ESS Quarter: chapters 1-7

what is AMDR

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (from most needed to least - carbs, fats, proteins)

In the United States, overnutrition is less common than undernutrition

All of the following statements are true about undernutrition and overnutrition EXCEPT ________.

VLDL

Contains only about 15% of the cholesterol in the bloodstream but carries the largest share of the triglycerides

Symptoms

Deficiency disease can cause subjective health problems called ________, which may include headaches, dizziness, and fatigue.

true

People who have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are more likely to develop colorectal cancer than people who do not have the syndrome.

Improves bowel Motility, lowers blood cholesterol, slows the rise in blood glucose after a meal

Potential health benefits of dietary fiber

RDA

Recommended Dietary Allowance

Vitamins and Minerals

Regulates body processes

stomach

Where protein digestion begins

fish, poultry, and meat

Which of the following groups of foods contribute most of the protein in the typical American diet?

balanced diet

a diet that contains the combinations of foods that provide the proper proportions of nutrients

peptic ulcer

Deep, dull upper abdominal pain

ADMR for fat

20-35% (400-700 calories)

what is RDA

Average amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of nearly all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a particular life stage/sex group.

Gallbladder

Bile is stored in the

How does sucrose change the configuration (shape) of sucrase?

By binding to the active site of the enzyme

LDL

Carries most of the cholesterol in the bloodstream and transports cholesterol to cells

nonessential amino acids

-may be referred to as dispensable amino acid -body can make these amino acids -aspartic acid is this type of amino acid

Essential amino acids

-may be referred to as indispensable amino acid -must be supplied by food -tryptophan is this type of amino acid

ADMR for protein

10-35% (200-700 calories)

EER

Estimated Energy Requirement

The synthesis of a specific protein is the end product of a number of intermediate steps. Place the protein synthesis steps in the order in which they occur to create a specific protein.

1.a gene is transcribed producing messenger RNA 2. Messenger RNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of the cell 3.messenger RNA travels to the ribosomes where the mRNA code is translated to produce a specific protein 4. During translation ribosomes and tRNA link amino acids together to produce a polypeptide chain 5. the polypeptide chain twists and folds into the three-dimensional structure of the protein coded for by the gene

energy contribution of protein

4 kcal/gram

ADMR for carbohydrates

45-65% (900-1300 calories)

energy contribution of carbohydrates

4kcal/gram

energy contributions of fat

9kcal/gram

fiber

A person experiencing constipation should consider adding more _______ to his/her diet.

Essential nutrients

A(n)_____is one that must be provided by the diet because it cannot be produced by the body in the amount that is needed.

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Abdominal cramps, loose stools, mucus in stools

AMDR

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range

saturated fatty acids ,trans fat and cholesterol

According to the Dietary Guidelines (2015-2020), people should limit their intake of ____________ to less than 10% of total calories, and keep ---------intakes as low as possible.

10%

According to the Dietary Guidelines, Americans should consume less than ______ of calories from saturated fat.

refined carbohydrates

Added sugars are a form of ____________ .

excessive emotional stress

All of the following are thought to be primary causes of peptic ulcers EXCEPT _______.

Mouth and Salivary glands

Amylase is released here to start starch digestion

avoid consuming alcohol

As part of Adrian's treatment for the intestinal problem, his doctor recommends that Adrian _______.

a peptic ulcer

Based on this information, Adrian probably has _______.

pancreas ,small intestine

Bicarbonate, which is secreted by the ____________ , is a base that neutralizes the acidity of chyme in the ____________ .

Liver

Bile is necessary for some nutrient digestion and absorption; bile is produced in the

Sucrase

Breaks disaccharide into glucose and fructose

Lactase

Breaks disaccharide into glucose and galactose

Maltase

Breaks disaccharide into two molecules of glucose

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Burning pain in the upper chest area

chylomicron

Carries absorbed dietary lipids away from the intestinal tract

Disaccharide: Maltose,Sucrose,Lactose Monosaccharide: glucose, fructose, galactose

Classify the simple sugars as disaccharides or monosaccharides.

dietary fiber

Compared to a traditional diet that is based on animal foods, a vegan diet is higher in _______.

