Euro Chapter 15-18 Test, Renaissance & Reformation

According to the text, how have Protestant historians tended to view the Reformation? A) as a revolutionary break with the past B) as continuous with earlier reform movements that remained within the Catholic church C) as a return to the Christianity of the late Roman empire D) as primarily driven by politics E) as a long-term consequence of the 1054 schism with orthodoxy

A) as a revolutionary break with the past

____ published the Edict of Nantes in 1598

Henry IV

the Baroque palaces of central and eastern Europeans princes were modeled on

the Winter Palace

in the 17th cent. the Dutch East India Company

took over much of the East Indies from Portugual

The key feature of Newton's system was the law of

universal gravitation

in response to the problems of 14th and 15th cent. landlords of E. Europe

used political power to gain control of the peasants

According to Dutch humanist Erasmus, the key to reform was A) education B) control of papacy C) a pious life D) the concerted effort that only a strong state could afford E) adherence to church dogma

A) education

_____, Henry IV's chief minister, was a devout Protestant.

Sully

English Navigation Acts 1651

required the English goods be transports by English ships

the first tactic employed by the landlords to cope with labor shortages was to

restrict peasant freedom of movement

the population losses caused by the plague and the Hundred Years War

resulted in the virtual disappearance of serfdom in France

the consolidation of ____ in E. Europe was accompanied by the rise of estate agriculture

serfdom

The Sultan of the Ottoman Empire filled the top ranks of his bureaucracy with

slaves, many of them from the Christian Balkans as boys and converted to Islam (taxes)

in order to pay for the Habsburg-Valois wars, the French monarchs

sold public offices

The Tridentine decree Tametsi stipulated that A) for marriage to be valid it had to be witnessed by a priest B) each diocese had to establish a seminary C) bishops had to live in their own dioceses D) the sale of indulgences was illegal E) no church offices would be sold

A) for marriage to be valid, it had to be witnessed by a priest

For ordinary women, the Ren. A) had very little impact B) improved the marital conditions C) worsened their status D) allowed them to access education E) opened access to new livelihood

A) had very little impact

The Protestant Reformation in Germany A) weakened the power of secular states B) compounded problems that had existed since the Middle ages C) destroyed Habsburg influence in the Empire D) helped pave the way for a unified nation E) did not take root

B) compounded problems that had existed since the Middle ages

Luther saw the ___ as the special domain of women A) church B) home C) public market D) convent E) pulpit

B) home

by 1300, most of the Italian city-states were ruled by either signori or.. A) kings B) oligarchies C) elected assemblies D) ecclesiastical princes E) bishops

B) oligarchies

The highly infectious nature of the plague was enhanced by A) the imposition of quarantine measures B) an influx of peasants seeking medical care C) urban congestion and lack of sanitation D) the total absence of health-care facilities E) starving peasants' consumption of black rats

C) urban congestion and lack of sanitation

In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that A) supported the efforts of the Puritans B) emphasized personal and public religious conformity C) was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes D) favored Catholics over Protestants E) imported Scottish Presbyterianism into England

C) was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of A) dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VII B) the missionary activity on the Lollards C) the terrible conditions then existing in the English churches D) efforts by Luther and his followers E) Elizabeth I's conversion to Presbyterianism

E) Elizabeth I's conversion to Presbyterianism

All of the following ethnic groups were imported into western Europe as slaves during the 14th and 15th century except A) africans B) greeks C) Albanians D) Slavs E) Portuguese

E) Portuguese

the ___ sacked Kiev in 1242

Mongols

Before the Porties gained control on the spice trade in the Indian Ocean, the trade was controlled by

Muslims

which country had the highest living standards in Europe (mid 17th century)

Netherlands

accomplishments of Frederick William the Great Elector include all except

abolition of serfdom

How was the emergence of large Cossack bands in Ukraine in the 16 and 17th century related to political and economic development to the north in Russia?

