Ethics Final Study Guide

The obligation that healthcare professionals have to tell the truth and not lie or deceive, is known as:

Veracity

(True or false) The National Patient Safety Goals pertains to medial imaging technologists. (True or false) The National Patient Safety Goal #4, Eliminate "wrong site, wrong patient, wrong procedure" during surgery has a medical imaging application.

True, True

The provision of a trusting environment for imaging students and employees requires _______________ and ________________.

Truthfulness/confidentiality

Expressions of caring and professionalism include:

Turing your phone off and listening Turing social media off and showing respect Turning discord off and paying attention

List the 7 principles of biomedical ethics:

autonomy, beneficence, confidentiality, justice, nonmaleficence, fidelity, veracity

It is ______________ for healthcare professionals to participate in active euthanasia or a patient's active suicide.

illegal

Wrongs resulting from acts done with the intention of causing harm to another that include assault, battery, and false imprisonment are known as:

intentional tort

Wrongs resulting from acts done with the intention of causing harm to another that include assault, battery and false imprisonment are known as:

intentional torts

To limit the amount of patient information that is accessible by healthcare professionals, HIPAA has created a requirement that only the ______________ necessary information for the purpose of disclosure be released to the healthcare worker.

minimum

MRI is associated with long scan times (15mins-45mins). Time constraints may have a ____________________ effect on patient satisfaction, image quality and professional reputation.

negative

Between beneficence and nonmaleficence, which has a higher priority for medical imaging technologists?

nonmaleficence

Which ethical model treats the healthcare provider as a father-like figure?

paternal

Many medical institutions have ethics committees composed of:

physicians, imaging technologists, administrative personnel, radiologists, MRI techs, physicists

Medical immobilization is considered a regular part of medical diagnostic imaging procedures based on standard practice. The use of immobilizing devices to obtain optimal images is not the same as the use of _____________________ devices, which require additional guidelines for their use.

restraint

A ____________ action is a lawsuit that alleges harm caused by the negligent or unintentional acts of another

tort

A broad term that includes negligence, failure to obtain informed consent and breach of patient confidentiality

unintentional tort

One of the primary objectives of patient-focused care is to move hospital services closer to the patient's bedside and ____________________ hospital services.

Decentralized or Outpatient. Decentralized I'm pretty sure is more correct

Educational programs create student guidelines and formal rules to guarantee equal disciplinary processes and opportunities for students. This is an example of which ethical theory.

Deontology

Imaging professionals must understand their role in patient information delivery and what information is appropriate to communicate to the patient. MRI technologists should not communicate certain information to the patient to prevent telling a ________________(example: diagnostic information).

Lie

Lack of ____________ competence is one of the most significant barriers to cultural competency.

Linguistic or language

Who is responsible for correctly identifying the patient and ensuring that films/images are marked correctly for right, left, superior, inferior, anterior and posterior orientations?

MRI technologist or Level 2 personnel

An all-encompassing term that includes any system to coordinate the care and treatment of patients. It is designed to provide better access, improved outcomes, more efficient use of resources and controlled costs for the patient.

Managed Care

Which of the following are major purposes of HIPAA: 1) To improve efficiency and effectiveness of health care delivery 2) To protect and enhance the rights of consumers by providing access to their health information 3) To mandate by state law, exceptions to confidentiality 4) To establish the obligation of healthcare workers to tell the truth and not to lie 5) To protect and enhance the rights of consumers by controlling the inappropriate use of patient health information 6) To establish a protocol for the creation of advance directives and living wills 7) To restore trust in the health care system 8) To mandate by federal law, exceptions to confidentiality

1, 2, 5, 7, 8

HMO=

health maintenance organization

To survive professionally and protect themselves legally, imaging professionals should incorporate proactive approaches to their professional training. Examples mentioned in this chapter include:

1) Cross training on different MRI vendor platforms 2) Improvement of efficiency 3) Continuing education 4) Voluntary self-examination

Imaging professionals have an obligation to the profession to:

-maintain current knowledge -read scientific journals -be aware of future technologies

Rapid technologic development presents imaging professionals with a variety of ethical dilemmas, such as:

-research methodology -new reproductive methods -radiographic interpretation -transplant situations -quality assurance

What are the conditions to be met for the principle of double effect to be applied?

