Euro Chapter 15-18 Test, Renaissance & Reformation
According to the text, how have Protestant historians tended to view the Reformation? A) as a revolutionary break with the past B) as continuous with earlier reform movements that remained within the Catholic church C) as a return to the Christianity of the late Roman empire D) as primarily driven by politics E) as a long-term consequence of the 1054 schism with orthodoxy
A) as a revolutionary break with the past
____ published the Edict of Nantes in 1598
Henry IV
the Baroque palaces of central and eastern Europeans princes were modeled on
the Winter Palace
in the 17th cent. the Dutch East India Company
took over much of the East Indies from Portugual
The key feature of Newton's system was the law of
universal gravitation
in response to the problems of 14th and 15th cent. landlords of E. Europe
used political power to gain control of the peasants
According to Dutch humanist Erasmus, the key to reform was A) education B) control of papacy C) a pious life D) the concerted effort that only a strong state could afford E) adherence to church dogma
A) education
_____, Henry IV's chief minister, was a devout Protestant.
Sully
English Navigation Acts 1651
required the English goods be transports by English ships
the first tactic employed by the landlords to cope with labor shortages was to
restrict peasant freedom of movement
the population losses caused by the plague and the Hundred Years War
resulted in the virtual disappearance of serfdom in France
the consolidation of ____ in E. Europe was accompanied by the rise of estate agriculture
serfdom
The Sultan of the Ottoman Empire filled the top ranks of his bureaucracy with
slaves, many of them from the Christian Balkans as boys and converted to Islam (taxes)
in order to pay for the Habsburg-Valois wars, the French monarchs
sold public offices
The Tridentine decree Tametsi stipulated that A) for marriage to be valid it had to be witnessed by a priest B) each diocese had to establish a seminary C) bishops had to live in their own dioceses D) the sale of indulgences was illegal E) no church offices would be sold
A) for marriage to be valid, it had to be witnessed by a priest
For ordinary women, the Ren. A) had very little impact B) improved the marital conditions C) worsened their status D) allowed them to access education E) opened access to new livelihood
A) had very little impact
The Protestant Reformation in Germany A) weakened the power of secular states B) compounded problems that had existed since the Middle ages C) destroyed Habsburg influence in the Empire D) helped pave the way for a unified nation E) did not take root
B) compounded problems that had existed since the Middle ages
Luther saw the ___ as the special domain of women A) church B) home C) public market D) convent E) pulpit
B) home
by 1300, most of the Italian city-states were ruled by either signori or.. A) kings B) oligarchies C) elected assemblies D) ecclesiastical princes E) bishops
B) oligarchies
The highly infectious nature of the plague was enhanced by A) the imposition of quarantine measures B) an influx of peasants seeking medical care C) urban congestion and lack of sanitation D) the total absence of health-care facilities E) starving peasants' consumption of black rats
C) urban congestion and lack of sanitation
In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that A) supported the efforts of the Puritans B) emphasized personal and public religious conformity C) was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes D) favored Catholics over Protestants E) imported Scottish Presbyterianism into England
C) was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes
The Reformation in England was primarily the result of A) dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VII B) the missionary activity on the Lollards C) the terrible conditions then existing in the English churches D) efforts by Luther and his followers E) Elizabeth I's conversion to Presbyterianism
E) Elizabeth I's conversion to Presbyterianism
All of the following ethnic groups were imported into western Europe as slaves during the 14th and 15th century except A) africans B) greeks C) Albanians D) Slavs E) Portuguese
E) Portuguese
the ___ sacked Kiev in 1242
Mongols
Before the Porties gained control on the spice trade in the Indian Ocean, the trade was controlled by
Muslims
which country had the highest living standards in Europe (mid 17th century)
Netherlands
accomplishments of Frederick William the Great Elector include all except
abolition of serfdom
How was the emergence of large Cossack bands in Ukraine in the 16 and 17th century related to political and economic development to the north in Russia?
