Ethics
2016 Amendment
"(b) Psychologists do not participate in, facilitate, assist, or otherwise engage in torture, defined as any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person, or in any other cruel, inhuman, or degrading behavior that violates 3.04(a)."
2010 Amendment
"Under no circumstances may this standard be used to justify or defend violating human rights"
reasonable steps
1.01 Misuse of Psychologists' Work: If psychologists learn of misuse or misrepresentation of their work, they take __________ _____ to correct or minimize the misuse or misrepresentation.
clarify, commitment, no, violating
1.02 Conflicts Between Ethics and Law, Regulations, or Other Governing Legal Authority: If psychologists' ethical responsibilities conflict with law, regulations, or other governing legal authority, psychologists _______ the nature of the conflict, make known their __________ to the Ethics Code, and take reasonable steps to resolve the conflict consistent with the General Principles and Ethical Standards of the Ethics Code. Under __ circumstances may this standard be used to justify or defend _________ human rights.
organizational demands
1.03 Conflicts Between Ethics and _____________ _______: If the demands of (this) with which psychologists are affiliated or for whom they are working are in conflict with this Ethics Code, psychologists clarify the nature of the conflict, make known their commitment to the Ethics Code, and take reasonable steps to resolve the conflict consistent with the General Principles and Ethical Standards of the Ethics Code. Under no circumstances may this standard be used to justify or defend violating human rights.
bringing it to the attention, confidentiality rights
1.04 Informal Resolution of Ethical Violations: When psychologists believe that there may have been an ethical violation by another psychologist, they attempt to resolve the issue by ________ __ __ ___ _________ of that individual, if an informal resolution appears appropriate and the intervention does not violate any _______________ ______ that may be involved. (See also Standards 1.02, Conflicts Between Ethics and Law, Regulations, or Other Governing Legal Authority, and 1.03, Conflicts Between Ethics and Organizational Demands.)
substantially harmed, referral, confidentiality rights
1.05 Reporting Ethical Violations: If an apparent ethical violation has _____________ _____ or is likely to (do this to) a person or organization and is not appropriate for informal resolution under Standard 1.04, Informal Resolution of Ethical Violations, or is not resolved properly in that fashion, psychologists take further action appropriate to the situation. Such action might include ________ to state or national committees on professional ethics, to state licensing boards, or to the appropriate institutional authorities. This standard does not apply when an intervention would violate _______________ ______ or when psychologists have been retained to review the work of another psychologist whose professional conduct is in question. (See also Standard 1.02, Conflicts Between Ethics and Law, Regulations, or Other Governing Legal Authority.)
ethics violation, deferment, not
1.06 Cooperating with Ethics Committees: Psychologists cooperate in ethics investigations, proceedings, and resulting requirements of the APA or any affiliated state psychological association to which they belong. In doing so, they address any confidentiality issues. Failure to cooperate is itself an ______ _________. However, making a request for ________ of adjudication of an ethics complaint pending the outcome of litigation does ___ alone constitute noncooperation.
reckless disregard, ignorance
1.07 Improper Complaints: Psychologists do not file or encourage the filing of ethics complaints that are made with ________ _________ for or willful _________ of facts that would disprove the allegation.
deny, ethics complaint
1.08 Unfair Discrimination Against Complainants and Respondents: Psychologists do not ____ persons employment, advancement, admissions to academic or other programs, tenure, or promotion, based solely upon their having made or their being the subject of an ______ _________. This does not preclude taking action based upon the outcome of such proceedings or considering other appropriate information.
early, anticipated course
10.01 Informed Consent to Therapy: (a) When obtaining informed consent to therapy as required in Standard 3.10, Informed Consent, psychologists inform clients/patients as _____ as is feasible in the therapeutic relationship about the nature and ___________ ______ of therapy, fees, involvement of third parties, and limits of confidentiality and provide sufficient opportunity for the client/patient to ask questions and receive answers. (See also Standards 4.02, Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality, and 6.04, Fees and Financial Arrangements.)
developing, risks, alternative, voluntary
10.01 Informed Consent to Therapy: (b) When obtaining informed consent for treatment for which generally recognized techniques and procedures have not been established, psychologists inform their clients/patients of the __________ nature of the treatment, the potential _____ involved, ___________ treatments that may be available, and the _________ nature of their participation. (See also Standards 2.01e, Boundaries of Competence, and 3.10, Informed Consent.)
trainee, supervisor
10.01 Informed Consent to Therapy: (c) When the therapist is a _______ and the legal responsibility for the treatment provided resides with the __________, the client/patient, as part of the informed consent procedure, is informed that the therapist is (this) and is being (this) and is given the name of the (this).
clients/patients, relationship
10.02 Therapy Involving Couples or Families: (a) When psychologists agree to provide services to several persons who have a relationship (such as spouses, significant others, or parents and children), they take reasonable steps to clarify at the outset (1) which of the individuals are _______/________ and (2) the ____________ the psychologist will have with each person. This clarification includes the psychologist's role and the probable uses of the services provided or the information obtained. (See also Standard 4.02, Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality.)
conflicting, modify, withdraw
10.02 Therapy Involving Couples or Families: (b) If it becomes apparent that psychologists may be called on to perform potentially ___________ roles (such as family therapist and then witness for one party in divorce proceedings), psychologists take reasonable steps to clarify and ______, or ________ from, roles appropriately. (See also Standard 3.05c, Multiple Relationships.)
Group
10.03 _____ Therapy: When psychologists provide services to several persons in a (this) setting, they describe at the outset the roles and responsibilities of all parties and the limits of confidentiality.
ongoing efforts
2.03 Maintaining Competence: Psychologists undertake _______ _______ to develop and maintain their competence.
established
2.04 Bases for Scientific and Professional Judgments: Psychologists' work is based upon ___________ scientific and professional knowledge of the discipline. (See also Standards 2.01e, Boundaries of Competence, and 10.01b, Informed Consent to Therapy.)
clearly concerned
4.04 Minimizing Intrusions on Privacy: (b) Psychologists discuss confidential information obtained in their work only for appropriate scientific or professional purposes and only with persons _______ _________ with such matters.
mandated by law
4.05 Disclosures: (b) Psychologists disclose confidential information without the consent of the individual only as ________ __ ___, or where permitted by law for a valid purpose such as to (1) provide needed professional services; (2) obtain appropriate professional consultations; (3) protect the client/patient, psychologist, or others from harm; or (4) obtain payment for services from a client/patient, in which instance disclosure is limited to the minimum that is necessary to achieve the purpose. (See also Standard 6.04e, Fees and Financial Arrangements.)
