich food has lower energy content than the same volume of low-fiber food
a handful of peanuts
Foods differ in their protein quality. A complete protein provides adequate amounts of all essential amino acids. An incomplete protein lacks adequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids. Which of the following foods contains incomplete protein?
loss of teeth
Frequent choking on food
Water
Helps eliminate waste
Stomach
Hydrochloric acid is released here to participate in protein digestion
stomach
Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the _______.
liver cancer
Inability to store many nutrients
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult to eliminate bowel movements
Peristalsis
Involuntary muscle contractions that move swallowed material through the gastrointestinal tract are called _______.
smoking inactivity HDL choloesterol=31 mg/dL Elevated C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP) Levels
Known CVD risk factor
increase consumption of milk and cream to coat the stomach lining
Linda has a history of peptic ulcers. To prevent having a recurrence of such ulcers, she should take all of the following steps EXCEPT _______.
the stomach is lined with a layer of mucus that protects it
Linda has heard that during digestion, the stomach can have a very acidic environment. If the stomach is so acidic, why doesn't the acid damage the muscular walls of the stomach?
Essential fatty acids must be supplied by food. Subcutaneous fat stores triglycerides and helps keep the body warm. Phospholipids are a major component of plasma membranes. Cholesterol is used to make certain hormones.
Lipids have many functions in the body as well as in foods. Select all of the statements that are true.
Heart disease and Cancer
Many of the top ten leading causes of death in the United States are associated with certain dietary practices. What are the top two leading causes of death in the United States?
ignoring normal urges to defecate
Melanie has chronic constipation. Which of the following recommendations is NOT an effective way of alleviating constipation?
jejunum
Most digestion and absorption occurs here
small intestine
Most nutrient absorption occurs in the _______.
Small intestine
Most nutrients are digested and absorbed here using enzymes
Phytochemicals
Non-nutrient compounds that are made by plants and may influence health are called ____________ .
total blood cholesterol=176 mg/dL total cholesterol: HDL cholesterol ration=3:1 blood triglyceride levels of 130 mg/dL
Not a known CVD risk factor
Stomach infection (H. pylori)
Now that you know what condition Adrian is experiencing, identify the most probable cause of his intestinal problem.
lack of hydrochloric acid production
Overgrowth of harmful bacteria in the stomach tract
Gallstone formation
Poor fat digestion
fish, nuts, and vegetable oils.
To fulfill such recommendations, diets should emphasize the consumption of -------
UL
Tolerable Upper Intake Level
HDL
Transports cholesterol from cells to the liver
the excess amino acids can contribute to dehydration
Trayvon is interested in bodybuilding. He read an article in a bodybuilding magazine that stated he should dramatically increase his protein intake. What happens to excessive protein intake?
beef, whole milk, butter
What foods have naturally occurring trans fatty acids?
Liver
What organ produces bile?
Adipose cell
Which of the following structures stores triglycerides in the form of fat droplets?
Use liquid plant oils (olive oil or canola oil) instead of solid fats (butter or coconut oil)
Which of the following would be the best way for a college student to decrease his or her intake of saturated fat?
frequent heart burn
Your friend suffers from a disorder in which stomach acid damages the lining of her esophagus. What signs or symptoms is your friend probably experiencing?
Vomiting and diarrhea
_____ are associated with high risk of dehydration.
adequate diet
a diet that provides enough of the energy, nutrients, and fiber to maintain a person's health
salivary amylase
begins breakdown of starch in the mouth
In simple terms, sucrase _______.
breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose
6 classes of essential nutrients
carbohydrates, fats & other lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water
high quality (complete) proteins
chicken egg quinoa whey (milk protein) soybeans
Stomach
hydrochloric acid is released here to participate in protein digestion
wellness
overall state of well-being or total health
Nutrition
study of factors affecting availability and choices, identifying chemical compounds of food, effects of food on health and disease risk, and actions of food chemicals on the body
what is UL
the highest average amount of a nutrient that is unlikely to harm most people when they consume that amount daily.