many Cossacks were peasants fleeing enserfment in Russia

Each nation, or ---, in the Ottoman Empire enjoyed autonomous self-government under its religious leaders

millet

According to text, the reason that labor shortages led to freedom for peasants in W. Europe and bondage in the East was

the monarchs in the East were weaker before the 17th century and could not restrain the nobles from oppressing the peasants

English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that

the power of the ruler was absolute but derived from an implicit contract with the governed

During the 100 Years War, the English kings were supported by some French barons because the latter A) disapproved of the babylonian Captivity B) were promised estates in England C) wanted to stop the French monarchy's centralizing efforts D) were economically dependent on the English wool trade E) were Lollards

) wanted to stop the French monarchy's centralizing efforts

In 1521, Charles V ordered Luther to appear before the A) Diet of Worms B) Council of Augsburg C) Diet of Wittenburg D) Tribunal of the Holy Office E) Court of the Holy Office

A) Diet of Worms

The frist artistic and literary manifestation of the Italian Ren. appeared in A) Florence B) Rome C) Venice D) Naples E) Siena

A) Florence

The French invasion of Italy at the end of the 15th century was predicted by A) Savonarola B) Dante C) Machiavelli D) Lorenzo de Medici E) Francesco Sforza

A) Savonarola

In the 14th century, Genoa and ____ dominated the Mediterranean slave trade A) Venice B) Rome C) Milan D) Naples E) Pisa

A) Venice

The period 1315 to 1322 is best described as A) a time of scarcity and starvation B) a time of plenty and prosperity C) stable and peaceful D) a time of civil war and bloodshed E) a time of rapid intellectual advancement

A) a time of scarcity and starvation

The Florentine Office of the Night was created to control A) homosexual activities (sodomy) B) prostitution C) radical elements in the popolo D) the outbreak of heresy during the Ren. E) taverns

A) homosexual activities (sodomy)

In the 15th century, many clerics held more than one benefice, a practice known as A) pluralism B) simony C) investiture D) indulgences E) councilarism

A) pluralism

Italian humanists stressed the A) study of classics for what they could reveal about human nature B) study of classics in order to understand the divine nature of God C) absolute authority of classical texts D) role of the church in the reform of society E) study of Revelation for a clue to the date of the Second Coming

A) study of classics for what they could reveal about human nature

In the early 16th century, critics of the church attacked all of the following except A) the academic pursuits of the clergy B) clerical immortality C) ignorance of the parish clergy D) the problems of pluralism and absenteeism E) the way money changed hands when a bishop entered office

A) the academic pursuits of the clergy

All of the following were consequences of the 100 Years War except A) the development of a French national assembly B) emergence of the English Commons as a political force C) a rise of nationalistic feeling in England and France D) economic and social dislocation E) disruption of the local government in England as sheriffs went absent to campaign

A) the development of a French national assembly

As consumer habits changed, an aristocrats greatest expense was usually his A) urban palace B) military hardware and training C) daughter's dowry D) food E) jewelry and clothing

A) urban palace

Italian balance-of-power diplomacy A) was designed to prevent a single italian state from domination the peninsula B) successfully prevented foreign dominations of Italy C) was primarily concerned with controlling the papacy D) was critical to the economic success of Italy E) led to Venetian domination of the Italian peninsula

A) was designed to prevent a single italian state from domination the peninsula

at the end of the 16th cent. the commercial capital of Europe was

Amsterdam

before the scientific rev., europeans view of the universe was based on the ideas of

Aristotle

The doctrine of indulgences rests on all of the following principles except A) belief that God is both merciful and just B) belief in salvation by faith alone C) belief that Christ and saints established a treasury of merit D) belief that the church was the authority to grant sinners access to the treasury of merit E) the doctrine rest on all four of these principles

B) belief in salvation by faith alone

Recent research on the English church before Henry VIII's break with Rome indicates that A) a vast gap existed between the clergy and the English people B) the church was in very healthy condition C) condition in England mirrored those on the continent D) clerical abuse and ignorance was worse in England than on the continent

