evanth midterm 3

Ace your homework & exams now with Quizwiz!

Homo Sapiens migration List details about: Greece

- Apidima skull - EARLIEST in Europe - 2 skulls embedded in rock in a cave - apidima skull 1 looks like homo sapiens, skull 2 looks like Neanderthal

Culture of Neanderthals 6

- Cared for their sick and elderly and buried the dead - built kilns to make bitumen (glue) - huge animals --> work w/ group - hunted but also ate plants/grains, shellfish - cave art & symbolism - some cannibalism

Homo Sapiens migration List details about: East Asia

- Daoxian cave, China 80 kya

Homo Sapiens migration List details about: Jebel Irhoud (Morocco)

- EARLIEST modern human fossil at 315 kya - Skull & mandible retain some primitive ft - brow ridge and small chin

Homo Sapiens migration List details about: Australia

- Madjedbebe Rock shelter 65 kya - many blade tools, stone axes, ochre "crayons" - building boats! seafaring to go from E. Asia --> Australia

Homo Sapiens migration List details about: Ethiopia??

- Omo Kubisch Skulls at 195 kya - Herto Skull at 160 kya

Homo sapiens cranial morphology 4

- high, round cranium --> tall forehead - chin - smaller nose - face doesn't project

Homo Neanderthalasis cranial morphology 5

- long, low cranium - bigger brow ridge - no chin - gap behind 3rd molar - occipital bun

Homo Sapiens migration List details about: Olorgesailie (Kenya)

- modern humans at 300 kya - stone tools traveled far (obsidian) - red ochre pigment (art?)

what is absolute dating?

determining the exact age of an event or object

What is the expensive tissue hypothesis?

diet changed to include more meat so gut gets smaller (saving energy) natural selection puts that energy to big brains and increased intelligence when foraging

When were dinosaurs? What era?

dinosaurs: 251 - 65 mya

hunter-gathering creates directional or stabilizing selection for intelligence?

directional selection

why was Harbin cranium significant?

discovered in 1933 but not analyzed until 2021 perhaps skull of denisovans or new species "Homo longi" 146k yo, 1420 cc skull: long, low, bigger > heidelbergensis

what does food sharing do to the food energy budget? does it increase or decrease energy for everything?

food sharing adds another revenue stream to the budgets --> larger budget this increases energy for reproduction, growth, etc

what are Allen and Bergmann rules for body shape & climate?

hot = tall, thin cold = short, stocky

hox genes are the same for what animals?

hox genes are the same for humans, fish, even insects! what about limbs and lungs are important

homo naledi: what features r humanlike vs ape-like? what was strange about naledi finding?

human-like: foot, leg, hand ape-like: scapula & curved phalanges (climbing) why so deep in the cave??

what is the second big brain hypothesis?

humans evolved a faster metabolism so extra calories went to big brain evolved to burn more calories

what is the fattest ape?

humans!

bc food production > consumption, who receives the extra energy in production?

moms

what was significant about the plesiadapiforms primates?

no postorbital bar or closure

did neanderthals only eat meat?

no! ate reindeer, plants, grains, shellfish (mollusks) diving led to exostoses (bony growth in ear canal)

are neanderthals and sapiens the same species?

no! different species, same stone age

earliest in pacific islands?

ocean voyaging 3.5 kya

describe adapids & omomyids

postorbital bar eyes face forward (stereoscopic vision) nails

what were the miocene hominoids?

proconsul sivapithecus danuvius

What is paleomagnetism?

reversals of the earth's magnetic field are preserved within ferrous sedimentary rocks

Why bipedalism? savannah/thermo

seems unlikely bc earliest hominins found in forests not savannahs, bipedalism is NOT more efficient

What is biostratigraphy?

species found at the site come from a known period

what was significant about h. heidelbergensis culture? 5

strong evidence for hunting butchered horses, rhinos, other animals schoningen spears Levallois tools fire: cooking central place foraging --> rock shelters "cavemen" mtDNA --> admixing

What is paleontology?

the study of fossils

What are hox genes? How old?

they help determine the head to tail axis in embryonic development basic body plan more than 500 mya old

Why bipedalism? provisioning

unlikely, socio-behavioral changes w/ Homo encephalization, golden lion, tamarins provision

vertebrate body plan is incredibly ____? Lots of ____?

vertebrate body plan is incredibly conserved Lots of homology

what was the earliest solid evidence for fire?

wonderwerk cave in South Africa 1 mya burned plant & bone deep in cave H. erectus

earliest fossil sites in Americas?

~15 kya but recent discovery at White Sands, NM for a 23 kya fossil grouping of Native Americans w/ Asians clovis culture

5 Features of hominins

1. bipedalism 2. big brain --> complex tool use 3. non-honing premolar 4. reduced canine 5. phylogenetic position

3 why are humans are hominins

1. bipedalism is a derived trait 2. small canines 3. brains are not bigger

why big brains?

1. expensive tissue hypothesis 2. humans have evolved a faster metabolism

when were sivapithecus? where? details?