Disclosures
4.05 ___________: (a) Psychologists may (this) confidential information with the appropriate consent of the organizational client, the individual client/patient, or another legally authorized person on behalf of the client/patient unless prohibited by law.
identification, extent necessary
4.06 Consultations: When consulting with colleagues, (1) psychologists do not disclose confidential information that reasonably could lead to the ______________ of a client/patient, research participant, or other person or organization with whom they have a confidential relationship unless they have obtained the prior consent of the person or organization or the disclosure cannot be avoided, and (2) they disclose information only to the ______ _________ to achieve the purposes of the consultation. (See also Standard 4.01, Maintaining Confidentiality.)
personally identifiable, disguise
4.07 Use of Confidential Information for Didactic or Other Purposes: Psychologists do not disclose in their writings, lectures, or other public media, confidential, __________ ____________ information concerning their clients/patients, students, research participants, organizational clients, or other recipients of their services that they obtained during the course of their work, unless (1) they take reasonable steps to ________ the person or organization, (2) the person or organization has consented in writing, or (3) there is legal authorization for doing so.
training, degrees, credentials, affiliations, services, fees, publications
5.01 Avoidance of False or Deceptive Statements: (b) Psychologists do not make false, deceptive, or fraudulent statements concerning (1) their ________, experience, or competence; (2) their academic _______; (3) their ___________; (4) their institutional or association ____________; (5) their ________; (6) the scientific or clinical basis for, or results or degree of success of, their services; (7) their ____; or (8) their ____________ or research findings.
accredited, licensure
5.01 Avoidance of False or Deceptive Statements: (c) Psychologists claim degrees as credentials for their health services only if those degrees (1) were earned from a regionally __________ educational institution or (2) were the basis for psychology _________ by the state in which they practice.
advertising, endorsements, grant, curricula vitae
5.01 Avoidance of False or Deceptive Statements: (a) Public statements include but are not limited to paid or unpaid ___________, product ____________, _____ applications, licensing applications, other credentialing applications, brochures, printed matter, directory listings, personal resumes or _________ _____, or comments for use in media such as print or electronic transmission, statements in legal proceedings, lectures and public oral presentations, and published materials. Psychologists do not knowingly make public statements that are false, deceptive, or fraudulent concerning their research, practice, or other work activities or those of persons or organizations with which they are affiliated.
responsibility, compensate, publicity, paid
5.02 Statements by Others: (a) Psychologists who engage others to create or place public statements that promote their professional practice, products, or activities retain professional ______________ for such statements. (b) Psychologists do not __________ employees of press, radio, television, or other communication media in return for _________ in a news item. (See also Standard 1.01, Misuse of Psychologists' Work.) (c) A ____ advertisement relating to psychologists' activities must be identified or clearly recognizable as such.
accurately describe
5.03 Descriptions of Workshops and Non-Degree-Granting Educational Programs: To the degree to which they exercise control, psychologists responsible for announcements, catalogs, brochures, or advertisements describing workshops, seminars, or other non-degree-granting educational programs ensure that they __________ ________ the audience for which the program is intended, the educational objectives, the presenters, and the fees involved.
based, Ethics Code, relationship
5.04 Media Presentations: When psychologists provide public advice or comment via print, Internet, or other electronic transmission, they take precautions to ensure that statements (1) are _____ on their professional knowledge, training, or experience in accord with appropriate psychological literature and practice; (2) are otherwise consistent with this ______ ____; and (3) do not indicate that a professional ____________ has been established with the recipient. (See also Standard 2.04, Bases for Scientific and Professional Judgments.)
do not solicit, vulnerable
5.05 Testimonials: Psychologists __ ___ _______ testimonials from current therapy clients/patients or other persons who because of their particular circumstances are __________ to undue influence.
uninvited, undue influence
5.06 In-Person Solicitation: Psychologists do not engage, directly or through agents, in _________ in-person solicitation of business from actual or potential therapy clients/patients or other persons who because of their particular circumstances are vulnerable to _____ _________. However, this prohibition does not preclude (1) attempting to implement appropriate collateral contacts for the purpose of benefiting an already engaged therapy client/patient or (2) providing disaster or community outreach services.
not, justified, not
8.07 Deception in Research: (a) Psychologists do ___ conduct a study involving deception unless they have determined that the use of deceptive techniques is _________ by the study's significant prospective scientific, educational, or applied value and that effective nondeceptive alternative procedures are ___ feasible.
physical pain, severe emotional distress
8.07 Deception in Research: (b) Psychologists do not deceive prospective participants about research that is reasonably expected to cause ________ ____ or ______ _________ ________.
integral, early, withdraw
8.07 Deception in Research: (c) Psychologists explain any deception that is an ________ feature of the design and conduct of an experiment to participants as _____ as is feasible, preferably at the conclusion of their participation, but no later than at the conclusion of the data collection, and permit participants to ________ their data. (See also Standard 8.08, Debriefing.)
prompt opportunity, misconceptions
8.08 Debriefing: (a) Psychologists provide a ______ ___________ for participants to obtain appropriate information about the nature, results, and conclusions of the research, and they take reasonable steps to correct any ______________ that participants may have of which the psychologists are aware.
delaying, withholding, harmed, minimize
8.08 Debriefing: (b) If scientific or humane values justify ________ or ___________ this information, psychologists take reasonable measures to reduce the risk of harm. (c) When psychologists become aware that research procedures have ______ a participant, they take reasonable steps to ________ the (this).
Section 2
Competence
Step 2
Consider the relevant APA Ethics Code General Principles and Ethical Standards and scientific and professional guidelines as well as organizational policies.
Section 3
Human Relations
Beneficence and Nonmaleficence, Fidelity and Responsibility, Integrity, Justice, and Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
The five General Principles of the APA Ethics Code
Section 10
Therapy
treatment issues, welfare
10.04 Providing Therapy to Those Served by Others: In deciding whether to offer or provide services to those already receiving mental health services elsewhere, psychologists carefully consider the _________ ______ and the potential client's/patient's _______. Psychologists discuss these issues with the client/patient or another legally authorized person on behalf of the client/patient in order to minimize the risk of confusion and conflict, consult with the other service providers when appropriate, and proceed with caution and sensitivity to the therapeutic issues.
Sexual Intimacies
10.05 ______ __________ with Current Therapy Clients/Patients: Psychologists do not engage in (this) with current therapy clients/patients.
Relatives, Significant Others, not terminate
10.06 Sexual Intimacies with _________ or ___________ ______ of Current Therapy Clients/Patients: Psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with individuals they know to be close (this), guardians, or (this) of current clients/patients. Psychologists do ___ _________ therapy to circumvent this standard.