-the action must be good -the evil cannot be a means to the good -the agent must intent only the good effect -proportionality must exist between good and evil effects

Health care professionals can make simple changes in the way they communicate to help patients understand. These include: 1) Speak quickly 2) Speaking slowly and clearly 3) Make eye contact with the patient 4) Use slang terms 5) Use the teach back technique to ensure patient understanding 6) Use less technical terms 7) Use more technical terms

2, 3, 5, & 6

From a risk management perspective, what is the most important element in preventing and minimizing adverse consequences of medical malpractice suits?

Accurate, unaltered medical records

ACR

American College of Radiology

ARMRIT

American Registry of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologists

ARRT

American Registry of Radiologic Technologists

ASRT

American Society of Radiologic Technologists

An intentional tort charge may occur when a patient is touched without giving prior consent, what is the name if that charge?

Battery

Biomedical ethics

Branch of ethics dealing with dilemmas faced by medical professionals, patients, and their friends and family

A majority of states in the United States of America have passed legislation giving a physician the right to provide a compassionate statement or say "I'm sorry" to patients at the time of an adverse outcome without threat of that statement being used as evidence in a court of law. These laws are known collectively as:

Apology statutes

If an imaging professional threatens to perform an imaging exam against the patients will or consent, a charge of ___________________ may result.

Assault

Respect for the patient's rights specifically, the __________________ of the patient includes the ability of the patient to make choices.

Autonomy

What is the only form of life-sustaining treatment that is ever provided without the consent of the patient?

CPR

The first consideration that should be made whenever patients are going to make any medical treatment decision, is the patients ____________________.

Competence

Medical imaging professionals have a clear duty (professional obligation vs. personal choice) to maintain patient privacy and adhere to the principle of _______________________.

Confidentiality

"Purposeful, self-regulatory judgment, which results in interpretation, analysis, evaluation, and inference" best defines which of the following terms?

Critical thinking

Mechanisms for the reporting of certain types of wounds, communicable diseases, suspected abuse, birth defects, drug addiction and industrial accidents, are examples of:

Exceptions to confidentiality

(True or False) A medical imaging professional does not need to be concerned with the law regarding informed consent in his or her jurisdiction, as long as the consent form is completed and signed by the patient.

False

(True or False) Imaging professionals need not worry about liability when they are told to perform procedures for which they are not properly trained or certified in.

False

(True or false) Medical imaging and radiation sciences should not include linguistic and cultural competency discussions as part of their formal training

False

(True or false) The imaging professional has no responsibility for researching, understanding, staying up to date and applying the standards of care or scope of practice for new technologies.

False

(True or false) There is only one method that exists for providing imaging services to a diverse patient population with different ideas about what constitutes "caring."

False

When health care decisions are made by substitute decision makers, and no patient advance directive exists; surrogates, physicians and health care facilities should look to __________________ to help make health care decisions.

Family members

This type of managed care organization usually limits its members to an exclusive network of providers.

HMO

What does the acronym HIPAA stand for:

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

HGP

Human Genome Project

As of 2022, physician-assisted suicide (PAS) is _____________________ in a majority of America. However, nine states and Washington D.C. have enacted laws that allow PAS, California is among them.

Illegal

JCAHO

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations

This type of managed care organization resembles HMO's, but it allows their members to obtain services outside the network at an additional cost.

POS

The main driving force of any medical imaging department should be the needs of the:

Patients

The acronym PVS stands for:

Persistent Vegetative State

POS=

Point of service plan

The durable ________________ _________________ _______________ for health care decisions is an advance directive that is not limited to terminal conditions or specified treatments but instead appoints a person or persons (surrogate) to assume a substitute decision-maker role in the event the patient is unable to make decisions.

Power of attorney

PPO=

Preferred provider organization

Which obligatory secret creates a legal liability for MRI technologists.

Professional

An awareness of the conduct, aims, and qualities defining a given profession is known as:

Professionalism

Preliminary MRI image readings and interpretations are performed by

RA

Which medical professional is responsible for imaging interpretation?

