evanth midterm 3
Homo Sapiens migration List details about: Greece
- Apidima skull - EARLIEST in Europe - 2 skulls embedded in rock in a cave - apidima skull 1 looks like homo sapiens, skull 2 looks like Neanderthal
Culture of Neanderthals 6
- Cared for their sick and elderly and buried the dead - built kilns to make bitumen (glue) - huge animals --> work w/ group - hunted but also ate plants/grains, shellfish - cave art & symbolism - some cannibalism
Homo Sapiens migration List details about: East Asia
- Daoxian cave, China 80 kya
Homo Sapiens migration List details about: Jebel Irhoud (Morocco)
- EARLIEST modern human fossil at 315 kya - Skull & mandible retain some primitive ft - brow ridge and small chin
Homo Sapiens migration List details about: Australia
- Madjedbebe Rock shelter 65 kya - many blade tools, stone axes, ochre "crayons" - building boats! seafaring to go from E. Asia --> Australia
Homo Sapiens migration List details about: Ethiopia??
- Omo Kubisch Skulls at 195 kya - Herto Skull at 160 kya
Homo sapiens cranial morphology 4
- high, round cranium --> tall forehead - chin - smaller nose - face doesn't project
Homo Neanderthalasis cranial morphology 5
- long, low cranium - bigger brow ridge - no chin - gap behind 3rd molar - occipital bun
Homo Sapiens migration List details about: Olorgesailie (Kenya)
- modern humans at 300 kya - stone tools traveled far (obsidian) - red ochre pigment (art?)
what is absolute dating?
determining the exact age of an event or object
What is the expensive tissue hypothesis?
diet changed to include more meat so gut gets smaller (saving energy) natural selection puts that energy to big brains and increased intelligence when foraging
When were dinosaurs? What era?
dinosaurs: 251 - 65 mya
hunter-gathering creates directional or stabilizing selection for intelligence?
directional selection
why was Harbin cranium significant?
discovered in 1933 but not analyzed until 2021 perhaps skull of denisovans or new species "Homo longi" 146k yo, 1420 cc skull: long, low, bigger > heidelbergensis
what does food sharing do to the food energy budget? does it increase or decrease energy for everything?
food sharing adds another revenue stream to the budgets --> larger budget this increases energy for reproduction, growth, etc
what are Allen and Bergmann rules for body shape & climate?
hot = tall, thin cold = short, stocky
hox genes are the same for what animals?
hox genes are the same for humans, fish, even insects! what about limbs and lungs are important
homo naledi: what features r humanlike vs ape-like? what was strange about naledi finding?
human-like: foot, leg, hand ape-like: scapula & curved phalanges (climbing) why so deep in the cave??
what is the second big brain hypothesis?
humans evolved a faster metabolism so extra calories went to big brain evolved to burn more calories
what is the fattest ape?
humans!
bc food production > consumption, who receives the extra energy in production?
moms
what was significant about the plesiadapiforms primates?
no postorbital bar or closure
did neanderthals only eat meat?
no! ate reindeer, plants, grains, shellfish (mollusks) diving led to exostoses (bony growth in ear canal)
are neanderthals and sapiens the same species?
no! different species, same stone age
earliest in pacific islands?
ocean voyaging 3.5 kya
describe adapids & omomyids
postorbital bar eyes face forward (stereoscopic vision) nails
what were the miocene hominoids?
proconsul sivapithecus danuvius
What is paleomagnetism?
reversals of the earth's magnetic field are preserved within ferrous sedimentary rocks
Why bipedalism? savannah/thermo
seems unlikely bc earliest hominins found in forests not savannahs, bipedalism is NOT more efficient
What is biostratigraphy?
species found at the site come from a known period
what was significant about h. heidelbergensis culture? 5
strong evidence for hunting butchered horses, rhinos, other animals schoningen spears Levallois tools fire: cooking central place foraging --> rock shelters "cavemen" mtDNA --> admixing
What is paleontology?
the study of fossils
What are hox genes? How old?
they help determine the head to tail axis in embryonic development basic body plan more than 500 mya old
Why bipedalism? provisioning
unlikely, socio-behavioral changes w/ Homo encephalization, golden lion, tamarins provision
vertebrate body plan is incredibly ____? Lots of ____?
vertebrate body plan is incredibly conserved Lots of homology
what was the earliest solid evidence for fire?
wonderwerk cave in South Africa 1 mya burned plant & bone deep in cave H. erectus
earliest fossil sites in Americas?
~15 kya but recent discovery at White Sands, NM for a 23 kya fossil grouping of Native Americans w/ Asians clovis culture
5 Features of hominins
1. bipedalism 2. big brain --> complex tool use 3. non-honing premolar 4. reduced canine 5. phylogenetic position
3 why are humans are hominins
1. bipedalism is a derived trait 2. small canines 3. brains are not bigger
why big brains?