Former, do not accept
10.07 Therapy with ______ Sexual Partners: Psychologists __ ___ ______ as therapy clients/patients persons with whom they have engaged in sexual intimacies.
unusual, exploitation
10.08 Sexual Intimacies with Former Therapy Clients/Patients: (b) Psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with former clients/patients even after a two-year interval except in the most _______ circumstances. Psychologists who engage in such activity after the two years following cessation or termination of therapy and of having no sexual contact with the former client/patient bear the burden of demonstrating that there has been no ____________, in light of all relevant factors, including (1) the amount of time that has passed since therapy terminated; (2) the nature, duration, and intensity of the therapy; (3) the circumstances of termination; (4) the client's/patient's personal history; (5) the client's/patient's current mental status; (6) the likelihood of adverse impact on the client/patient; and (7) any statements or actions made by the therapist during the course of therapy suggesting or inviting the possibility of a posttermination sexual or romantic relationship with the client/patient. (See also Standard 3.05, Multiple Relationships.)
two years
10.08 Sexual Intimacies with Former Therapy Clients/Patients: (a) Psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with former clients/patients for at least ___ _____ after cessation or termination of therapy.
Interruption, welfare
10.09 ____________ of Therapy: When entering into employment or contractual relationships, psychologists make reasonable efforts to provide for orderly and appropriate resolution of responsibility for client/patient care in the event that the employment or contractual relationship ends, with paramount consideration given to the _______ of the client/patient. (See also Standard 3.12, Interruption of Psychological Services.)
needs, benefit, harmed
10.10 Terminating Therapy: (a) Psychologists terminate therapy when it becomes reasonably clear that the client/patient no longer _____ the service, is not likely to _______, or is being ______ by continued service.
threatened, endangered
10.10 Terminating Therapy: (b) Psychologists may terminate therapy when __________ or otherwise __________ by the client/patient or another person with whom the client/patient has a relationship.
pretermination
10.10 Terminating Therapy: (c) Except where precluded by the actions of clients/patients or third-party payors, prior to termination psychologists provide ______________ counseling and suggest alternative service providers as appropriate.
only within
2.01 Boundaries of Competence: (a) Psychologists provide services, teach, and conduct research with populations and in areas ____ ______ the boundaries of their competence, based on their education, training, supervised experience, consultation, study, or professional experience.
essential for effective implementation
2.01 Boundaries of Competence: (b) Where scientific or professional knowledge in the discipline of psychology establishes that an understanding of factors associated with age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language, or socioeconomic status is _________ ___ _________ ______________ of their services or research, psychologists have or obtain the training, experience, consultation, or supervision necessary to ensure the competence of their services, or they make appropriate referrals, except as provided in Standard 2.02, Providing Services in Emergencies.
new to them
2.01 Boundaries of Competence: (c) Psychologists planning to provide services, teach, or conduct research involving populations, areas, techniques, or technologies ___ __ ____ undertake relevant education, training, supervised experience, consultation, or study.
not denied, reasonable effort
2.01 Boundaries of Competence: (d) When psychologists are asked to provide services to individuals for whom appropriate mental health services are not available and for which psychologists have not obtained the competence necessary, psychologists with closely related prior training or experience may provide such services in order to ensure that services are ___ ______ if they make a __________ ______ to obtain the competence required by using relevant research, training, consultation, or study.
emerging areas
2.01 Boundaries of Competence: (e) In those ________ _____ in which generally recognized standards for preparatory training do not yet exist, psychologists nevertheless take reasonable steps to ensure the competence of their work and to protect clients/patients, students, supervisees, research participants, organizational clients, and others from harm.
judicial, administrative rules
2.01 Boundaries of Competence: (f) When assuming forensic roles, psychologists are or become reasonably familiar with the ________ or ______________ _____ governing their roles.
emergency
2.02 Providing Services in (this): In this, when psychologists provide services to individuals for whom other mental health services are not available and for which psychologists have not obtained the necessary training, psychologists may provide such services in order to ensure that services are not denied. The services are discontinued as soon as the _________ has ended or appropriate services are available.
multiple relationship, competently
2.05 Delegation of Work to Others: Psychologists who delegate work to employees, supervisees, or research or teaching assistants or who use the services of others, such as interpreters, take reasonable steps to (1) avoid delegating such work to persons who have a ________ ____________ with those being served that would likely lead to exploitation or loss of objectivity; (2) authorize only those responsibilities that such persons can be expected to perform ___________ on the basis of their education, training, or experience, either independently or with the level of supervision being provided; and (3) see that such persons perform these services competently. (See also Standards 2.02, Providing Services in Emergencies; 3.05, Multiple Relationships; 4.01, Maintaining Confidentiality; 9.01, Bases for Assessments; 9.02, Use of Assessments; 9.03, Informed Consent in Assessments; and 9.07, Assessment by Unqualified Persons.)
refrain from initiating
2.06 Personal Problems and Conflicts: (a) Psychologists _______ ____ __________ an activity when they know or should know that there is a substantial likelihood that their personal problems will prevent them from performing their work-related activities in a competent manner.
appropriate measures
2.06 Personal Problems and Conflicts: (b) When psychologists become aware of personal problems that may interfere with their performing work-related duties adequately, they take ___________ ________, such as obtaining professional consultation or assistance, and determine whether they should limit, suspend, or terminate their work-related duties. (See also Standard 10.10, Terminating Therapy.)
Unfair Discrimination
3.01 ______ ______________: In their work-related activities, psychologists do not engage in (this) based on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, socioeconomic status, or any basis proscribed by law.
solicitation, advances, verbal, nonverbal
3.02 Sexual Harassment: Psychologists do not engage in sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is sexual ____________, physical ________, or ______ or _________ conduct that is sexual in nature, that occurs in connection with the psychologist's activities or roles as a psychologist, and that either (1) is unwelcome, is offensive, or creates a hostile workplace or educational environment, and the psychologist knows or is told this or (2) is sufficiently severe or intense to be abusive to a reasonable person in the context. Sexual harassment can consist of a single intense or severe act or of multiple persistent or pervasive acts. (See also Standard 1.08, Unfair Discrimination Against Complainants and Respondents.)
knowingly engage
3.03 Other Harassment: Psychologists do not _________ ______ in behavior that is harassing or demeaning to persons with whom they interact in their work based on factors such as those persons' age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language, or socioeconomic status.
foreseeable, unavoidable
3.04 Avoiding Harm: (a) Psychologists take reasonable steps to avoid harming their clients/patients, students, supervisees, research participants, organizational clients, and others with whom they work, and to minimize harm where it is ___________ and ___________.