12 mya ??? details: looks like an orangutan, arboreal quadrupedal body

when were danuvius? where? details?

12 mya Germany Details: suspensory and prob not bipedal

Homo Sapiens migration List details about: Klasies & Border (S. africa)

125 kya - Complex hunting & gathering strategies (seasonal exploitation) - symbolic behavior at 100 kya - bead shells and patterns seasonal hunting means they kept a calendar in mind oldest drawing: 73 kya

when were proconsuls? where? details?

21 - 14 mya Kenya Details: hominoid skull, no tail, arboreal

when was the miocene era? what was significant?

23 - 5.3 mya origins and expansion of hominoids from 27 hominid genera --> 6 hominid genera

When was the Mesozoic Era? Name 2 discoveries

230 mya (Earliest Mammals) Hair, warm-bodied, nurse?? DINOSAURS

what was the oldest homo origin outside of Africa? what was found?

Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia Homo erectus primitive stone tools (butcher meat) lava flow 5 Dmanisi skulls: evidence for moderate dimorphism

What was the Eocene era?

Earliest definite primates (adapids, omomyids)

What were the first TRUE primates?

Eocene Era Adapids & Omomyids Anthropoids

what happened to dinosaurs 65 mya?

KT extinction event

is climate change new?

NO: climate has changed a lot in the past 65 million yrs

Name the eras:

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

what epoch is referred to as "The Muddle in the Middle"? why?

Pleistocene Epoch 2.58 mya - 11.7 kya complex relationships in the pleistocene, fossils like Harbin cranium found but no idea how everything fits together

what is a derived trait? what is LCA? what are canines for?

Present in organism but absent in last common ancestor Last Common Ancestor Canines are about competition NOT diet

What is radiometric dating?

Radiometric dating uses the decay rate of radioactive material to date objects. some unstable elements break down with a different form

What is superposition?

The deeper layer of a rock formation is older than the layer on top, because the deeper/bottom layer formed first.

Why bipedalism? Tool Use

Tool use hypothesis (needed for defense)

Why bipedalism?

Tool use hypothesis (needed for defense) postural feeding: savannah/thermo: provisioning: suspensory mechanical:

T/F: foraging requires complex, learned skills?

True: embodied capital

What is relative dating?

Using the layers of rock to sequence the fossils in a sediment establishing "older" or "younger" than

infant anatomy is similar to ___? why?

apes limited vocals bc of epiglottis and larynx are positioned high

describe anthropoids, when, and the 2 discoveries

apes and monkeys 45 mya 1. eosimias sinensis 2. darwinius masillae 47 mya

what is the earliest fossil in Europe? besides the first, what was the next?

apidima skull in Greece 210 kya 45 kya

Why bipedalism? postural feeding

arm-hanging and stabilization when chimps feed but they aren't bipedal on the ground

adult humans: ability to talk is also ability to ____ as kids grow, the larynx descends so we get full speech abilities and INCREASES ___ risk

choke evolutionary tradeoff

what unique behavior did homo erectus have? how?

compassion! toothless Dmanisi individual KNMER 1808 Femur -- neither could survive alone so was helped

complexity of modern humans

complex tools - 100 kya clothing - 72 kya bow & arrow - 20 kya

Why bipedalism? suspensory mechanical

continued bipedalism when on the ground, gibbons are arboreal and bipeds, maybe suspensory apes forced to ground, LCA branched into bipedal & knuckle walker

what climate is pleistocene epoch?

cooler, drier, ice age cycles

why is homo floresiensis so tiny? 3 hypotheses

1) some Australopithecus hid out a long time ago 2) Homo erectus moved out there and got a smaller brain size 3) island dwarfism?

Which 2 species are most known of Australopithecus?

1. Australopithecus Afarensis 2. Australopithecus Africanus

when were aegyptopithecus? where?

33 mya Egypt

when was the oligocene era? what was significant?

34-23 mya first non-debatable anthropoids aegyptopithecus

When did Earth form?

4.6 bya Earth forms

When were the first vertebrates?

485 mya First vertebrates

when was the modern human "cultural explosion"?

50 kya

When was the Paleozoic Era? Name 2 discoveries

542-251 mya 1) First vertebrates 2) Limbs and lungs

When was the Cenozoic Era? Aka Age of ____?

65 mya to present Aka: Age of Mammals epochs?

when was the paleocene era? name a discovery

65.5 - 55.8 mya plesiadapiforms primates


Related study sets

Chapter 17 Troubleshooting Tools

View Set

15:Infectious and Chronic Diseases [Infectious Diseases]

View Set

PHARM REVIEW UNIT 5 - INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM MEDICATIONS

View Set

Momentum, Impulse and Momentum Change

View Set

Chapter 33:Personal Property and Bailments

View Set

EDEC 320 Early Childhood Methods Chapter 1

View Set

alternate item formats priority order (ordered response)

View Set

Unit 1 - AP Computer Science Test

View Set