many Cossacks were peasants fleeing enserfment in Russia
Each nation, or ---, in the Ottoman Empire enjoyed autonomous self-government under its religious leaders
millet
According to text, the reason that labor shortages led to freedom for peasants in W. Europe and bondage in the East was
the monarchs in the East were weaker before the 17th century and could not restrain the nobles from oppressing the peasants
English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that
the power of the ruler was absolute but derived from an implicit contract with the governed
During the 100 Years War, the English kings were supported by some French barons because the latter A) disapproved of the babylonian Captivity B) were promised estates in England C) wanted to stop the French monarchy's centralizing efforts D) were economically dependent on the English wool trade E) were Lollards
) wanted to stop the French monarchy's centralizing efforts
In 1521, Charles V ordered Luther to appear before the A) Diet of Worms B) Council of Augsburg C) Diet of Wittenburg D) Tribunal of the Holy Office E) Court of the Holy Office
A) Diet of Worms
The frist artistic and literary manifestation of the Italian Ren. appeared in A) Florence B) Rome C) Venice D) Naples E) Siena
A) Florence
The French invasion of Italy at the end of the 15th century was predicted by A) Savonarola B) Dante C) Machiavelli D) Lorenzo de Medici E) Francesco Sforza
A) Savonarola
In the 14th century, Genoa and ____ dominated the Mediterranean slave trade A) Venice B) Rome C) Milan D) Naples E) Pisa
A) Venice
The period 1315 to 1322 is best described as A) a time of scarcity and starvation B) a time of plenty and prosperity C) stable and peaceful D) a time of civil war and bloodshed E) a time of rapid intellectual advancement
A) a time of scarcity and starvation
The Florentine Office of the Night was created to control A) homosexual activities (sodomy) B) prostitution C) radical elements in the popolo D) the outbreak of heresy during the Ren. E) taverns
A) homosexual activities (sodomy)
In the 15th century, many clerics held more than one benefice, a practice known as A) pluralism B) simony C) investiture D) indulgences E) councilarism
A) pluralism
Italian humanists stressed the A) study of classics for what they could reveal about human nature B) study of classics in order to understand the divine nature of God C) absolute authority of classical texts D) role of the church in the reform of society E) study of Revelation for a clue to the date of the Second Coming
A) study of classics for what they could reveal about human nature
In the early 16th century, critics of the church attacked all of the following except A) the academic pursuits of the clergy B) clerical immortality C) ignorance of the parish clergy D) the problems of pluralism and absenteeism E) the way money changed hands when a bishop entered office
A) the academic pursuits of the clergy
All of the following were consequences of the 100 Years War except A) the development of a French national assembly B) emergence of the English Commons as a political force C) a rise of nationalistic feeling in England and France D) economic and social dislocation E) disruption of the local government in England as sheriffs went absent to campaign
A) the development of a French national assembly
As consumer habits changed, an aristocrats greatest expense was usually his A) urban palace B) military hardware and training C) daughter's dowry D) food E) jewelry and clothing
A) urban palace
Italian balance-of-power diplomacy A) was designed to prevent a single italian state from domination the peninsula B) successfully prevented foreign dominations of Italy C) was primarily concerned with controlling the papacy D) was critical to the economic success of Italy E) led to Venetian domination of the Italian peninsula
A) was designed to prevent a single italian state from domination the peninsula
at the end of the 16th cent. the commercial capital of Europe was
Amsterdam
before the scientific rev., europeans view of the universe was based on the ideas of
Aristotle
The doctrine of indulgences rests on all of the following principles except A) belief that God is both merciful and just B) belief in salvation by faith alone C) belief that Christ and saints established a treasury of merit D) belief that the church was the authority to grant sinners access to the treasury of merit E) the doctrine rest on all four of these principles
B) belief in salvation by faith alone
Recent research on the English church before Henry VIII's break with Rome indicates that A) a vast gap existed between the clergy and the English people B) the church was in very healthy condition C) condition in England mirrored those on the continent D) clerical abuse and ignorance was worse in England than on the continent