B) the church was in very healthy condition

The northern humanists believed that human nature A) was fundamentally corrupt B) was fundamentally good C) was incapable of improvement D) remained unaffected by Adam and Eve's fall. E) was fixed and unchangeable

B) was fundamentally good

all of the following astronomers contributed to the destruction of the Aristotelian view of the universe except

Bernard de Fontenelle

In which 12th century did the mechanical clock become commonplace in European cities? A) 12th B) 13th C) 14th D) 15th E) 16th

C) 14th

All of the following were among the Italian powers that dominated the peninsula except A) Papal States B) Florence C) Ferrara D) Venice E) Naples

C) Ferrara

The Italian Renaissance had as one of its central components A) Christian humility B) a concern for the improvement of society in general C) a glorification of individual genius D) the attempt to use art to educate urban masses E) rejection of Scriptural authority

C) a glorification of individual genius

Economically, the Black Death resulted in A) a complete economic collapse B) a sharp drop in per capita wealth C) a sharp increase in per capita wealth D) a sharp increase in urban unemployment E) the worse conditions for serfs all over Europe

C) a sharp increase in per capita wealth

The Brethren of the Common Life represent A) the exert of Protestant conversions in Italy B) the power and appeal of John Calvin's message C) an example of pre-Reform. reform movements within the church D) a typical response of the papacy to the Reform. E) the persistence of Lollardism in England

C) an example of pre-Reform. reform movements within the church

The official attitude toward rape indicates that... A) the status of women had improved B) it was a serious crime against the victim and society C) it was not seen as a serious crime against either the victim or society D) prostitution was designed to eradicate the crime E) homosexual rape was a worse offense than heterosexual rape

C) it was not seen as a serious crime against either the victim or society

In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that A) men and women were equals in intellectual pursuits B) the status of women had improved since the Middle ages C) men and men alone should act in the public sphere D) women should have equal opportunity in marital end extramarital sexual relations E) women lacked immortal souls

C) men and men alone should act in the public sphere

The leaders of the Catholic church A0 ignored the Renaissance B) attempted to crush the secularism of the Renaissance C) readily adopted the Renaissance spirit, especially when it came to art D) used Renaissance ideals to promote moral reform D) came to believe that the Renaissance had caused the Reformation

C) readily adopted the Renaissance spirit, especially when it came to art

The Catholic reformation, started in the 1540s as a response to the Protestant Reformation A) sought to reform the liturgy of the Catholic church B) sought to restore the conciliar movement C) sought to initiate institutional reform D) sought to stimulate a new spiritualism E) was ineffectual

C) sought to initiate institutional reform

Ulrich Zwingli attacked all of the following except: A) indulgences B) monasticism C) the doctrine of the Trinity D) clerical celibacy E) the Mass

C) the doctrine of Trinity

According to Calvin, the elect were A) the leaders of Genevan Consistory B) intellectual leaders of the Reformations C) those individuals chosen for salvation D) all Protestants E) elected ministers of the church

C) those individuals chosen for salvation

Rich individuals sponsored artists and works or art A) because it was good for business B) in order to please God C) to glorify themselves and their families D) to control employment E) to enlighten the masses

C) to glorify themselves and their families

Calvin's reform movement A) was suppressed by the civil authorities in Geneva B) was restricted to Switzerland and France C) was thoroughly integrated into the civil government of Geneva D) rejected any role in the secular government of Geneva E) was quickly rejected by the citizens of Geneva

C) was thoroughly integrated into the civil government of Geneva

Luther viewed sex as A) an abomination B) inevitable but condemned by God C) allowed between consenting adults D) a good and natural thing within a marriage E) an invention of the devil

D) a good and natural thing within a marriage

Martin Luther wrote his letter entitled "95 Theses" to Archbishop Albert in response to A) Luther's personal struggle with the question of salvation B) the election of Charles V C) the draining of Germany's wealth by the papacy D) a new campaign to sell indulgences E) the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome

