Evolution Exam 3

*Any specimen found in the fossil record that is more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees is defined as

Hominin

*The rate of genomic mutation will be _____ in small populations due to the effect of _____

high/random genetic drift.

The division of life in five kingdoms (Monera, Fungi, Plants, Animals and Protists) was originally based on __

morphological traits

The "Holy Grail" of Evolutionary Biology is defined as the identification of

specific changes in DNA underlying adaptation.

The evolutionary origin of _____ flu strains is caused by the _____ of genetic material between different strains, usually _____.

pandemic/recombination/in a different host.

*The Three-Viruses, Three-Domains hypothesis suggests that the evolution of LUCA's descendants into today's organisms resulted from

-the infection of ancestral RNA cells by DNA viruses.

*The most important target for vaccine development in the case of flu are the _____, most notably _____, as they constitute major _____.

-virus coat proteins/hemagglutinins/antigenic sites

The origin of the _____ flu pandemic was most likely due to a _____ process in the virus leading to the _____ of the new ____

- 1968/recombinantion/acquisition/hemagglutinin H3.

*_____ combines elements of _____ and _____ to address health problems challenging human populations

- Darwinian medicine/Evolutionary Biology/modern Medicine.

The primate taxon Catarrhini is composed by

- Old World monkeys, apes and humans.

*One of the most important consequences derived from the development of cellular life was

- The link between genotype and phenotype

The _____ hypothesis for the evolution of virulence suggests that this is _____ of selection on _____

- coincidental/an accidental by-product/other traits

The most relevant niches at which life could have remained protected from catastrophic events in the ancient Earth could have been _____.

- deep sea hydrothermal settings.

Humans belong to a lineage culturally and evolutionary

- flexible.

*The main targets for the development of vaccines are those virus strains encompassing _____ numbers of mutations at _____ sites, as they have _____ probabilities of _____

- high/antigenic/higher/survival

*Language is estimated to be 500,000 years old based on the presence of _____ in monkeys and chimpanzees

- specialized neural circuits and larynx hyoid bones

Virulence in humans seems to evolve following the predictions of the _____ hypothesis: diseases with _____ virulence are transmitted by _____ while those with _____ virulence rely on _____ for their transmission.

- trade-off/low/direct contact/high/vectors

49. The major difference between the _____ and the Multiregional Evolution Hypothesis for the origin of Homo sapiens is the presence of hybridization with ancestral species in the _____ case.

-"Out of Africa" Hypothesis/latter.

*The cell's mechanisms of defense against mobile genetic elements are _____ and _____.

-DNA methylation/RNA interference.

*7. The _____ suggests that aging is caused by _____

-Evolutionary Theory of Aging/the failure to completely repair damage

*An early member of the genus _____ was probably the first to manufacture and use of stone tools based on the presence of

-Homo/opposable thumbs.

The two possible evolutionary origins for alleles responsible for new adaptations are _____ and _____

-adaptation from new mutations/adaptation from standing genetic variation.

*40. MorphologicThe experiment developed by Stanley Miller (1953) demonstrated that _____ can be produced from inorganic compounds in _____ conditionsal traits

-amino acids/very reducing.

*In most cases, mobile genetic elements are selectively

-neutral.

*Even though mobile genetic elements are _____, they _____ alter the cell's phenotype.

-neutral/can.

* The C-value paradox indicates that there is _____ a relationship between the _____ and the _____ of the corresponding organism.

-not/size of the genome/complexity.

*Health authorities develop programs of flu surveillance making special emphasis on the monitoring of _____

-recombinant strains.

*Lack's hypothesis is defined as

-selection will favor the size that produces the most surviving offspring.

Following the simplest model of social behavior, spite is defined as: _______

Actor suffers a loss to impose penalty on recipient

*The Ring-of-Life hypothesis for the evolution of LUCA's descendants into today's organisms suggests that the origin of the first eukaryote was _____.

A fusion between a bacterium and an archaean.

1. The hypothesis suggesting that menopause constitutes a _____ assumes that older women increase their _____ by investing in their grandchildren.