B) the church was in very healthy condition
The northern humanists believed that human nature A) was fundamentally corrupt B) was fundamentally good C) was incapable of improvement D) remained unaffected by Adam and Eve's fall. E) was fixed and unchangeable
B) was fundamentally good
all of the following astronomers contributed to the destruction of the Aristotelian view of the universe except
Bernard de Fontenelle
In which 12th century did the mechanical clock become commonplace in European cities? A) 12th B) 13th C) 14th D) 15th E) 16th
C) 14th
All of the following were among the Italian powers that dominated the peninsula except A) Papal States B) Florence C) Ferrara D) Venice E) Naples
C) Ferrara
The Italian Renaissance had as one of its central components A) Christian humility B) a concern for the improvement of society in general C) a glorification of individual genius D) the attempt to use art to educate urban masses E) rejection of Scriptural authority
C) a glorification of individual genius
Economically, the Black Death resulted in A) a complete economic collapse B) a sharp drop in per capita wealth C) a sharp increase in per capita wealth D) a sharp increase in urban unemployment E) the worse conditions for serfs all over Europe
C) a sharp increase in per capita wealth
The Brethren of the Common Life represent A) the exert of Protestant conversions in Italy B) the power and appeal of John Calvin's message C) an example of pre-Reform. reform movements within the church D) a typical response of the papacy to the Reform. E) the persistence of Lollardism in England
C) an example of pre-Reform. reform movements within the church
The official attitude toward rape indicates that... A) the status of women had improved B) it was a serious crime against the victim and society C) it was not seen as a serious crime against either the victim or society D) prostitution was designed to eradicate the crime E) homosexual rape was a worse offense than heterosexual rape
C) it was not seen as a serious crime against either the victim or society
In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that A) men and women were equals in intellectual pursuits B) the status of women had improved since the Middle ages C) men and men alone should act in the public sphere D) women should have equal opportunity in marital end extramarital sexual relations E) women lacked immortal souls
C) men and men alone should act in the public sphere
The leaders of the Catholic church A0 ignored the Renaissance B) attempted to crush the secularism of the Renaissance C) readily adopted the Renaissance spirit, especially when it came to art D) used Renaissance ideals to promote moral reform D) came to believe that the Renaissance had caused the Reformation
C) readily adopted the Renaissance spirit, especially when it came to art
The Catholic reformation, started in the 1540s as a response to the Protestant Reformation A) sought to reform the liturgy of the Catholic church B) sought to restore the conciliar movement C) sought to initiate institutional reform D) sought to stimulate a new spiritualism E) was ineffectual
C) sought to initiate institutional reform
Ulrich Zwingli attacked all of the following except: A) indulgences B) monasticism C) the doctrine of the Trinity D) clerical celibacy E) the Mass
C) the doctrine of Trinity
According to Calvin, the elect were A) the leaders of Genevan Consistory B) intellectual leaders of the Reformations C) those individuals chosen for salvation D) all Protestants E) elected ministers of the church
C) those individuals chosen for salvation
Rich individuals sponsored artists and works or art A) because it was good for business B) in order to please God C) to glorify themselves and their families D) to control employment E) to enlighten the masses
C) to glorify themselves and their families
Calvin's reform movement A) was suppressed by the civil authorities in Geneva B) was restricted to Switzerland and France C) was thoroughly integrated into the civil government of Geneva D) rejected any role in the secular government of Geneva E) was quickly rejected by the citizens of Geneva
C) was thoroughly integrated into the civil government of Geneva
Luther viewed sex as A) an abomination B) inevitable but condemned by God C) allowed between consenting adults D) a good and natural thing within a marriage E) an invention of the devil
D) a good and natural thing within a marriage
Martin Luther wrote his letter entitled "95 Theses" to Archbishop Albert in response to A) Luther's personal struggle with the question of salvation B) the election of Charles V C) the draining of Germany's wealth by the papacy D) a new campaign to sell indulgences E) the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