1. expensive tissue hypothesis 2. humans have evolved a faster metabolism
when were sivapithecus? where? details?
12 mya ??? details: looks like an orangutan, arboreal quadrupedal body
when were danuvius? where? details?
12 mya Germany Details: suspensory and prob not bipedal
Homo Sapiens migration List details about: Klasies & Border (S. africa)
125 kya - Complex hunting & gathering strategies (seasonal exploitation) - symbolic behavior at 100 kya - bead shells and patterns seasonal hunting means they kept a calendar in mind oldest drawing: 73 kya
when were proconsuls? where? details?
21 - 14 mya Kenya Details: hominoid skull, no tail, arboreal
when was the miocene era? what was significant?
23 - 5.3 mya origins and expansion of hominoids from 27 hominid genera --> 6 hominid genera
When was the Mesozoic Era? Name 2 discoveries
230 mya (Earliest Mammals) Hair, warm-bodied, nurse?? DINOSAURS
what was the oldest homo origin outside of Africa? what was found?
Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia Homo erectus primitive stone tools (butcher meat) lava flow 5 Dmanisi skulls: evidence for moderate dimorphism
What was the Eocene era?
Earliest definite primates (adapids, omomyids)
What were the first TRUE primates?
Eocene Era Adapids & Omomyids Anthropoids
what happened to dinosaurs 65 mya?
KT extinction event
is climate change new?
NO: climate has changed a lot in the past 65 million yrs
Name the eras:
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic
what epoch is referred to as "The Muddle in the Middle"? why?
Pleistocene Epoch 2.58 mya - 11.7 kya complex relationships in the pleistocene, fossils like Harbin cranium found but no idea how everything fits together
what is a derived trait? what is LCA? what are canines for?
Present in organism but absent in last common ancestor Last Common Ancestor Canines are about competition NOT diet
What is radiometric dating?
Radiometric dating uses the decay rate of radioactive material to date objects. some unstable elements break down with a different form
What is superposition?
The deeper layer of a rock formation is older than the layer on top, because the deeper/bottom layer formed first.
Why bipedalism? Tool Use
Tool use hypothesis (needed for defense)
Why bipedalism?
Tool use hypothesis (needed for defense) postural feeding: savannah/thermo: provisioning: suspensory mechanical:
T/F: foraging requires complex, learned skills?
True: embodied capital
What is relative dating?
Using the layers of rock to sequence the fossils in a sediment establishing "older" or "younger" than
infant anatomy is similar to ___? why?
apes limited vocals bc of epiglottis and larynx are positioned high
describe anthropoids, when, and the 2 discoveries
apes and monkeys 45 mya 1. eosimias sinensis 2. darwinius masillae 47 mya
what is the earliest fossil in Europe? besides the first, what was the next?
apidima skull in Greece 210 kya 45 kya
Why bipedalism? postural feeding
arm-hanging and stabilization when chimps feed but they aren't bipedal on the ground
adult humans: ability to talk is also ability to ____ as kids grow, the larynx descends so we get full speech abilities and INCREASES ___ risk
choke evolutionary tradeoff
what unique behavior did homo erectus have? how?
compassion! toothless Dmanisi individual KNMER 1808 Femur -- neither could survive alone so was helped
complexity of modern humans
complex tools - 100 kya clothing - 72 kya bow & arrow - 20 kya
Why bipedalism? suspensory mechanical
continued bipedalism when on the ground, gibbons are arboreal and bipeds, maybe suspensory apes forced to ground, LCA branched into bipedal & knuckle walker
what climate is pleistocene epoch?
cooler, drier, ice age cycles
why is homo floresiensis so tiny? 3 hypotheses
1) some Australopithecus hid out a long time ago 2) Homo erectus moved out there and got a smaller brain size 3) island dwarfism?
Which 2 species are most known of Australopithecus?
1. Australopithecus Afarensis 2. Australopithecus Africanus
when were aegyptopithecus? where?
33 mya Egypt
when was the oligocene era? what was significant?
34-23 mya first non-debatable anthropoids aegyptopithecus
When did Earth form?
4.6 bya Earth forms
When were the first vertebrates?
485 mya First vertebrates
when was the modern human "cultural explosion"?
50 kya
When was the Paleozoic Era? Name 2 discoveries
542-251 mya 1) First vertebrates 2) Limbs and lungs
When was the Cenozoic Era? Aka Age of ____?
65 mya to present Aka: Age of Mammals epochs?
when was the paleocene era? name a discovery
65.5 - 55.8 mya plesiadapiforms primates