torture, physical, mental
3.04 Avoiding Harm: (b) Psychologists do not participate in, facilitate, assist, or otherwise engage in _______, defined as any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether ________ or ______, is intentionally inflicted on a person, or in any other cruel, inhuman, or degrading behavior that violates 3.04(a).
not unethical
3.05 Multiple Relationships: (a) ... Multiple relationships that would not reasonably be expected to cause impairment or risk exploitation or harm are ___ _________.
affected person, compliance
3.05 Multiple Relationships: (b) If a psychologist finds that, due to unforeseen factors, a potentially harmful multiple relationship has arisen, the psychologist takes reasonable steps to resolve it with due regard for the best interests of the ________ ______ and maximal __________ with the Ethics Code.
more than one role
3.05 Multiple Relationships: (c) When psychologists are required by law, institutional policy, or extraordinary circumstances to serve in ____ ____ ___ ____ in judicial or administrative proceedings, at the outset they clarify role expectations and the extent of confidentiality and thereafter as changes occur. (See also Standards 3.04, Avoiding Harm, and 3.07, Third-Party Requests for Services.)
objectivity, competence, effectiveness
3.05 Multiple Relationships: (a) ... A psychologist refrains from entering into a multiple relationship if the multiple relationship could reasonably be expected to impair the psychologist's ___________, __________, or _____________ in performing his or her functions as a psychologist, or otherwise risks exploitation or harm to the person with whom the professional relationship exists.
all of the above
3.05 Multiple Relationships: (a) A multiple relationship occurs when a psychologist is in a professional role with a person and (1) at the same time is in another role with the same person, (2) at the same time is in a relationship with a person closely associated with or related to the person with whom the psychologist has the professional relationship, (3) promises to enter into another relationship in the future with the person or a person closely associated with or related to the person, or (4) all of the above
Conflict of Interest
3.06 ________ __ ________: Psychologists refrain from taking on a professional role when personal, scientific, professional, legal, financial, or other (this) or relationships could reasonably be expected to (1) impair their objectivity, competence, or effectiveness in performing their functions as psychologists or (2) expose the person or organization with whom the professional relationship exists to harm or exploitation.
germane to the purpose
4.04 Minimizing Intrusions on Privacy: (a) Psychologists include in written and oral reports and consultations, only information _______ __ ___ _______ for which the communication is made.
role, client, uses, limits
3.07 Third-Party Requests for Services: When psychologists agree to provide services to a person or entity at the request of a third party, psychologists attempt to clarify at the outset of the service the nature of the relationship with all individuals or organizations involved. This clarification includes the ____ of the psychologist (e.g., therapist, consultant, diagnostician, or expert witness), an identification of who is the ______, the probable ____ of the services provided or the information obtained, and the fact that there may be ______ to confidentiality. (See also Standards 3.05, Multiple relationships, and 4.02, Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality.)
supervisory, evaluative, authority
3.08 Exploitative Relationships: Psychologists do not exploit persons over whom they have __________, __________ or other _________ such as clients/patients, students, supervisees, research participants, and employees. (See also Standards 3.05, Multiple Relationships; 6.04, Fees and Financial Arrangements; 6.05, Barter with Clients/Patients; 7.07, Sexual Relationships with Students and Supervisees; 10.05, Sexual Intimacies with Current Therapy Clients/Patients; 10.06, Sexual Intimacies with Relatives or Significant Others of Current Therapy Clients/Patients; 10.07, Therapy with Former Sexual Partners; and 10.08, Sexual Intimacies with Former Therapy Clients/Patients.)
professionally appropriate
3.09 Cooperation with Other Professionals When indicated and ______________ ___________, psychologists cooperate with other professionals in order to serve their clients/patients effectively and appropriately. (See also Standard 4.05, Disclosures.)
legally incapable, assent
3.10 Informed Consent: (b) For persons who are _______ _________ of giving informed consent, psychologists nevertheless (1) provide an appropriate explanation, (2) seek the individual's ______, (3) consider such persons' preferences and best interests, and (4) obtain appropriate permission from a legally authorized person, if such substitute consent is permitted or required by law. When consent by a legally authorized person is not permitted or required by law, psychologists take reasonable steps to protect the individual's rights and welfare.
anticipated services, before proceeding
3.10 Informed Consent: (c) When psychological services are court ordered or otherwise mandated, psychologists inform the individual of the nature of the ___________ ________, including whether the services are court ordered or mandated and any limits of confidentiality, ______ __________.
document
3.10 Informed Consent: (d) Psychologists appropriately ________ written or oral consent, permission, and assent. (See also Standards 8.02, Informed Consent to Research; 9.03, Informed Consent in Assessments; and 10.01, Informed Consent to Therapy.)
Informed Consent
3.10 ________ _______ (a) When psychologists conduct research or provide assessment, therapy, counseling, or consulting services in person or via electronic transmission or other forms of communication, they obtain the (this) of the individual or individuals using language that is reasonably understandable to that person or persons except when conducting such activities without consent is mandated by law or governmental regulation or as otherwise provided in this Ethics Code. (See also Standards 8.02, Informed Consent to Research; 9.03, Informed Consent in Assessments; and 10.01, Informed Consent to Therapy.)
As soon as feasible
3.11 Psychological Services Delivered to or Through Organizations: (a) Psychologists delivering services to or through organizations provide information beforehand to clients and when appropriate those directly affected by the services about (1) the nature and objectives of the services, (2) the intended recipients, (3) which of the individuals are clients, (4) the relationship the psychologist will have with each person and the organization, (5) the probable uses of services provided and information obtained, (6) who will have access to the information, and (7) limits of confidentiality. __ ____ __ ________, they provide information about the results and conclusions of such services to appropriate persons.
outset of the service
3.11 Psychological Services Delivered to or Through Organizations: (b) If psychologists will be precluded by law or by organizational roles from providing such information to particular individuals or groups, they so inform those individuals or groups at the ______ __ ___ _______.