D) a new campaign to sell indulgences
According to studies in the Florentine Office of the Night, the most common form of homosexual relationship between males was between A) noble and noble B) noblemen and mural laborers C) noblemen and servants D) adult men and boys E) artist and patron
D) adult men and boys
The Index was... A) a list of official doctrines of the Catholic church B) a list of individuals condemned by the Roman Inquisition C) the cardinals who directed the Roman Inquisition D) the catalog of forbidden reading E) Luther's commentaries on the Scriptures
D) the catalog of forbidden reading
The subjugation of the Italisn peninsula by outside invaders was A) the product of the invaders' overwhelming superiority B) the result of the economic collapse of Italy C) inevitable D) the result of Italians' failure to coordinate a common defense E) the result of papal invitation to the French king to intervene
D) the result of Italians' failure to coordinate a common defense
The invention of movable type led to all of the following except A) increased literacy B) the use of government propaganda C) the inculcation of national loyalties D) the use of French as the language of polite society E) the creation of invisible publics of silent readers
D) the use of French as the language of polite society
according the the text, the Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to A) a mood of fatalism among Calvin's followers B) a withdrawal from the world of business and politics C) a mass exodus from the city of Geneva D) a fashion for astrology E) a confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation
E) a confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation
Anabaptists generally favored all of the following except A) opening ministry to women B) religious tolerance C) self-governing congregations D) pacifism E) abolition of baptism
E) abolition of baptism
According to Machiavelli, the sole test of "good" government was whether it A) provided the necessary public services B) was based on Christian morality C) protected the liberty of its citizens D) was effective E) improved the economy
E) improved the economy
France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to A) spread Protestantism B) prevent English influence from increasing in Germany C) contain Protestantism east of the Rhine D) facilitate the Turkish attack on the Habsburgs E) keep Germany politically fragmented
E) keep Germany politically fragmented
The term humanism, as used in the context of Ren., refers to A) insistence that Italian cities respect individual human rights B) the belief that man was responsible for his own fate and God was dead C) an anthropomorphic conception of God D) belief in the perfectibility of man E) study of Latin classics for moral education and insights into human nature
E) study of Latin classics for moral education and insights into human nature
Castiglione's manual on gentlemenly conduct A) focused on ridding oneself of vermin B) suggested that early choice of a profession was crucial in becoming a gentlemen C) asserted that real men need not to learn French D) insisted that the real gentlemen show Christian humility and kindness toward the downtrodden E) suggested that gentlemen cultivate their abilities in a variety of fields, athletics to music to art to mathematics
E) suggested that gentlemen cultivate their abilities in a variety of fields, athletics to music to art to mathematics
Martin Luther's first response to the demands made by the Swabian peasants of their lords was... A) a call to the nobles to crush the peasants B) a call for the peasants to rebel C) a call for peasants and nobles to unite in a Crusade against the Turks D) a call for the confiscation of Catholic nobles' estates E) sympathy for peasants
E) sympathy for peasants
Luther and Zwingli disagreed on which of the following issues? A) priestly celibacy B) the authority of the Scripture C) indulgences D) monasticism E) the Eucharist
E) the Eucharist
Luther believed that the church consisted of... A) the entire body of clergy B) the elect C) all those who supported his views D) the saints and Christ, not of human beings E) the entire community of Christian believers
E) the entire community of Christian believers
In 1658 ____ was the strongest and most highly centralized state in Europe
France
According to ____ theory of inertia, rest is not the natural state of objects
Galileo
according to text, which power had the most efficient military in Europe, man or man, in early 1700s
Prussia
which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in late 18th cent.