Colon
The absorption of water and some minerals occurs here; has vast numbers of bacteria living in it
Insulin
allows cells to take in glucose
How often can a sucrase enzyme be used to hydrolyze sucrose?
many times
Small intestine
most nutrients are digested and absorbed here using enzymes
Macronutrients
nutrients needed in gram amounts daily and that provide energy; carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
duodenum
shortest segment of small intestine
Micronutrients
vitamins and minerals
Colon
the absorption of water and some minerals occurs here; has vast numbers of bacteria living here
58-201 grams of protein a day
Cleveland, a 24-year-old male, wants to estimate his protein needs based on the AMDR. The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that 10-35% of calories come from protein. If Cleveland follows a 2,300-kilocalorie diet, approximately how many grams of protein per day should he consu
plyoric sphincter
Controls the rate of flow of food from the stomach into small intestine
Carbohydrates and Proteins
Provides a source of energy
casserole made with quinoa, milk and cheese
Celiac disease is a condition characterized by destruction of intestinal villi and poor nutrient absorption. A person with celiac disease should avoid all of the following meals EXCEPT _______.
plain water
Replace soft drinks, sweet tea, and sugary commercial coffees with ____________ .
ileum
Segment of the small intestine that is before the large intestine
Antioxidants
Some nutrients function as ____________ ; these are substances that protect other compounds from being damaged or destroyed by certain environmental factors.
Chemistry
Studying nutrition means you must also have an understanding of ____________ , the study of the composition and characteristics of matter and changes that occur to matter.
stomach
The churning movements of the ____________ help mix food with gastric juice.
Energy dense
The energy value of a food in relation to its total weight defines how ____________ a food is.
varied diet
A diet in which you eat a wide selection of foods to get necessary nutrients
Diet
The usual pattern of foods that you choose to eat is referred to as your
fat
The primary nutrient that bile helps digest is
Dimensions of Wellness
physical, emotional, intellectual, social, cultural, spiritual, environmental, occupational
moderate diet
A diet that avoids excessive amounts of kcalories or any particular food or nutrient to maintain proper weight
Nutrient dense
A food or beverage that contains more key beneficial nutrients in relation to its total calories is called a(n) ____________ food.
high in empty calories
A food or beverage that contributes excessive amounts of unhealthy solid fat, added sugars, and/or alcohol to the diet is ____________ .
fresh fruit
A healthy snack that is not a rich source of added sugars is ____________ , peanuts, or plain yogurt.
60 grams of protein a day
If Paola is a healthy 24-year-old female who weighs 166 pounds, approximately how many grams of protein per day should she consume to promote protein equilibrium and meet the RDA for protein for a healthy adult? (One kilogram = 2.2 pounds)
Nutrients
The foods that you eat contain________, chemicals that are necessary for proper body functioning.
Metabolism
The making of proteins, generation of energy, and disposal of waste are all chemical processes that in total are referred to as your ____________ .
feces in the rectum
The presence of ______ stimulates a reflex that facilitates the elimination of solid wastes from the body.
Cell
The smallest living functional unit in an organism is called a(n) ____________ .
insulin, usually by injecting the hormone into body
The treatment for type 1 diabetes always includes _______.
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
The treatment of _____ is likely to involve an elimination diet.
simple and complex carbohydrates
The two major kinds of carbohydrates are _______.
Excess amino acids are used to meet energy needs or converted to and stored as fat.
What happens to protein when it is consumed in excess of the body's needs?
converted to glucose or fat
When a person eats more protein than his or her body needs, the extra protein is _______.
is high in sodium
When cooking, people should avoid adding large amounts of miso to food, because it _______.
a)glucose b)fructose c)galactose
Which monosaccharide is added to a glucose molecule to make the disaccharide in the right-hand column? a)Maltose b)Sucrose c)Lactose
healthful diet
a diet that provides the proper combination of energy and nutrients and is adequate, moderate, balanced, and varied
what is EER
defines the average daily energy intake that meets the needs of a healthy person maintaining h/h weight
low quality (incomplete) proteins
gelatin rice garbanzo beans