Oxidized LDL

Damaged LDL that is taken up by the arterial cells and forms plaque

Signs

Failure to consume adequate amounts of nutrients can lead to noticeable and measurable physical changes that are______of deficiency disease

Rectum

Feces are held here

promotes colon health

Fiber increases fecal (stool) size and softness:

Reduces cardiovascular disease risk

Fiber reduces cholesterol absorption and increases cholesterol excretion:

Helps promote weight loss

Fiber-rich food has lower energy content than the same volume of low-fiber food

a handful of peanuts

Foods differ in their protein quality. A complete protein provides adequate amounts of all essential amino acids. An incomplete protein lacks adequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids. Which of the following foods contains incomplete protein?

loss of teeth

Frequent choking on food

Water

Helps eliminate waste

Stomach

Hydrochloric acid is released here to participate in protein digestion

stomach

Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the _______.

liver cancer

Inability to store many nutrients

Constipation

Infrequent or difficult to eliminate bowel movements

Peristalsis

Involuntary muscle contractions that move swallowed material through the gastrointestinal tract are called _______.

smoking inactivity HDL choloesterol=31 mg/dL Elevated C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP) Levels

Known CVD risk factor

increase consumption of milk and cream to coat the stomach lining

Linda has a history of peptic ulcers. To prevent having a recurrence of such ulcers, she should take all of the following steps EXCEPT _______.

the stomach is lined with a layer of mucus that protects it

Linda has heard that during digestion, the stomach can have a very acidic environment. If the stomach is so acidic, why doesn't the acid damage the muscular walls of the stomach?

Essential fatty acids must be supplied by food. Subcutaneous fat stores triglycerides and helps keep the body warm. Phospholipids are a major component of plasma membranes. Cholesterol is used to make certain hormones.

Lipids have many functions in the body as well as in foods. Select all of the statements that are true.

Heart disease and Cancer

Many of the top ten leading causes of death in the United States are associated with certain dietary practices. What are the top two leading causes of death in the United States?

ignoring normal urges to defecate

Melanie has chronic constipation. Which of the following recommendations is NOT an effective way of alleviating constipation?

jejunum

Most digestion and absorption occurs here

small intestine

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the _______.

Small intestine

Most nutrients are digested and absorbed here using enzymes

Phytochemicals

Non-nutrient compounds that are made by plants and may influence health are called ____________ .

total blood cholesterol=176 mg/dL total cholesterol: HDL cholesterol ration=3:1 blood triglyceride levels of 130 mg/dL

Not a known CVD risk factor

Stomach infection (H. pylori)

Now that you know what condition Adrian is experiencing, identify the most probable cause of his intestinal problem.

lack of hydrochloric acid production

Overgrowth of harmful bacteria in the stomach tract

Gallstone formation

Poor fat digestion

fish, nuts, and vegetable oils.

To fulfill such recommendations, diets should emphasize the consumption of -------

UL

Tolerable Upper Intake Level

HDL

Transports cholesterol from cells to the liver

the excess amino acids can contribute to dehydration

Trayvon is interested in bodybuilding. He read an article in a bodybuilding magazine that stated he should dramatically increase his protein intake. What happens to excessive protein intake?

beef, whole milk, butter

What foods have naturally occurring trans fatty acids?

Liver

What organ produces bile?

Adipose cell

Which of the following structures stores triglycerides in the form of fat droplets?

Use liquid plant oils (olive oil or canola oil) instead of solid fats (butter or coconut oil)

Which of the following would be the best way for a college student to decrease his or her intake of saturated fat?

frequent heart burn

Your friend suffers from a disorder in which stomach acid damages the lining of her esophagus. What signs or symptoms is your friend probably experiencing?

Vomiting and diarrhea

_____ are associated with high risk of dehydration.

adequate diet

a diet that provides enough of the energy, nutrients, and fiber to maintain a person's health

salivary amylase

begins breakdown of starch in the mouth

In simple terms, sucrase _______.

breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose

6 classes of essential nutrients

carbohydrates, fats & other lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water

high quality (complete) proteins

chicken egg quinoa whey (milk protein) soybeans

Stomach

hydrochloric acid is released here to participate in protein digestion

wellness

overall state of well-being or total health

Nutrition

study of factors affecting availability and choices, identifying chemical compounds of food, effects of food on health and disease risk, and actions of food chemicals on the body

what is UL

the highest average amount of a nutrient that is unlikely to harm most people when they consume that amount daily.