Prussia, Russia, Austria
Oliver Cromwell's protectorate is best described as a
Puritan, military dictatorship
the two men generally given credit for creating modern scientific method were Francis Bacon and
Rene Descartes
the 7 N. provinces of Netherlands formed the ___ and in 1581, declared indep. from Spain
Union of Utrecht
Louis XIV installed his royal court at
Versailles
the quinto was
a Spanish tax on all precious metals mined in its colonies
Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through
a military coup
Peter Paul Rubens is best remembered as
a painter whose work exemplifies the sensuality of Baroque painting
The Fronde refers to
a rebellion by aristocrats and others early in the reign of Louis XIV (wanted to increase royal taxes) (Mazarin)
starvations and economic crisis in France in 1688-1694 were caused by all the following except
a typhoid epidemic
Richelieu's constructive genius is best reflected in his
administrative innovations
the policies and actions of Frederick William I were based on his belief that the welfare of the king and state depended on the
army
Ivan IV carried out a reign of terror against the Muscovite
boyars
the population of ST. Petersburg was
compelled by Peter to reside there
the decline of Spain in the 17th cent. can be attributed to all of the following except
conflict between the church and state
the admin. of justice in E. Europe generally was
controlled by local landlords
after the death of Louis XIV, the French parliaments
effectively challenged royal absolutism
the Authorized Version of the Bible reflected the efforts on the Anglicans and Puritans to
encourage the laity to read the Bible
Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre
exemplified the hatred between French Catholics and Protestants
the French royal budget in the first half on the 16th cent. was strained by both the Habsburg-Valois wars and
extravagant promotion of the arts by monarchs
The speak that caused the English Glorious Rev. was the...
fear of Catholic dynasty being established by James II
the "enlightened" policies of Frederick II of Prussia included all except
freeing Prussian serfs
European overseas expans. was facilitated by all of the following except
galley
a significant feature of English society in the 16th and 17th century was
growing wealth of the country gentry and middle-class businessmen
how did Peter the Great app road the problem of finding labor to build his new capital?
he conscripted tens of thousands of Russian peasants to work each summer
Galileo's greatest achievement was
his elaboration and consolidation of the experimental method
in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed
human development is determined by education and society
all of the following were factors in Elizabeth I's decision to intervene in the Dutch revolt except
impact of inflation on the Spanish economy
mercantilist theory postulated that
imports and exports should be equally balanced
the reign of Peter the Great was characterized by
incessant warfare
baroque art was
intended to kindle the faith of the common people
Prussia's landowning classes were known as the
junkers
among the weaknesses of the French financial system under Louis XIV were all except
lack of direction in state financial and economic policy under the incompetent Colbert
French intendants were almost always recruited from
new, judicial nobility
group of people who benefited the most from large price increases in the 16th cent. was
nobility
John Locke was the great spokesman
of Glorious Rev. of 1688
a striking feature of salons was that
philosophes, nobles, and members of upper middle class intermingled
the primary purpose of Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) was to
popularize the findings of the Scientific Rev.
Copernicus's theory of the universe
postulated a sun-centered view of the universe
the Edict of Nantes
provided conditions for the peaceful coexistence of Calvinism and Catholicism in France
Richelieu's notion of ___ justified actions on behalf of the state that would be condemned if carried out by private individuals
raison detat
all of the following except ___ were important trends of Enlightenment
religions too could be analyzed using Enlightenment theories, and eventually religious truth could be known
a state may be termed ___ when it possesses a monopoly over the instruments of justice and the use of force within clearly defined boundaries
sovereign
the Pragmatic Sanction issued by Charles VI in 1713
stated that Habsburg lands were never to be divided (his daughter could gain power)
the intro of slavery into the Amers. was conditioned most by production of
sugar
Prince Henry of Portugal is significant for his
support of exploration
illegal book trade in France featured all of the following types of literature except
technical journals on agriculture and industry
with regard to divorce in the 16th and 17th century
the Catholic church did not accept divorce, while Protestant churches tended to accept it in cases of adultery and irreconcilable differences
all of the following were causes of the Scientific Rev. except
the active support of the papacy
in his Spirit of Laws, Montes. argued for
the separation of governmental powers
Before 1500, science was primarily a branch of
theology
all of the following played a role in the erosion of French absolutism except
theories of Charles Montesquieu
in the ottoman empire
there was virtually no such thing as private landed property
medieval kings claimed to rule
through personal merit