Ethics Test
Motto for Human Flourishing
"Faith, Flourishing and Finance"
want self
-occurs during the the decision making process -emotional, affective, impulsive, hot-headed
Pitfalls of conflicts of interest
1) not recognizing the conflict 2) running or hiding from conflict 3) assuming disclosure is enough 4) pretending objectivity if people can image the worst intentions, they will
Ethical Decision Making Process
1. Identify the important facts 2.Identify the ethical issue 3.Identify the stakeholders 4.Identify the possible solutions 5.Asses the solutions using ethical perspectives 6.Asses any new potential solutions 7.Act in accordance with your ethical analysis 8.Asses your actions and the outcomes
3 characteristics of being a moral person & moral manager
1. Role Modeling 2. Consistent Communication 3. Consistent Accountability
what are the three big questions?
1. What are we doing? 2. Why are we working? 3. What is it for?
script processing (internal danger)
A cognitive framework that guides thought in routine situations. Makes behavior more automatic
virtue ethics
An ethical philosophy claiming that morality's primary function is to develop virtuous character, pillow test, mirror test, newspaper test
Deontology
Approach to ethics that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to rules. Described as duty or obligation, because rules 'binds you to your duty'
System 1 thinking
Automatic, fast, little or no effort, no sense of voluntary control, the busier people are the more they rely on this thinking
Right v.s Right
Choosing between competing values
if a company invites you to lunch but this may set a poor precident, what category does this fall under?
Deontology
what ethical principle is concerned with universibility?
Deontology
what ethical theory was based on Immanuel Kant?
Deontology (universability)
Pitfalls of sacrificing personal values
Forgetting your family (your loved ones have to have a mutual understanding about the sacrifices you are willing to make to uphold values) Seeing only yourself (be willing ot work unpopular shifts so that when you cannot your colleagues will feel more compelled to pick them up)
diffusion of responsibility (bystander effect) example
Kitty Genovese was stabbed to death while people just watched and did nothing, everyone thought that someone would act
examples of skirting the rules
Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr
fraud triangle
Perceived pressure (time pressure/financial pressure), perceived opportunity(fuzzy rules lead to sketchy behavior), rationalization (barriers to our decision-making)
planning ahead of conflicts of interest
Recognize the obligations that you owe Give yourself some credit Watch out for nepotism Acknowledge trade-offs Develop a system of training and reporting
Pitfalls of whistleblowing
Signaling acceptance (not acting and deciding to do nothing is a morally significant choice that could set the wrong standard), acting without information (could lead to disastrous outcomes), communicating harshly (focusing on fixing the problem, not on being right), demonizing wrongdoers (do not overdo the punishment for wrongdoing because it prob won't help the situation)
Pitfalls to the Skirting the Rules Dilemma
Signaling disregard Leaning on loopholes Skirting the punishment Letting rules define your ethics
incrementalism
Snowball effect of unethical decision making
Secondary Embedding Mechanisms
Structures, systems and processes; physical space; organizational communications (formal and informal) that signal culture, (ex: Mendoza upgrading building to accommodate and bring people to create a culture to attract more people)
moral courage
Taking a position against something or someone even though you know the outcome may be unpopular.
Social Contract Theory
The belief that the people agree to set up rulers for certain purposes and thus have the right to resist or remove rulers who act against those purposes.
Utilitarianism
The doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority, consequentialist perspective, outcome-driven, egotism (whatever benefits you the best), rail car example (save one person & a group of ppl die or save the group and 1 person dies)
what ethics do ethical role models resonate most with?
Virtue Ethics
Three Applications of OECD (Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development)
Vocation of the Business Leader Interpretive Guide to Business UN Principles for Responsible Investing
psychological cleansing
We can turn our ethics on and off (ex:Buying clothing that they know was produced with child labor)
skirting the rules
You could keep a rule for a worse outcome or bend it to achieve some good, nonviolent, rules are disobeyed at last resort
ethical fading
a form of self-deception. It occurs when we subconsciously avoid or disguise the moral implications of a decision. It allows us to behave in immoral ways while maintaining the conviction that we are good, moral people
locus of control (internal danger)
a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment (a good thing)
pitfalls of standing up to power include?
acquiescing too quickly, charging the hill, assuming too much, gossiping and not protecting yourself
ethical self defense
being trustworthy does not always mean you have to be trusting
Group norms example
blood doping, baseball players using performance enhancing drugs
ethical priming
by doing the work bit by bit, it becomes easier to handle the bigger dilemmas
internal dangers
categories of reasons & rationalization -denial of responsibility - denial of injury - denial of the victim
motivated reasoning
confirmation bias, occurs when we use reasoning not to discoer whats true but to justify the conclusion we prefer, only look at evidence that supports our wants
what is the most frequently excused ethical dilemma in the business world?
conflicts of interest
what is key of a ethical role model?
consistency
Stakeholder Theory
ethical theory stating that social responsibility is paying attention to the interest of every affected stakeholder in every aspect of a firm's operation
ethical spinning
everybody's doing it, being a follower and not a leader
pitfalls of standing up to power: gossiping
get help from others in a way that doesn't create a poor work culture
strawman of ethics
good ethics entials being aware of the potential of being hurt by dishonest people
Mendoza Motto
grow the good in business
when are you more likely to act unethical?
when using the external locus of control
Embedding Mechanisms
levers by which one creates and changes organizational culture
which dilemma occurs when we don't know how much to sacrifice?
loyalty
pitfalls of standing up to power: not protecting yourself
make sure to document everything
what type of memory do we experience when the stakes are lower and we become more ethical?
moral muscle memory
external dangers
obedience to authority, role taking, diffusion of responsibility, group norms, psychological distance, societal culture
should self
occurs before the decision-making process -encompasses our ethical tendencies (deliberate, careful & rational)
recollection bias
rationalization that occurs after a decision to make it seem ok or make us feel ok about ourselves (ex: skipping exercise class and saying "its ok i skipped it was a stressful day.")
what did frankl believe was the very essence of human existence?
responsibleness
the principle of what is expressed in the golden rule?
reversibility
deontology
rights based , reversibility, justice
pitfalls of standing up to power: charging the hill
saying no immediately without thinking about the approach
Primary Embedding Mechanisms
specific leadership actions that signal organizational priorities, leader driven actions,
Role taking example
stanford prison guards who were placed in a position of power and began to behave in a way that they would not act like in their everyday lives
Logotherapy (viktor frankl)
striving to find a meaning in one's life is the primary, most powerful motivating and driving force in human beings
whistleblowing
the act of an employee exposing an employer's wrongdoing to outsiders, such as the media or government regulatory agencies
better than average effect
the tendency to rank oneself higher than most people on positive attributes
metacognition
thinking about thinking
defining moments
those decisions we make in right-vs-right dilemmas, They test our values, and shape our future behavior
Ethical Blind Spots
unconscious judgmental tendencies that can hinder the ethical decision making process or cause the decision maker to fail to recognize the ethical dimension of a choice.
personal harmony
unethical choices conflict with how you see yourself
what ethical framework is concered most with character?
virtue ethics
what ethics was based on aristotle?
virtue ethics