evidence based practice test 1
types of probability sample types
simple random, stratified random, cluster
Testing (threat to internal validity)
taking the same test more than once can influence the participants responses the next time the test is taken
what are the pragmatic consideration in determining the feasibility of research question
time, subject availability, facility and equipment availability, money, ethics
network (snowball)
used for locating sample thats are difficult or impossible to locate in other ways ex social media
what is nursing research
A systematic investigation of phenomena (events) related to improving patient care. Most of it arises out of clinical care.
name the core steps quality improvement process
1. conduct an assessment 2. setting specific goals 3. identifying ideas for changing current practice 4. deciding how improvements will be measured 5. rapidly testing practice changes 6. measure improvements in care 7. adopting the practice change as a new standard of care
Types of Journal Articles
Research Systematic review Meta-analysis Integrative review Meta-synthesis and meta-summary
Quality Improvement
The systematic use of data to monitor the outcomes of care processes as well as the use of improvement methods to design and test changes in practice for the purpose of continuously improving the quality and safety of health care systems.
element
basic unit which info is collected, normally individuals
when might an entire population be used in a research study? a. when comprehensive results are desired b. to increase generalizability of findings c. when the population size is very small d. when the study is highly funded
c when the population is very small. the only time it makes sense to use an entire population is when the population is very narrowly identified and thus very small and accessible
reactive effects to external validity
subject responses to being studied
purposive
subjects who are considered to be typical of the population like someone who has a rare disease useful in studying populations with unusual characteristics assumes that error in judgement in overrepresented or underrepresented characteristics of the pop in the sample will tend to balance out
cluster sampling
successive random sampling of units that progress from large to small stage can be selected by simple random or stratified random sampling methods
components of PICO
population, intervention, comparison, outcome
what three criteria are needed to infer casualty in cause and effect relationships experimental and quasi experimenal designs
- causal and effect must be associated with each other - the cause must procede the effect - the relationship must not be explainable by another variable
randomization experimental design
- each subject has an equal chance of being assigned to the control group - assumes that any important intervening variable will be equally distributed bw the groups minimizing variance and decreasing selection bias - an intervening variable is a variable that occurs during the study that affects the dependent variable
cross-sectional study
- examine data at one point in time ( data are collected only one time) - explore relationships and correlations or differences and comparisons or both
experimental and quasi experimental designs
-Require that the researcher actively intervenes to bring about the desired effect -Test cause-and-effect relationships -Provide level II and III evidence
appropriate data collection methods for various non- experimental and experimental designs
1. statistical tests: used to predict how precisely a dependent variable can be predicted based on an independent 2. casual modeling and modeling testing 3. path analysis 4. LISREL 5. ANCOVA 6. SEM 7. HLM
what are some controlling variables
1. use of homogenous sample- limits generalizability 2. consistent data collection procedures- should reflect a cookbook like recipe of how the conditions are controlled 3. training and supervising individuals delivering interventions and collecting data 4. manipulating the independent variable 5. randomization
to increase accuracy in the research design in a tobacco cessation study, which might the new researcher consider first
B. compare education intervention in only online and 1:1 sessions cannot remove external variables can only control them. best way to control variables is to look at 2 groups
what is the different between evidence base practice and quality improvement? a. evidence based practice is a part of regular practice b. evidence based practice aims to improve client care and outcomes c. evidence based practice focuses on the implementation of evidence already known into practice d. evidence based practice consists of internal funding and can be conducted by practicing nurses
C.