Interruption
3.12 ____________ of Psychological Services: Unless otherwise covered by contract, psychologists make reasonable efforts to plan for facilitating services in the event that psychological services are (this) by factors such as the psychologist's illness, death, unavailability, relocation, or retirement or by the client's/patient's relocation or financial limitations. (See also Standard 6.02c, Maintenance, Dissemination, and Disposal of Confidential Records of Professional and Scientific Work.)
primary obligation
4.01 Maintaining Confidentiality: Psychologists have a _______ __________ and take reasonable precautions to protect confidential information obtained through or stored in any medium, recognizing that the extent and limits of confidentiality may be regulated by law or established by institutional rules or professional or scientific relationship. (See also Standard 2.05, Delegation of Work to Others.)
limits, uses
4.02 Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality: (a) Psychologists discuss with persons (including, to the extent feasible, persons who are legally incapable of giving informed consent and their legal representatives) and organizations with whom they establish a scientific or professional relationship (1) the relevant ______ of confidentiality and (2) the foreseeable ____ of the information generated through their psychological activities. (See also Standard 3.10, Informed Consent.)
outset, new circumstances
4.02 Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality: (b) Unless it is not feasible or is contraindicated, the discussion of confidentiality occurs at the ______ of the relationship and thereafter as ___ _____________ may warrant.
electronic transmission
4.02 Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality: (c) Psychologists who offer services, products, or information via __________ ____________ inform clients/patients of the risks to privacy and limits of confidentiality.
all such persons, legal representatives
4.03 Recording: Before recording the voices or images of individuals to whom they provide services, psychologists obtain permission from ___ ____ _______ or their _____ _______________. (See also Standards 8.03, Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research; 8.05, Dispensing with Informed Consent for Research; and 8.07, Deception in Research.)
provision, replication, requirements, accuracy, compliance
6.01 Documentation of Professional and Scientific Work and Maintenance of Records: Psychologists create, and to the extent the records are under their control, maintain, disseminate, store, retain, and dispose of records and data relating to their professional and scientific work in order to (1) facilitate _________ of services later by them or by other professionals, (2) allow for ___________ of research design and analyses, (3) meet institutional ____________, (4) ensure ________ of billing and payments, and (5) ensure __________ with law. (See also Standard 4.01, Maintaining Confidentiality.)
confidentiality
6.02 Maintenance, Dissemination, and Disposal of Confidential Records of Professional and Scientific Work: (a) Psychologists maintain _______________ in creating, storing, accessing, transferring, and disposing of records under their control, whether these are written, automated, or in any other medium. (See also Standards 4.01, Maintaining Confidentiality, and 6.01, Documentation of Professional and Scientific Work and Maintenance of Records.)
coding, personal identifiers
6.02 Maintenance, Dissemination, and Disposal of Confidential Records of Professional and Scientific Work: (b) If confidential information concerning recipients of psychological services is entered into databases or systems of records available to persons whose access has not been consented to by the recipient, psychologists use ______ or other techniques to avoid the inclusion of ________ ___________.
plans in advance, withdrawal
6.02 Maintenance, Dissemination, and Disposal of Confidential Records of Professional and Scientific Work: (c) Psychologists make _____ __ _______ to facilitate the appropriate transfer and to protect the confidentiality of records and data in the event of psychologists' __________ from positions or practice. (See also Standards 3.12, Interruption of Psychological Services, and 10.09, Interruption of Therapy.)
emergency treatment
6.03 Withholding Records for Nonpayment: Psychologists may not withhold records under their control that are requested and needed for a client's/patient's _________ _________ solely because payment has not been received.
limitations in financing
6.04 Fees and Financial Arrangements: (d) If limitations to services can be anticipated because of ___________ __ _________, this is discussed with the recipient of services as early as is feasible. (See also Standards 10.09, Interruption of Therapy, and 10.10, Terminating Therapy.)
collection agencies, legal, inform, opportunity
6.04 Fees and Financial Arrangements: (e) If the recipient of services does not pay for services as agreed, and if psychologists intend to use __________ ________ or _____ measures to collect the fees, psychologists first ______ the person that such measures will be taken and provide that person an ___________ to make prompt payment. (See also Standards 4.05, Disclosures; 6.03, Withholding Records for Nonpayment; and 10.01, Informed Consent to Therapy.)
early, feasible, law, misrepresent
6.04 Fees and Financial Arrangements: (a) As _____ as is ________ in a professional or scientific relationship, psychologists and recipients of psychological ser vices reach an agreement specifying compensation and billing arrangements. (b) Psychologists' fee practices are consistent with ___. (c) Psychologists do not ____________ their fees.
barter
6.05 ______ with Clients/Patients: (This) is the acceptance of goods, services, or other nonmonetary remuneration from clients/patients in return for psychological services. Psychologists may (this) only if (1) it is not clinically contraindicated, and (2) the resulting arrangement is not exploitative. (See also Standards 3.05, Multiple Relationships, and 6.04, Fees and Financial Arrangements.)
reasonable steps, diagnosis
6.06 Accuracy in Reports to Payors and Funding Sources: In their reports to payors for services or sources of research funding, psychologists take __________ _____ to ensure the accurate reporting of the nature of the service provided or research conducted, the fees, charges, or payments, and where applicable, the identity of the provider, the findings, and the _________. (See also Standards 4.01, Maintaining Confidentiality; 4.04, Minimizing Intrusions on Privacy; and 4.05, Disclosures.)
not, referral itself
6.07 Referrals and Fees: When psychologists pay, receive payment from, or divide fees with another professional, other than in an employer-employee relationship, the payment to each is based on the services provided (clinical, consultative, administrative, or other) and is ___ based on the ________ ______. (See also Standard 3.09, Cooperation with Other Professionals.)
knowledge, experiences, licensure
7.01 Design of Education and Training Programs: Psychologists responsible for education and training programs take reasonable steps to ensure that the programs are designed to provide the appropriate _________ and proper ___________, and to meet the requirements for _________, certification, or other goals for which claims are made by the program. (See also Standard 5.03, Descriptions of Workshops and Non-Degree-Granting Educational Programs.)
description, content, completion
7.02 Descriptions of Education and Training Programs: Psychologists responsible for education and training programs take reasonable steps to ensure that there is a current and accurate ___________ of the program _______ (including participation in required course- or program-related counseling, psychotherapy, experiential groups, consulting projects, or community service), training goals and objectives, stipends and benefits, and requirements that must be met for satisfactory __________ of the program. This information must be made readily available to all interested parties.
syllabi, accurately
7.03 Accuracy in Teaching: (a) Psychologists take reasonable steps to ensure that course _______ are accurate regarding the subject matter to be covered, bases for evaluating progress, and the nature of course experiences. This standard does not preclude an instructor from modifying course content or requirements when the instructor considers it pedagogically necessary or desirable, so long as students are made aware of these modifications in a manner that enables them to fulfill course requirements. (See also Standard 5.01, Avoidance of False or Deceptive Statements.) (b) When engaged in teaching or training, psychologists present psychological information __________. (See also Standard 2.03, Maintaining Competence.)
