evidence based practice test 1

types of probability sample types

simple random, stratified random, cluster

Testing (threat to internal validity)

taking the same test more than once can influence the participants responses the next time the test is taken

what are the pragmatic consideration in determining the feasibility of research question

time, subject availability, facility and equipment availability, money, ethics

network (snowball)

used for locating sample thats are difficult or impossible to locate in other ways ex social media

what is nursing research

A systematic investigation of phenomena (events) related to improving patient care. Most of it arises out of clinical care.

name the core steps quality improvement process

1. conduct an assessment 2. setting specific goals 3. identifying ideas for changing current practice 4. deciding how improvements will be measured 5. rapidly testing practice changes 6. measure improvements in care 7. adopting the practice change as a new standard of care

Types of Journal Articles

Research Systematic review Meta-analysis Integrative review Meta-synthesis and meta-summary

Quality Improvement

The systematic use of data to monitor the outcomes of care processes as well as the use of improvement methods to design and test changes in practice for the purpose of continuously improving the quality and safety of health care systems.

element

basic unit which info is collected, normally individuals

when might an entire population be used in a research study? a. when comprehensive results are desired b. to increase generalizability of findings c. when the population size is very small d. when the study is highly funded

c when the population is very small. the only time it makes sense to use an entire population is when the population is very narrowly identified and thus very small and accessible

reactive effects to external validity

subject responses to being studied

purposive

subjects who are considered to be typical of the population like someone who has a rare disease useful in studying populations with unusual characteristics assumes that error in judgement in overrepresented or underrepresented characteristics of the pop in the sample will tend to balance out

cluster sampling

successive random sampling of units that progress from large to small stage can be selected by simple random or stratified random sampling methods

components of PICO

population, intervention, comparison, outcome

what three criteria are needed to infer casualty in cause and effect relationships experimental and quasi experimenal designs

- causal and effect must be associated with each other - the cause must procede the effect - the relationship must not be explainable by another variable

randomization experimental design

- each subject has an equal chance of being assigned to the control group - assumes that any important intervening variable will be equally distributed bw the groups minimizing variance and decreasing selection bias - an intervening variable is a variable that occurs during the study that affects the dependent variable

cross-sectional study

- examine data at one point in time ( data are collected only one time) - explore relationships and correlations or differences and comparisons or both

experimental and quasi experimental designs

-Require that the researcher actively intervenes to bring about the desired effect -Test cause-and-effect relationships -Provide level II and III evidence

appropriate data collection methods for various non- experimental and experimental designs

1. statistical tests: used to predict how precisely a dependent variable can be predicted based on an independent 2. casual modeling and modeling testing 3. path analysis 4. LISREL 5. ANCOVA 6. SEM 7. HLM

what are some controlling variables

1. use of homogenous sample- limits generalizability 2. consistent data collection procedures- should reflect a cookbook like recipe of how the conditions are controlled 3. training and supervising individuals delivering interventions and collecting data 4. manipulating the independent variable 5. randomization

to increase accuracy in the research design in a tobacco cessation study, which might the new researcher consider first

B. compare education intervention in only online and 1:1 sessions cannot remove external variables can only control them. best way to control variables is to look at 2 groups

what is the different between evidence base practice and quality improvement? a. evidence based practice is a part of regular practice b. evidence based practice aims to improve client care and outcomes c. evidence based practice focuses on the implementation of evidence already known into practice d. evidence based practice consists of internal funding and can be conducted by practicing nurses

C.

which type of research design should be used in the following scenario? A nurse researcher is investigating the effects of yoga and blood pressure. One group of subjects is participating in a yoga class and the other group is not. A) Qualitative B) Correlational C) Meta-Analysis D) Experimental