which type of research design should be used in the following scenario? A nurse researcher is investigating the effects of yoga and blood pressure. One group of subjects is participating in a yoga class and the other group is not. A) Qualitative B) Correlational C) Meta-Analysis D) Experimental
D) Experimental -experimental designs are used to compare treatment group with control group
sample size must consider
Type of design and sampling procedure Formula used for estimating optimum sample size Degree of precision required Heterogeneity of the attributes investigated How often the phenomenon of interest occurs in the population (common vs. rare) Projected cost
a nurse researcher wants to develop a tool to collect information on the experience of families with children in the ICU a. meta-analysis b. cohort c. methodological d. prospective
c methodological research is the developmental and evaluation of data-collection instruments, scales, or techniques
instrumentation threat to internal validity
changes in equipment used to make measurements or changes in observational technique may cause measurements to vary bw participants related to treatment fidelity
exclusion criteria
characteristics that disqualify prospective subjects from inclusion in the study
steps for a methodological method
define the construct concept or behavior to be measured formulating the tool items ( questions) develop instructions test the tool reliability and validity
methodological methods
development and evaluation of data-collection instruction, scales or techniques psychometrics is the theory and development of measurement instruments or measurement techniques
maturation threats internal validity
developmental, biological, or psy processes that operate within an individual over time
nondirectional research
does not predict the anticipated direction of the relationship between x and y
threats to validity
history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, mortality, selection bias
levels of evidence
level 1: systematic review or meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials level 2: randomized controlled trials level 3: quasiexperimental studies level 4: nonexperimental studies level 5: metasynthesis level 6: qualitative studies level 7: opinion of experts and authorities, expert committee reports or organizations
directional research
predicts the direction of the x and y relationship
what are primary and secondary source of literature
primary: research articles by the original author secondary: published articles or books that are written by persons other than the individual who conducted the research study or developed the theory
sampling
process of selecting representative units of a population for a study in a research investigation
research journal article
qualitative, quantitative, or mixed
external validity
questions about conditions under which the findings are generalized concerns the generalizability of the findings of one study to additional populations and other environmental conditions
external validity
questions under which the findings of a study are generalized deals with the ability to generalize the findings outside the study to other populations
what does random assignment mean
randomization means each subject as an equal chance of being assigned to the control
3 properties of a true experimental design
randomization, control, manipulation
what are the types and characteristics of the true experimental design
randomization, control, manipulation
what are some electronic databases for literature searches
CINAHL, MEDLINE, PudMed, Cochrane library, search engines
target population
entire set cases about which the researcher would like to study and make generalizations
Threats to External Validity
selections effects, reactive effects, measurements
systemic review journal article
- summation and assessment of a group of research studies that test a similar research question -if statistical techniques are sued to summarize and assess the studies, the systematic review is labeled meta-analysis
a researcher wants to collect detailed information about a phenomena and use the data to make more intelligent plans for improving them a. case control study b. descriptive study c. retrospective study d. ex post facto
C because descriptive studies are a type of survey study that are most effective for collecting detailed descriptions about phenomena and using them to make intelligent plans for improving them. the other answers are types are types of relationship-difference studies
what is the primary difference in experimental and non experimental designs a. manipulation of an indepedent variable b. use of a control group c. need for a concise research question d. quanitative results
a
selection bias
a partiality in choosing the participants in a study
measurement effects threat to external validity
a pretest may act like an intervention and influence or change the subjects responses
sample
a set of elements that make up the population
independent variable (x)
a variable (often denoted by x ) presumed to have an affect on y, manipulated and the variable that the researcher hypothesizes will have an effect on the dependent varibles
what is the primary value of EBP
allows one to systematically use the best available evidence from research with integration of individual clinical expertise as well as the patients values and preferences to make clinical decisions
history threats to internal validity
an event other than the intervention that might have an effect on the dependent variable
Steps in the Research Process
ask, gather, assess, act evaluate
internal valdity
asks whether the independent variable really made the difference to the dependent variable
accessible population
available population that meets the criteria of inclusion
what is the relationship of the independent to the dependent variable
changes in x do not necessarily cause changes in y change in x are said to be related to changes to y it cannot be assumed that changes in x cause changes in y
inclusion criteria