language
9.02 Use of Assessments: (c) Psychologists use assessment methods that are appropriate to an individual's ________ preference and competence, unless the use of an alternative (this) is relevant to the assessment issues.
personal information
7.04 Student Disclosure of Personal Information: Psychologists do not require students or supervisees to disclose ________ ___________ in course- or program-related activities, either orally or in writing, regarding sexual history, history of abuse and neglect, psychological treatment, and relationships with parents, peers, and spouses or significant others except if (1) the program or training facility has clearly identified this requirement in its admissions and program materials or (2) the information is necessary to evaluate or obtain assistance for students whose personal problems could reasonably be judged to be preventing them from performing their training- or professionally related activities in a competent manner or posing a threat to the students or others.
therapy, unaffiliated, evaluating
7.05 Mandatory Individual or Group _______: (a) When individual or group (this) is a program or course requirement, psychologists responsible for that program allow students in undergraduate and graduate programs the option of selecting such (this) from practitioners ____________ with the program. (See also Standard 7.02, Descriptions of Education and Training Programs.) (b) Faculty who are or are likely to be responsible for __________ students' academic performance do not themselves provide that (this). (See also Standard 3.05, Multiple Relationships.)
feedback, actual performance
7.06 Assessing Student and Supervisee Performance: (a) In academic and supervisory relationships, psychologists establish a timely and specific process for providing ________ to students and supervisees. Information regarding the process is provided to the student at the beginning of supervision. (b) Psychologists evaluate students and supervisees on the basis of their ______ ___________ on relevant and established program requirements.
Sexual Relationships
7.07 ______ _____________ with Students and Supervisees: Psychologists do not engage in (this) with students or supervisees who are in their department, agency, or training center or over whom psychologists have or are likely to have evaluative authority. (See also Standard 3.05, Multiple Relationships.)
prior to conducting
8.01 Institutional Approval: When institutional approval is required, psychologists provide accurate information about their research proposals and obtain approval _____ __ __________ the research. They conduct the research in accordance with the approved research protocol.
purpose, duration, procedures, decline, consequences, risks, benefits, incentives
8.02 Informed Consent to Research: (a) When obtaining informed consent as required in Standard 3.10, Informed Consent, psychologists inform participants about (1) the _______ of the research, expected ________, and __________; (2) their right to _______ to participate and to withdraw from the research once participation has begun; (3) the foreseeable ____________ of declining or withdrawing; (4) reasonably foreseeable factors that may be expected to influence their willingness to participate such as potential _____, discomfort, or adverse effects; (5) any prospective research ________; (6) limits of confidentiality; (7) __________ for participation; and (8) whom to contact for questions about the research and research participants' rights. They provide opportunity for the prospective participants to ask questions and receive answers. (See also Standards 8.03, Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research; 8.05, Dispensing with Informed Consent for Research; and 8.07, Deception in Research.)
experimental treatments
8.02 Informed Consent to Research: (b) Psychologists conducting intervention research involving the use of ____________ __________ clarify to participants at the outset of the research (1) the (this) nature of the (this); (2) the services that will or will not be available to the control group(s) if appropriate; (3) the means by which assignment to treatment and control groups will be made; (4) available treatment alternatives if an individual does not wish to participate in the research or wishes to withdraw once a study has begun; and (5) compensation for or monetary costs of participating including, if appropriate, whether reimbursement from the participant or a third-party payor will be sought. (See also Standard 8.02a, Informed Consent to Research.)
naturalistic observations, deception, debriefing
8.03 Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research: Psychologists obtain informed consent from research participants prior to recording their voices or images for data collection unless (1) the research consists solely of ____________ ____________ in public places, and it is not anticipated that the recording will be used in a manner that could cause personal identification or harm, or (2) the research design includes _________, and consent for the use of the recording is obtained during __________. (See also Standard 8.07, Deception in Research.)
adverse consequences, course requirement
8.04 Client/Patient, Student, and Subordinate Research Participants: (a) When psychologists conduct research with clients/patients, students, or subordinates as participants, psychologists take steps to protect the prospective participants from _______ ____________ of declining or withdrawing from participation. (b) When research participation is a ______ ___________ or an opportunity for extra credit, the prospective participant is given the choice of equitable alternative activities.
distress, harm, normal, anonymous, organizational
8.05 Dispensing with Informed Consent for Research: Psychologists may dispense with informed consent only (1) where research would not reasonably be assumed to create ________ or ____ and involves (a) the study of ______ educational practices, curricula, or classroom management methods conducted in educational settings; (b) only _________ questionnaires, naturalistic observations, or archival research for which disclosure of responses would not place participants at risk of criminal or civil liability or damage their financial standing, employability, or reputation, and confidentiality is protected; or (c) the study of factors related to job or organization effectiveness conducted in ______________ settings for which there is no risk to participants' employability, and confidentiality is protected or (2) where otherwise permitted by law or federal or institutional regulations.
excessive, inappropriate, professional services
8.06 Offering Inducements for Research Participation: (a) Psychologists make reasonable efforts to avoid offering _________ or _____________ financial or other inducements for research participation when such inducements are likely to coerce participation. (b) When offering ____________ ________ as an inducement for research participation, psychologists clarify the nature of the services, as well as the risks, obligations, and limitations. (See also Standard 6.05, Barter with Clients/Patients.)
humane, animals
8.09 ______ Care and Use of _______ in Research: (a) Psychologists acquire, care for, use, and dispose of (this) in compliance with current federal, state, and local laws and regulations, and with professional standards. (b) Psychologists trained in research methods and experienced in the care of laboratory (this) supervise all procedures involving (this) and are responsible for ensuring appropriate consideration of their comfort, health, and (this) treatment. (c) Psychologists ensure that all individuals under their supervision who are using (this) have received instruction in research methods and in the care, maintenance, and handling of the species being used, to the extent appropriate to their role. (See also Standard 2.05, Delegation of Work to Others.) (d) Psychologists make reasonable efforts to minimize the discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of (this) subjects. (e) Psychologists use a procedure subjecting (this) to pain, stress, or privation only when an alternative procedure is unavailable and the goal is justified by its prospective scientific, educational, or applied value. (f) Psychologists perform surgical procedures under appropriate anesthesia and follow techniques to avoid infection and minimize pain during and after surgery. (g) When it is appropriate that an (this)'s life be terminated, psychologists proceed rapidly, with an effort to minimize pain and in accordance with accepted procedures.
fabricate, errors
8.10 Reporting Research Results: (a) Psychologists do not _________ data. (See also Standard 5.01a, Avoidance of False or Deceptive Statements.) (b) If psychologists discover significant ______ in their published data, they take reasonable steps to correct such ______ in a correction, retraction, erratum, or other appropriate publication means.