Colon

The absorption of water and some minerals occurs here; has vast numbers of bacteria living in it

Insulin

allows cells to take in glucose

How often can a sucrase enzyme be used to hydrolyze sucrose?

many times

Small intestine

most nutrients are digested and absorbed here using enzymes

Macronutrients

nutrients needed in gram amounts daily and that provide energy; carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

duodenum

shortest segment of small intestine

Micronutrients

vitamins and minerals

Colon

the absorption of water and some minerals occurs here; has vast numbers of bacteria living here

58-201 grams of protein a day

Cleveland, a 24-year-old male, wants to estimate his protein needs based on the AMDR. The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that 10-35% of calories come from protein. If Cleveland follows a 2,300-kilocalorie diet, approximately how many grams of protein per day should he consu

plyoric sphincter

Controls the rate of flow of food from the stomach into small intestine

Carbohydrates and Proteins

Provides a source of energy

casserole made with quinoa, milk and cheese

Celiac disease is a condition characterized by destruction of intestinal villi and poor nutrient absorption. A person with celiac disease should avoid all of the following meals EXCEPT _______.

plain water

Replace soft drinks, sweet tea, and sugary commercial coffees with ____________ .

ileum

Segment of the small intestine that is before the large intestine

Antioxidants

Some nutrients function as ____________ ; these are substances that protect other compounds from being damaged or destroyed by certain environmental factors.

Chemistry

Studying nutrition means you must also have an understanding of ____________ , the study of the composition and characteristics of matter and changes that occur to matter.

stomach

The churning movements of the ____________ help mix food with gastric juice.

Energy dense

The energy value of a food in relation to its total weight defines how ____________ a food is.

varied diet

A diet in which you eat a wide selection of foods to get necessary nutrients

Diet

The usual pattern of foods that you choose to eat is referred to as your

fat

The primary nutrient that bile helps digest is

Dimensions of Wellness

physical, emotional, intellectual, social, cultural, spiritual, environmental, occupational

moderate diet

A diet that avoids excessive amounts of kcalories or any particular food or nutrient to maintain proper weight

Nutrient dense

A food or beverage that contains more key beneficial nutrients in relation to its total calories is called a(n) ____________ food.

high in empty calories

A food or beverage that contributes excessive amounts of unhealthy solid fat, added sugars, and/or alcohol to the diet is ____________ .

fresh fruit

A healthy snack that is not a rich source of added sugars is ____________ , peanuts, or plain yogurt.

60 grams of protein a day

If Paola is a healthy 24-year-old female who weighs 166 pounds, approximately how many grams of protein per day should she consume to promote protein equilibrium and meet the RDA for protein for a healthy adult? (One kilogram = 2.2 pounds)

Nutrients

The foods that you eat contain________, chemicals that are necessary for proper body functioning.

Metabolism

The making of proteins, generation of energy, and disposal of waste are all chemical processes that in total are referred to as your ____________ .

feces in the rectum

The presence of ______ stimulates a reflex that facilitates the elimination of solid wastes from the body.

Cell

The smallest living functional unit in an organism is called a(n) ____________ .

insulin, usually by injecting the hormone into body

The treatment for type 1 diabetes always includes _______.

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

The treatment of _____ is likely to involve an elimination diet.

simple and complex carbohydrates

The two major kinds of carbohydrates are _______.

Excess amino acids are used to meet energy needs or converted to and stored as fat.

What happens to protein when it is consumed in excess of the body's needs?

converted to glucose or fat

When a person eats more protein than his or her body needs, the extra protein is _______.

is high in sodium

When cooking, people should avoid adding large amounts of miso to food, because it _______.

a)glucose b)fructose c)galactose

Which monosaccharide is added to a glucose molecule to make the disaccharide in the right-hand column? a)Maltose b)Sucrose c)Lactose

healthful diet

a diet that provides the proper combination of energy and nutrients and is adequate, moderate, balanced, and varied

what is EER

defines the average daily energy intake that meets the needs of a healthy person maintaining h/h weight

low quality (incomplete) proteins

gelatin rice garbanzo beans