Radiologist

RA

Radiologist Assistant

Proper documentation and reporting, voluntary self-assessment and improvement of cost efficiency allows imaging professionals to maintain more control over their own ____ management.

Risk

The Employee Retirement and Security Act (ERISA) of 1974 was enacted with the purpose of dealing with retirement pension scams, it also prevented state tort lawsuits and state regulation of managed care organizations. In the early 2000's three U.S Supreme Court cases allowed consumers to sue managed care organizations for making erroneous medical decisions and imposed state regulation on managed care organizations. Before the Supreme Court cases, managed care organizations could only be sued in federal court, not state court, this limited the amount of damages that could be awarded. Because of this increased liability, a system of ______________ managed care emerged.

Risk

Imaging professionals face a variety of obstacles to providing optimal patient care, examples may include:

Scarcity of time Lack of proper communication Patient in zone 4, technologist in QC workstation zone 3

The following techniques may improve communication between health care professionals and patients:

Slow down Check for patient understanding Avoid complex medical language

Health care professionals have an obligation to do no harm and are responsible to provide reasonable patient care. There are legal consequences if healthcare workers do not meet their responsibilities (duties). These concepts are included as part of the most basic legal parameter in health care that is known as:

Standard of care

Ethics

System or code of conduct and morals advocated by a particular individual or group

Consequentialism is another name for

Teleology

(True or False) "Caring" has a relationship to minimizing the risk of litigation

True

(True or False) A patient is diagnosed with terminal pancreatic cancer, he elects to discontinue nourishment to hurry his own death. The patient asks the nursing staff to withhold all nourishment. This is considered a form of passive euthanasia, which is illegal in all 50 states.

True

(True or False) Educational programs have an obligation to clarify behavioral standards essential to the educational program.

True

(True or False) Healthcare professionals have an absolute duty to respect the patient's wishes in the case of DNR/DNI orders. Healthcare professionals have been sued for failure to observe DNR/DNI orders and have faced charges of battery & negligent infliction of pain and suffering. Is it medically negligent for a MRI technologist, to scan a patient without knowing the patient's CPR status?

True

(True or False) Imaging professionals may be the only health care professional who communicates with and observes the patient sufficiently to recognize and inform the interpreting physician (Radiologist) of the severity of the patients symptoms.

True

(True or False) MCS is a condition of severely altered consciousness in which minimal but definite behavioral evidence of self-awareness or environmental awareness is demonstrated.

True

(True or False) Managed care controls the type, quality and costs of health care.

True

(True or False) Medical imaging students are responsible for helping to maintain the safety of the clinical site's patients.

True

(True or False) The duty to obtain the informed consent when a patient undergoes an MRI scan without contrast enhancement lies with the physician.

True

(True or False) To be able to provide more cost-effective medical imaging in the face of evolving technologies; imaging professionals need to make the best use of their time, increase their productivity, become multi-skilled on different MRI scanners and know how to properly image different anatomy.

True

(True or false) An imaging professional has a right to refuse to take part in research studies.

True

(True or false) Battery occurs if a medical imaging exam such as an MRI is performed on a competent, unwilling patient.

True

(True or false) MRI technologists should participate in establishing care standards for patient care services.

True

(True or false) MRI technologists should take active roles in the organizations representing the profession.

True

(True or false) Written answers to interrogatories can be used against you in a lawsuit.

True

The patient's ____________________ is a key concept in giving ___________________ consent

competence, informed

Radiologic imaging is central to a health care trend that puts greater emphasis on prevention and early ______________ of pathological conditions.

detection

What does the acronym DNR stand for:

do not resuscitate

What are the 4 conditions that need to be met for a charge of negligence to occur?

duty, breach of duty, injury, causation

Imaging professionals rely on both personal ethics derived from: value clarification and systems and professional ethics as defined in ASRT, ARRT, ARMRIT codes of ethics to make:

ethical decisions on behalf of our patients

"To succeed in this chaotic environment, the R.T. workforce must be able to foresee change, be willing to make adjustments and be willing to _____________."

evolve, adapt

Values

expressed in behaviors, language, standards of conduct (personal, cultural, professional)