Plagiarism
8.11 __________: Psychologists do not present portions of another's work or data as their own, even if the other work or data source is cited occasionally.
actually performed, substantially contributed
8.12 Publication Credit: (a) Psychologists take responsibility and credit, including authorship credit, only for work they have ________ _________ or to which they have _____________ ___________. (See also Standard 8.12b, Publication Credit.)
does not justify authorship credit
8.12 Publication Credit: (b) Principal authorship and other publication credits accurately reflect the relative scientific or professional contributions of the individuals involved, regardless of their relative status. Mere possession of an institutional position, such as department chair, ____ ___ _______ __________ ______. Minor contributions to the research or to the writing for publications are acknowledged appropriately, such as in footnotes or in an introductory statement.
doctoral dissertation
8.12 Publication Credit: (c) Except under exceptional circumstances, a student is listed as principal author on any multiple-authored article that is substantially based on the student's ________ ____________. Faculty advisors discuss publication credit with students as early as feasible and throughout the research and publication process as appropriate. (See also Standard 8.12b, Publication Credit.)
Duplicate
8.13 _________ Publication of Data: Psychologists do not publish, as original data, data that have been previously published. This does not preclude republishing data when they are accompanied by proper acknowledgment.
declared purpose, written agreement
8.14 Sharing Research Data for Verification: (b) Psychologists who request data from other psychologists to verify the substantive claims through reanalysis may use shared data only for the ________ _______. Requesting psychologists obtain prior _______ _________ for all other uses of the data.
Verification
8.14 Sharing Research Data for ____________: (a) After research results are published, psychologists do not withhold the data on which their conclusions are based from other competent professionals who seek to (this) the substantive claims through reanalysis and who intend to use such data only for that purpose, provided that the confidentiality of the participants can be protected and unless legal rights concerning proprietary data preclude their release. This does not preclude psychologists from requiring that such individuals or groups be responsible for costs associated with the provision of such information.
confidentiality, proprietary
8.15 Reviewers: Psychologists who review material submitted for presentation, publication, grant, or research proposal review respect the _______________ of and the ___________ rights in such information of those who submitted it.
only after, document, clarify
9.01 Bases for Assessments: (b) Except as noted in 9.01c, psychologists provide opinions of the psychological characteristics of individuals ____ _____ they have conducted an examination of the individuals adequate to support their statements or conclusions. When, despite reasonable efforts, such an examination is not practical, psychologists ________ the efforts they made and the result of those efforts, _______ the probable impact of their limited information on the reliability and validity of their opinions, and appropriately limit the nature and extent of their conclusions or recommendations. (See also Standards 2.01, Boundaries of Competence, and 9.06, Interpreting Assessment Results.)
explain, sources of information
9.01 Bases for Assessments: (c) When psychologists conduct a record review or provide consultation or supervision and an individual examination is not warranted or necessary for the opinion, psychologists _______ this and the _______ __ ___________ on which they based their conclusions and recommendations.
sufficient to substantiate
9.01 Bases for Assessments: (a) Psychologists base the opinions contained in their recommendations, reports, and diagnostic or evaluative statements, including forensic testimony, on information and techniques __________ __ ____________ their findings. (See also Standard 2.04, Bases for Scientific and Professional Judgments.)
research, evidence, usefulness
9.02 Use of Assessments: (a) Psychologists administer, adapt, score, interpret, or use assessment techniques, interviews, tests, or instruments in a manner and for purposes that are appropriate in light of the ________ on or ________ of the __________ and proper application of the techniques.
validity, reliability, strengths, limitations
9.02 Use of Assessments: (b) Psychologists use assessment instruments whose ________ and ___________ have been established for use with members of the population tested. When such validity or reliability has not been established, psychologists describe the _________ and ___________ of test results and interpretation.
law, governmental, implied, decisional
9.03 Informed Consent in Assessments: (a) Psychologists obtain informed consent for assessments, evaluations, or diagnostic services, as described in Standard 3.10, Informed Consent, except when (1) testing is mandated by ___ or ____________ regulations; (2) informed consent is _______ because testing is conducted as a routine educational, institutional, or organizational activity (e.g., when participants voluntarily agree to assessment when applying for a job); or (3) one purpose of the testing is to evaluate __________ capacity. Informed consent includes an explanation of the nature and purpose of the assessment, fees, involvement of third parties, and limits of confidentiality and sufficient opportunity for the client/patient to ask questions and receive answers.
questionable, language
9.03 Informed Consent in Assessments: (b) Psychologists inform persons with ____________ capacity to consent or for whom testing is mandated by law or governmental regulations about the nature and purpose of the proposed assessment services, using ________ that is reasonably understandable to the person being assessed.
interpreter
9.03 Informed Consent in Assessments: (c) Psychologists using the services of an ___________ obtain informed consent from the client/patient to use that (this), ensure that confidentiality of test results and test security are maintained, and include in their recommendations, reports, and diagnostic or evaluative statements, including forensic testimony, discussion of any limitations on the data obtained. (See also Standards 2.05, Delegation of Work to Others; 4.01, Maintaining Confidentiality; 9.01, Bases for Assessments; 9.06, Interpreting Assessment Results; and 9.07, Assessment by Unqualified Persons.)
law, court order
9.04 Release of Test Data: (b) In the absence of a client/patient release, psychologists provide test data only as required by ___ or _____ _____.
test data, harm, misuse, misinterpretation
9.04 Release of ____ ____: (a) The term (this) refers to raw and scaled scores, client/patient responses to test questions or stimuli, and psychologists' notes and recordings concerning client/patient statements and behavior during an examination. Those portions of test materials that include client/patient responses are included in the definition of (this). Pursuant to a client/patient release, psychologists provide (this) to the client/patient or other persons identified in the release. Psychologists may refrain from releasing (this) to protect a client/patient or others from substantial ____ or ______ or _________________ of the data or the test, recognizing that in many instances release of confidential information under these circumstances is regulated by law. (See also Standard 9.11, Maintaining Test Security.)
psychometric procedures
9.05 Test Construction: Psychologists who develop tests and other assessment techniques use appropriate ____________ __________ and current scientific or professional knowledge for test design, standardization, validation, reduction or elimination of bias, and recommendations for use.
purpose, test-taking, situational, cultural, limitations
9.06 Interpreting Assessment Results: When interpreting assessment results, including automated interpretations, psychologists take into account the _______ of the assessment as well as the various test factors, ____-______ abilities, and other characteristics of the person being assessed, such as ___________, personal, linguistic, and ________ differences, that might affect psychologists' judgments or reduce the accuracy of their interpretations. They indicate any significant ___________ of their interpretations. (See also Standards 2.01b and c, Boundaries of Competence, and 3.01, Unfair Discrimination.)