A. life-history adaptation/inclusive fitness.

_______ constitutes a central paradox of Darwinism

Altruism

first appeared in archaic hominins.

Bipedalism

What is Kin selection?

C. selection favoring alleles that increase indirect fitness

*From all possible relationships among apes, actual data suggests that the group formed by _____ is the closest relative of humans.

Chimpanzees and bonobos

Inclusive fitness is defined as: _____. A. the fitness achieved by individuals on their own. B. the sum of indirect fitness, direct fitness and mutation rate. C. results from additional reproduction by relatives that is made possible by actor's action. D. the sum of indirect fitness and direct fitness.

D. the sum of indirect fitness and direct fitness.

Besides explaining altruism, Hamilton's rule can also provide an explanation for _____ in cases where _____ is negative. A.spite/benefit to actor. B.spite/cost to recipient. C.spite/cost to actor. D.spite/genetic relatedness (r).

D.spite/genetic relatedness (r).

The fossil evidence supports the _____ hypothesis as the most likely mechanism of evolution leading to modern humans

Evolutionary radiation

*All three sources of data (morphological, modern DNA, ancient DNA) suggest unequivocally that modern humans

Evolved in Africa

Hamilton's rule provides an explanation for the persistence of altruism by taking into account____

Genetic Relatedness / Benefit to Recipient / Cost to Actor

Based on _____ differences, humans and chimpanzees are only 4% different.

Genomic

. Based the hypothetical history of life on Earth, the first living thing is referred to as

IDA

_____ results from additional reproduction by relatives that is made possible by____ action

Indirect fitness / Actor's

Based the hypothetical history of life on Earth, the most recent common ancestor of all extant organisms is referred to as

LUCA (for Last Universal Common Ancestor)

The traits underlying reproductive strategies are referred to as

Life history traits

The major reason underlying the uncertain relationships among different ape groups is the presence of

Mosaic genomes

_____ flu strains are not recognized by the host's immune system because of _____ in the strucuture of the coat protein _____.

Pandemic/radical alterations/hemagglutinin.

Under the _____, species should not be able to evolve longer life spans and the aging rate should be related with metabolic rate.

Rate-of-Living Theory of Aging

*The trait where natural selection ultimately acts is

Reproductive success

_____ are enzymes made of _____ able to break and reform chemical bonds that link nucleic acids in chains

Ribozymes, rna

*Conflicts of interest between life-histories of males and females usually end up in a competitive process of

Sexual coevolution

.*Conflicts of interest between life-histories of males and females usually end up in a competitive process of

Sexual coevolution

The members of the primate taxon Catarrhini share many

Synapomorphies

Within an evolutionary context, social behavior is defined as: ______

The interactions among members of the same species

*So far, empirical data seems to indicate that fever constitutes _____ developed by the _____ to fight _____.

an adaptive mechanism/host/pathogens

*Differences among life-histories concern _____ in the ____

differences/allocation of energy.

Under the Universal Gene-Exchange Pool hypothesis, life was not subject to Darwinian natural selection until

genomes became stable and genes could no longer move so easily among genomes.

While water was most certainly required for the assembly of biological polymers in the prebiotic soup, it also constituted a challenge because of the cleavage of chemical bonds as a result of

hydrolysis

The amount of intron DNA _____ with genome size.

increaes

Given that no physical records of the first biological events have survived, the origin of life must be reconstructed using only

indirect evidence

The C-value paradox is preferentially observed in higher organisms with ____ genomes

large

2. We define _____ as the evolutionary study of _____.

life-history analysis/reproductive strategies.

*The major criticism to the extraterrestrial origin of life is

that organic molecules contained by meteorites would have been destroyed during their impact on the primitive Earth

The Chronocyte hypothesis for the evolution of LUCA's descendants into today's organisms suggests that _____ gave rise to the first eukaryote.

the fagocytosis of an archaean by a chronocyte with cytoskeleton.

The combination of information from _____ has revealed that humans and chimpanzees split

the fossil record and molecular analyses.

The number and the size of each offspring are critically influenced by _____.

tradeoffs

The two possible origins for the C-value paradox are _____ and ____

whole-genome duplications/accumulation of segments of DNA apparently functionless