D) a new campaign to sell indulgences

According to studies in the Florentine Office of the Night, the most common form of homosexual relationship between males was between A) noble and noble B) noblemen and mural laborers C) noblemen and servants D) adult men and boys E) artist and patron

D) adult men and boys

The Index was... A) a list of official doctrines of the Catholic church B) a list of individuals condemned by the Roman Inquisition C) the cardinals who directed the Roman Inquisition D) the catalog of forbidden reading E) Luther's commentaries on the Scriptures

D) the catalog of forbidden reading

The subjugation of the Italisn peninsula by outside invaders was A) the product of the invaders' overwhelming superiority B) the result of the economic collapse of Italy C) inevitable D) the result of Italians' failure to coordinate a common defense E) the result of papal invitation to the French king to intervene

D) the result of Italians' failure to coordinate a common defense

The invention of movable type led to all of the following except A) increased literacy B) the use of government propaganda C) the inculcation of national loyalties D) the use of French as the language of polite society E) the creation of invisible publics of silent readers

D) the use of French as the language of polite society

according the the text, the Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to A) a mood of fatalism among Calvin's followers B) a withdrawal from the world of business and politics C) a mass exodus from the city of Geneva D) a fashion for astrology E) a confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation

E) a confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation

Anabaptists generally favored all of the following except A) opening ministry to women B) religious tolerance C) self-governing congregations D) pacifism E) abolition of baptism

E) abolition of baptism

According to Machiavelli, the sole test of "good" government was whether it A) provided the necessary public services B) was based on Christian morality C) protected the liberty of its citizens D) was effective E) improved the economy

E) improved the economy

France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to A) spread Protestantism B) prevent English influence from increasing in Germany C) contain Protestantism east of the Rhine D) facilitate the Turkish attack on the Habsburgs E) keep Germany politically fragmented

E) keep Germany politically fragmented

The term humanism, as used in the context of Ren., refers to A) insistence that Italian cities respect individual human rights B) the belief that man was responsible for his own fate and God was dead C) an anthropomorphic conception of God D) belief in the perfectibility of man E) study of Latin classics for moral education and insights into human nature

E) study of Latin classics for moral education and insights into human nature

Castiglione's manual on gentlemenly conduct A) focused on ridding oneself of vermin B) suggested that early choice of a profession was crucial in becoming a gentlemen C) asserted that real men need not to learn French D) insisted that the real gentlemen show Christian humility and kindness toward the downtrodden E) suggested that gentlemen cultivate their abilities in a variety of fields, athletics to music to art to mathematics

E) suggested that gentlemen cultivate their abilities in a variety of fields, athletics to music to art to mathematics

Martin Luther's first response to the demands made by the Swabian peasants of their lords was... A) a call to the nobles to crush the peasants B) a call for the peasants to rebel C) a call for peasants and nobles to unite in a Crusade against the Turks D) a call for the confiscation of Catholic nobles' estates E) sympathy for peasants

E) sympathy for peasants

Luther and Zwingli disagreed on which of the following issues? A) priestly celibacy B) the authority of the Scripture C) indulgences D) monasticism E) the Eucharist

E) the Eucharist

Luther believed that the church consisted of... A) the entire body of clergy B) the elect C) all those who supported his views D) the saints and Christ, not of human beings E) the entire community of Christian believers

E) the entire community of Christian believers

In 1658 ____ was the strongest and most highly centralized state in Europe

France

According to ____ theory of inertia, rest is not the natural state of objects

Galileo

according to text, which power had the most efficient military in Europe, man or man, in early 1700s

Prussia

which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in late 18th cent.