D) Experimental -experimental designs are used to compare treatment group with control group

sample size must consider

Type of design and sampling procedure Formula used for estimating optimum sample size Degree of precision required Heterogeneity of the attributes investigated How often the phenomenon of interest occurs in the population (common vs. rare) Projected cost

a nurse researcher wants to develop a tool to collect information on the experience of families with children in the ICU a. meta-analysis b. cohort c. methodological d. prospective

c methodological research is the developmental and evaluation of data-collection instruments, scales, or techniques

instrumentation threat to internal validity

changes in equipment used to make measurements or changes in observational technique may cause measurements to vary bw participants related to treatment fidelity

exclusion criteria

characteristics that disqualify prospective subjects from inclusion in the study

steps for a methodological method

define the construct concept or behavior to be measured formulating the tool items ( questions) develop instructions test the tool reliability and validity

methodological methods

development and evaluation of data-collection instruction, scales or techniques psychometrics is the theory and development of measurement instruments or measurement techniques

maturation threats internal validity

developmental, biological, or psy processes that operate within an individual over time

nondirectional research

does not predict the anticipated direction of the relationship between x and y

threats to validity

history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, mortality, selection bias

levels of evidence

level 1: systematic review or meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials level 2: randomized controlled trials level 3: quasiexperimental studies level 4: nonexperimental studies level 5: metasynthesis level 6: qualitative studies level 7: opinion of experts and authorities, expert committee reports or organizations

directional research

predicts the direction of the x and y relationship

what are primary and secondary source of literature

primary: research articles by the original author secondary: published articles or books that are written by persons other than the individual who conducted the research study or developed the theory

sampling

process of selecting representative units of a population for a study in a research investigation

research journal article

qualitative, quantitative, or mixed

external validity

questions about conditions under which the findings are generalized concerns the generalizability of the findings of one study to additional populations and other environmental conditions

external validity

questions under which the findings of a study are generalized deals with the ability to generalize the findings outside the study to other populations

what does random assignment mean

randomization means each subject as an equal chance of being assigned to the control

3 properties of a true experimental design

randomization, control, manipulation

what are the types and characteristics of the true experimental design

randomization, control, manipulation

what are some electronic databases for literature searches

CINAHL, MEDLINE, PudMed, Cochrane library, search engines

target population

entire set cases about which the researcher would like to study and make generalizations

Threats to External Validity

selections effects, reactive effects, measurements

systemic review journal article

- summation and assessment of a group of research studies that test a similar research question -if statistical techniques are sued to summarize and assess the studies, the systematic review is labeled meta-analysis

a researcher wants to collect detailed information about a phenomena and use the data to make more intelligent plans for improving them a. case control study b. descriptive study c. retrospective study d. ex post facto

C because descriptive studies are a type of survey study that are most effective for collecting detailed descriptions about phenomena and using them to make intelligent plans for improving them. the other answers are types are types of relationship-difference studies

what is the primary difference in experimental and non experimental designs a. manipulation of an indepedent variable b. use of a control group c. need for a concise research question d. quanitative results

a

selection bias

a partiality in choosing the participants in a study

measurement effects threat to external validity

a pretest may act like an intervention and influence or change the subjects responses

sample

a set of elements that make up the population

independent variable (x)

a variable (often denoted by x ) presumed to have an affect on y, manipulated and the variable that the researcher hypothesizes will have an effect on the dependent varibles

what is the primary value of EBP

allows one to systematically use the best available evidence from research with integration of individual clinical expertise as well as the patients values and preferences to make clinical decisions

history threats to internal validity

an event other than the intervention that might have an effect on the dependent variable