Unqualified
9.07 Assessment by ___________ Persons: Psychologists do not promote the use of psychological assessment techniques by (this) persons, except when such use is conducted for training purposes with appropriate supervision. (See also Standard 2.05, Delegation of Work to Others.)
Obsolete, Outdated
9.08 ________ Tests and ________ Test Results: (a) Psychologists do not base their assessment or intervention decisions or recommendations on data or test results that are (this) for the current purpose. (b) Psychologists do not base such decisions or recommendations on tests and measures that are (this) and not useful for the current purpose.
responsibility, automated
9.09 Test Scoring and Interpretation Services: (c) Psychologists retain ______________ for the appropriate application, interpretation, and use of assessment instruments, whether they score and interpret such tests themselves or use _________ or other services.
norms, applications, qualifications
9.09 Test Scoring and Interpretation Services: (a) Psychologists who offer assessment or scoring services to other professionals accurately describe the purpose, _____, validity, reliability, and ____________ of the procedures and any special ______________ applicable to their use.
evidence, validity
9.09 Test Scoring and Interpretation Services: (b) Psychologists select scoring and interpretation services (including automated services) on the basis of ________ of the ________ of the program and procedures as well as on other appropriate considerations. (See also Standard 2.01b and c, Boundaries of Competence.)
explanations
9.10 Explaining Assessment Results: Regardless of whether the scoring and interpretation are done by psychologists, by employees or assistants, or by automated or other outside services, psychologists take reasonable steps to ensure that ____________ of results are given to the individual or designated representative unless the nature of the relationship precludes provision of an explanation of results (such as in some organizational consulting, preemployment or security screenings, and forensic evaluations), and this fact has been clearly explained to the person being assessed in advance.
Security
9.11 Maintaining Test ________: The term test materials refers to manuals, instruments, protocols, and test questions or stimuli and does not include test data as defined in Standard 9.04, Release of Test Data. Psychologists make reasonable efforts to maintain the integrity and (this) of test materials and other assessment techniques consistent with law and contractual obligations, and in a manner that permits adherence to this Ethics Code.
Section 5
Advertising and Other Public Statements
Step 5
Apply Steps 1 to 4 to generate ethical alternatives. Assess the competencies required to implement each alternative and consult with colleagues if necessary. Consider how different ethical theories might prioritize each alternative. Select the alternative that best fulfills one's obligations under the Ethics Code and has the greatest likelihood of protecting the rights and welfare of those who will be affected.
Section 9
Assessment
Step 3
Determine whether there are local, state, and federal laws specific to the ethical situation. Identify also the procedures required to be in compliance with these laws and the consequences of legal action for the welfare of individuals with whom the psychologist works and relevant third parties.
Section 7
Education and Training
Step 4
Make efforts to understand the perspective of different stakeholders who will be affected by and who will affect the outcome of the decision. These efforts should help illuminate aspects of the dilemma that are related to power, privilege, and sociopolitical oppression.
Step 6
Monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the course of action. Modify and continue to evaluate the ethical plan if feasible and necessary.
Section 4
Privacy and Confidentiality
Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
Psychologists _______ the _______ and worth of all ______, and the ______ of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination. Psychologists are aware that special safeguards may be necessary to protect the ______ and welfare of persons or communities whose vulnerabilities impair autonomous decision making. Psychologists are aware of and _______ cultural, individual, and role differences, including those based on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language, and socioeconomic status, and consider these factors when working with members of such groups. Psychologists try to eliminate the effect on their work of biases based on those factors, and they do not knowingly participate in or condone activities of others based upon such prejudices.
Fidelity and Responsibility
Psychologists establish relationships of trust with those with whom they work. They are aware of their professional and scientific ________________ to society and to the specific communities in which they work. Psychologists uphold professional standards of conduct, clarify their professional roles and obligations, accept appropriate ______________ for their behavior, and seek to manage conflicts of interest that could lead to exploitation or harm. Psychologists consult with, refer to, or cooperate with other professionals and institutions to the extent needed to serve the best interests of those with whom they work. They are concerned about the ethical compliance of their colleagues' scientific and professional conduct. Psychologists strive to contribute a portion of their professional time for little or no compensation or personal advantage.
Justice
Psychologists recognize that fairness and _______ entitle all persons to access to and benefit from the contributions of psychology and to equal quality in the processes, procedures, and services being conducted by psychologists. Psychologists exercise reasonable judgment and take precautions to ensure that their potential biases, the boundaries of their competence, and the limitations of their expertise do not lead to or condone unjust practices.
Integrity
Psychologists seek to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology. In these activities psychologists do not steal, cheat or engage in fraud, subterfuge, or intentional misrepresentation of fact. Psychologists strive to keep their promises and to avoid unwise or unclear commitments. In situations in which deception may be ethically justifiable to maximize benefits and minimize harm, psychologists have a serious obligation to consider the need for, the possible consequences of, and their responsibility to correct any resulting mistrust or other harmful effects that arise from the use of such techniques.
Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
Psychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care to do no harm. In their professional actions, psychologists seek to safeguard the welfare and rights of those with whom they interact professionally and other affected persons, and the welfare of animal subjects of research. When conflicts occur among psychologists' obligations or concerns, they attempt to resolve these conflicts in a responsible fashion that avoids or minimizes harm. Because psychologists' scientific and professional judgments and actions may affect the lives of others, they are alert to and guard against personal, financial, social, organizational, or political factors that might lead to misuse of their influence. Psychologists strive to be aware of the possible effect of their own physical and mental health on their ability to help those with whom they work.
Section 6
Record Keeping and Fees
Section 8
Research and Publication
Section 1
Resolving Ethical Issues
six-step ethical decision making model
This by Fisher (2017) draws on other models and the importance of ethical commitment, awareness, and competence
Step 1
Through a sustained professional commitment to doing what is right, develop the skills to identify when a situation raises ethical issues. This commitment includes (a) continuous reflection on the personal versus professional values and potential conflicts of interest influencing reactions to ethical dilemmas and (b) ongoing implementation of appropriate self-care strategies to guard against the influence of occupational stress.
difference between legal and ethical practice
law does not dictate ethics, but sensitivity to law protects the integrity of the profession; psychologists must comply with the Ethics Code if it establishes a higher standard of conduct than is required by law; adherence to conflicting law cannot be used to justify or defend violation of human rights