Prussia, Russia, Austria

Oliver Cromwell's protectorate is best described as a

Puritan, military dictatorship

the two men generally given credit for creating modern scientific method were Francis Bacon and

Rene Descartes

the 7 N. provinces of Netherlands formed the ___ and in 1581, declared indep. from Spain

Union of Utrecht

Louis XIV installed his royal court at

Versailles

the quinto was

a Spanish tax on all precious metals mined in its colonies

Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through

a military coup

Peter Paul Rubens is best remembered as

a painter whose work exemplifies the sensuality of Baroque painting

The Fronde refers to

a rebellion by aristocrats and others early in the reign of Louis XIV (wanted to increase royal taxes) (Mazarin)

starvations and economic crisis in France in 1688-1694 were caused by all the following except

a typhoid epidemic

Richelieu's constructive genius is best reflected in his

administrative innovations

the policies and actions of Frederick William I were based on his belief that the welfare of the king and state depended on the

army

Ivan IV carried out a reign of terror against the Muscovite

boyars

the population of ST. Petersburg was

compelled by Peter to reside there

the decline of Spain in the 17th cent. can be attributed to all of the following except

conflict between the church and state

the admin. of justice in E. Europe generally was

controlled by local landlords

after the death of Louis XIV, the French parliaments

effectively challenged royal absolutism

the Authorized Version of the Bible reflected the efforts on the Anglicans and Puritans to

encourage the laity to read the Bible

Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre

exemplified the hatred between French Catholics and Protestants

the French royal budget in the first half on the 16th cent. was strained by both the Habsburg-Valois wars and

extravagant promotion of the arts by monarchs

The speak that caused the English Glorious Rev. was the...

fear of Catholic dynasty being established by James II

the "enlightened" policies of Frederick II of Prussia included all except

freeing Prussian serfs

European overseas expans. was facilitated by all of the following except

galley

a significant feature of English society in the 16th and 17th century was

growing wealth of the country gentry and middle-class businessmen

how did Peter the Great app road the problem of finding labor to build his new capital?

he conscripted tens of thousands of Russian peasants to work each summer

Galileo's greatest achievement was

his elaboration and consolidation of the experimental method

in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed

human development is determined by education and society

all of the following were factors in Elizabeth I's decision to intervene in the Dutch revolt except

impact of inflation on the Spanish economy

mercantilist theory postulated that

imports and exports should be equally balanced

the reign of Peter the Great was characterized by

incessant warfare

baroque art was

intended to kindle the faith of the common people

Prussia's landowning classes were known as the

junkers

among the weaknesses of the French financial system under Louis XIV were all except

lack of direction in state financial and economic policy under the incompetent Colbert

French intendants were almost always recruited from

new, judicial nobility

group of people who benefited the most from large price increases in the 16th cent. was

nobility

John Locke was the great spokesman

of Glorious Rev. of 1688

a striking feature of salons was that

philosophes, nobles, and members of upper middle class intermingled

the primary purpose of Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) was to

popularize the findings of the Scientific Rev.

Copernicus's theory of the universe

postulated a sun-centered view of the universe

the Edict of Nantes

provided conditions for the peaceful coexistence of Calvinism and Catholicism in France

Richelieu's notion of ___ justified actions on behalf of the state that would be condemned if carried out by private individuals

raison detat

all of the following except ___ were important trends of Enlightenment

religions too could be analyzed using Enlightenment theories, and eventually religious truth could be known

a state may be termed ___ when it possesses a monopoly over the instruments of justice and the use of force within clearly defined boundaries

sovereign

the Pragmatic Sanction issued by Charles VI in 1713

stated that Habsburg lands were never to be divided (his daughter could gain power)

the intro of slavery into the Amers. was conditioned most by production of

sugar

Prince Henry of Portugal is significant for his

support of exploration

illegal book trade in France featured all of the following types of literature except

technical journals on agriculture and industry

with regard to divorce in the 16th and 17th century

the Catholic church did not accept divorce, while Protestant churches tended to accept it in cases of adultery and irreconcilable differences

all of the following were causes of the Scientific Rev. except

the active support of the papacy

in his Spirit of Laws, Montes. argued for

the separation of governmental powers

Before 1500, science was primarily a branch of

theology

all of the following played a role in the erosion of French absolutism except

theories of Charles Montesquieu

in the ottoman empire

there was virtually no such thing as private landed property

medieval kings claimed to rule

through personal merit