Steps in the Research Process

ask, gather, assess, act evaluate

internal valdity

asks whether the independent variable really made the difference to the dependent variable

accessible population

available population that meets the criteria of inclusion

what is the relationship of the independent to the dependent variable

changes in x do not necessarily cause changes in y change in x are said to be related to changes to y it cannot be assumed that changes in x cause changes in y

inclusion criteria

characteristics that the prospective subjects must have if they are to be included in the study

longitudinal study

collect data from the same sample at different points of time

Define evidence based practice

collection, interpretation and integration of valid research evidence combined with clinical expertise and an understanding of pt and family values

what is the most first step in the quality improvement process

conducting an assessment

how does a researcher control the mediating or extraneous variables in a study

control is accomplished by ruling out mediating or intervention variables that compete with the independent variable as an explanation for a study's outcome

types of sampling

convenience, quota, purposive, network

3 types of non experimental studies

correlational, developmental, cross-sectional, longitudinal

types of developmental study

cross-sectional longitudinal retrospective

which type of design or technique best identifies causation a. survey b. psychometrics c. model testing d. after only design

d

cross selectional studies and longitudinal

examine data at one point in time-data are collected only one time explore relationships and correlations or difference and comparisons or both

non-experimental designs

examine relationships but do not manipulate the independent variable explores relationships or difference among the variables more narrative, explore events etc that naturally occur no control group or randomization

correlational research design

examines the association between two or more variables

correlation study

examines the association between two or more variables interested in quantifying the strength and the direction of the relationship no cause and effect as variables

what do you know about experimental group and control group

experimental: group will receive treatment/intervention control: introduces constants into experimental, recieves the usual treatment, acquired by manipulating the independent variable, random assignment, and using the control group

research hypothesis

flows from a research question, literature review, and theoretical framework

integrative review define

focused review and synthesis of either research or theoretical literature on a particular area that follows specific steps of literature integration and synthesis without statistical analysis and can include both quantitative and qualitative articles

control in experimental design

introducing one or more constant into the experimental situation control group receives the usual treatment or placebo

quota

knowledge about the characteristics of the population of interest used to build representativeness into the sample identifies the strata of the population and proportionally represents the strata in the example

how far back should a literature search go to include for the clinical projects or research paper

literature research should go back 3-5 years

case control/ retrospective

look backward in time and usually examines exposure to the independent variable attempt to link present events to events that have occurred in the past

mortality threat to internal validity

loss of study subjects

how are controls acquired in an experimental design

manipulating the independent variable random assignment using a control group

what do retrospective and prospective have in common

neither study establishes a cause and effect relationship

secondary analysis

not a design but rather a research method takes previously collected and analyzed data from one study and re-analyzes the data or a subset of the data for a secondary purpose

what types of literature source and resources are best for EBP

refereed or peer-reviewed journal article are the best choice because they contain the latest info

stratified random sampling

requires that the population be divided into homogenous strata or subgroups. uses random selection procedure for obtaining sample subjects

what is the difference between EBP question and a Research Question

research question: present the idea that will be studied, the hypothesis attempts to answer the research question EBP: question is used to search literature for already completed study to bring about improvements in care

simple random sampling

researcher defines the population, lists all units of the population and selects a sample of units from which the sample will be chosen. sooo... it puts it in groups and then will randomly selects samples through a computer system

statistical null hypothesis

states that there is no relationship between x and y

Meta-analysis definition

summary of a number of studies focused on a question using a specific statistical methodology to synthesize the findings in order to draw a conclusion about the area of focus

systematic review definite

summation and assessment of a group of research studies that test similar research questionme

meta- synthesis

synthesis of a number of qualitative research studies on a focused topic using specific qualitative methodology

quasi design characteristics

test cause and effect relationship randomization is not possible or may not have a control group

power analysis

the math procedure to determine the number for each group of study needed to test the study variables it used determine or estimate an adequate sample size

what is research

the systematic, rigorous, critical investigation that aims to answer all questions about nursing phenomena. follow the steps of the scientific method

convenience

use of readily accessible persons or object not the strongest used with quantitative non experimnetal or qualitative studies

probability sampling

uses randomization to assign elements more general more representative strongest type used in experimental and quasi experimental studies

developmental study

uses time perspective concerned with the relationship and differences among the phenomena at one point in time but also with changes that result over time

dependent variable (y)

varies depending on the x, not manipulated, but observed, presumed to vary with changes to the independent variable

selection effects threats to external

what method was used to select the sample how were subject assigned to group