characteristics that the prospective subjects must have if they are to be included in the study
longitudinal study
collect data from the same sample at different points of time
Define evidence based practice
collection, interpretation and integration of valid research evidence combined with clinical expertise and an understanding of pt and family values
what is the most first step in the quality improvement process
conducting an assessment
how does a researcher control the mediating or extraneous variables in a study
control is accomplished by ruling out mediating or intervention variables that compete with the independent variable as an explanation for a study's outcome
types of sampling
convenience, quota, purposive, network
3 types of non experimental studies
correlational, developmental, cross-sectional, longitudinal
types of developmental study
cross-sectional longitudinal retrospective
which type of design or technique best identifies causation a. survey b. psychometrics c. model testing d. after only design
d
cross selectional studies and longitudinal
examine data at one point in time-data are collected only one time explore relationships and correlations or difference and comparisons or both
non-experimental designs
examine relationships but do not manipulate the independent variable explores relationships or difference among the variables more narrative, explore events etc that naturally occur no control group or randomization
correlational research design
examines the association between two or more variables
correlation study
examines the association between two or more variables interested in quantifying the strength and the direction of the relationship no cause and effect as variables
what do you know about experimental group and control group
experimental: group will receive treatment/intervention control: introduces constants into experimental, recieves the usual treatment, acquired by manipulating the independent variable, random assignment, and using the control group
research hypothesis
flows from a research question, literature review, and theoretical framework
integrative review define
focused review and synthesis of either research or theoretical literature on a particular area that follows specific steps of literature integration and synthesis without statistical analysis and can include both quantitative and qualitative articles
control in experimental design
introducing one or more constant into the experimental situation control group receives the usual treatment or placebo
quota
knowledge about the characteristics of the population of interest used to build representativeness into the sample identifies the strata of the population and proportionally represents the strata in the example
how far back should a literature search go to include for the clinical projects or research paper
literature research should go back 3-5 years
case control/ retrospective
look backward in time and usually examines exposure to the independent variable attempt to link present events to events that have occurred in the past
mortality threat to internal validity
loss of study subjects
how are controls acquired in an experimental design
manipulating the independent variable random assignment using a control group
what do retrospective and prospective have in common
neither study establishes a cause and effect relationship
secondary analysis
not a design but rather a research method takes previously collected and analyzed data from one study and re-analyzes the data or a subset of the data for a secondary purpose
what types of literature source and resources are best for EBP
refereed or peer-reviewed journal article are the best choice because they contain the latest info
stratified random sampling
requires that the population be divided into homogenous strata or subgroups. uses random selection procedure for obtaining sample subjects
what is the difference between EBP question and a Research Question
research question: present the idea that will be studied, the hypothesis attempts to answer the research question EBP: question is used to search literature for already completed study to bring about improvements in care
simple random sampling
researcher defines the population, lists all units of the population and selects a sample of units from which the sample will be chosen. sooo... it puts it in groups and then will randomly selects samples through a computer system
statistical null hypothesis
states that there is no relationship between x and y
Meta-analysis definition
summary of a number of studies focused on a question using a specific statistical methodology to synthesize the findings in order to draw a conclusion about the area of focus
systematic review definite
summation and assessment of a group of research studies that test similar research questionme
meta- synthesis
synthesis of a number of qualitative research studies on a focused topic using specific qualitative methodology
quasi design characteristics
test cause and effect relationship randomization is not possible or may not have a control group
power analysis
the math procedure to determine the number for each group of study needed to test the study variables it used determine or estimate an adequate sample size
what is research
the systematic, rigorous, critical investigation that aims to answer all questions about nursing phenomena. follow the steps of the scientific method
convenience
use of readily accessible persons or object not the strongest used with quantitative non experimnetal or qualitative studies
probability sampling
uses randomization to assign elements more general more representative strongest type used in experimental and quasi experimental studies
developmental study
uses time perspective concerned with the relationship and differences among the phenomena at one point in time but also with changes that result over time
dependent variable (y)
varies depending on the x, not manipulated, but observed, presumed to vary with changes to the independent variable
selection effects threats to external
what method was used to select the sample how were subject assigned to group