Evolutional Psychology Quiz 2 (weeks 5-10)

Sexual conflict is an example of: -An adaptation for aggression -None of the above -A byproduct of incompatible goals -All of the above

A byproduct of incompatible goals

A pair bond is a strong affinity between two individuals that have had offspring together already. -True -False

False

Which of the following is not a trait that females typically look for in a male mate? -Status -Health -Young in age -Commitment

Young in age

A mating strategy is: -Group of answer choicesA set of behaviors designed to exclude certain individuals from mating -A strategy to maximize mating opportunities -A set of behaviors that meet the goal of attracting, choosing, and retaining a mate -A strategy prioritizing sex over commitment

A set of behaviors that meet the goal of attracting, choosing, and retaining a mate

Chimp raids involve: -All of the above -Coordinated killing of enemies -Stealthy raids -Patrol of territory

All of the above

Humans have diverse sexual strategies because of differences in: -Individual mate value -Life History Strategy -All of the above -Social, cultural, and economic conditions

All of the above

In humans, sex is determined by: -Sex chromosomes -All of the above -Prenatal testosterone -None of the above

All of the above

Reciprocity refers to: -Systems of debt and credit -All of the above -Back and forth exchanges of benefits -Resource transfers

All of the above

Sexual conflict originates in: -Maternal interests favoring lower optimal investment in each offspring compared to paternal interests -Maternal-paternal conflict -Genetic conflict -All of the above

All of the above

What is a challenge of pair bonding? -Detect and respond to threats to the relationship -Coordinating on a long-term mating strategy -Manage the always conflicting fitness interests that arise from sexual reproduction -All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is a mate retention strategy used by males? -All of the above -Monopolizing a mate's time -Being violent towards rivals -Providing love and care

All of the above

Who is likely to pursue a short-term (as opposed to long-term) mating strategy? -All of the above -Males more so than females -Individuals with poor future prospects -Individuals who have a fast life history strategy

All of the above

Over evolutionary time, sexual conflict can result in: -All of the above -An arms race between the psychological adaptations of males and females -Greater reproductive variance among females -Kin selection acting on males but not females

An arms race between the psychological adaptations of males and females

Which of the following is not a potential benefit from engaging in aggression? -Building a reputation -Acquiring resources -Avoiding sunk costs -Gaining status

Avoiding sunk costs

According to error management theory (EMT), women are more likely than men to infer that somebody is sexually interested in them. -True -False

False

Across cultures and times, humans always engage in bi-parental care and long parental investment periods -True -False

False

Across societies, females do not use aggression to meet their goals. -True -False

False

Gender and sex have the same underlying meaning. -True -False

False

Humans are unique in the biological world in engaging in organized between-group conflict. -True -False

False

Intrasex gender identity is a purely modern, western phenomenon. -True -False

False

Researchers agree that humans have adaptations for aggression and warfare. -True -False

False

Short-term mating is always costly for females. -True -False

False

The costs of conflict typically de-escalate as the conflict continues. -True -False

False

Typically, females are less skeptical (and males more skeptical) about the other sex's commitment and willingness to invest. -True -False

False

What is obligate parental investment? -Males do not have a choice about about investing in offspring -Parents are forced to have children -Females do not have a choice about investing in offspring -All of the above

Females do not have a choice about investing in offspring

Across societies, human mating systems are characterized by: -All of the above -Flexibility to local social and ecological conditions -Either polyandry or polygyny -Male choosiness and female obligate investment

Flexibility to local social and ecological conditions

When individuals have high fitness interdependence this leads to: -Lower pooling of risk -Greater likelihood of need-based transfers -Increased reproductive opportunities -Higher inclusive fitness

Greater likelihood of need-based transfers

Men and women agree about the importance of which of these traits in a mate? -Intelligence -All of the above -Health -Commitment

Health

The function of need-based transfers is to: -All of the above -Allow wealthy individuals to transfer risk to the poor -Enhance the effectiveness of reciprocity -Help pool risk to enhance survival

Help pool risk to enhance survival

When environments are volatile, this leads to: -Better performance for debt-based strategies -Inappropriate requests for help -Lower survival overall -Higher survival for defectors

Lower survival overall

Sex differences in reproductive variance can contribute to our understanding of: -The evolution of lactation in females -The evolution of sex chromosomes -Male risk taking behavior -All of the above

Male risk taking behavior

Which claim about sex differences in reproductive variance is correct? -There is no difference the variance in lifetime reproduction between males and females -Females have higher variance in lifetime reproduction than males -Males have higher variance in lifetime reproduction than females -Males have higher variance in reproductive success in insects, females have higher variance in mammals

Males have higher variance in lifetime reproduction than females

Which of the following is true about human mating preferences? -Commitment is very important to females and not so important to males -All of the above -Males often prioritize attractiveness of mates over the mate's status/resources -Physical attractiveness is the most important trait for both sexes

Males often prioritize attractiveness of mates over the mate's status/resources

Which of the following is true about human mating preferences? -Males often prioritize attractiveness of mates over the mate's status/resources -Physical attractiveness is the most important trait for both sexes -Commitment is very important to females and not so important to males -All of the above

Males often prioritize attractiveness of mates over the mate's status/resources

Kinship terminology systems: -Map strictly onto genetic relatedness -Often correspond to fitness interdependence -Have little to do with biological or social relationships -Have very little cross-cultural variation

Often correspond to fitness interdependence

Developmental calibration is when: -Development happens step by step, with the passage of time calibrating each system -The early environment does not affect development -An organism is 'fixed' in behaving a certain way and cannot change it during development -Organisms develop in ways that adaptively respond to their early environments

Organisms develop in ways that adaptively respond to their early environments

In small-scale societies, warfare is: -Quite common (20-30% of males die from it) -Completely rare -Practically the only cause of death among males (90-100% die from it) -Extremely rare (< 1% of males die from it)

Quite common (20-30% of males die from it)

Which of the following is NOT a risk management strategy that humans use? -Risk transfer -Risk retention -Risk avoidance -Risk enhancement

Risk enhancement

Which of the following is NOT a cost of engaging in aggression/warfare? -Reduced inclusive fitness -Risk retention -Physical harm or death -Expending resources

Risk retention

Sex differences in mating preferences evolved through: -Mating selection -Sexual selection -Kin selection -Group selection

Sexual selection

In an uncertain, volatile environment, organisms should invest in: -Offspring survival over all other goals -Short- term goals (e.g., reproduction) -Both long and short term goals equally -Long-term goals (i.e. growth and somatic maintenance)

Short- term goals (e.g., reproduction)

Sexual conflict is higher in: -Not relevant to either short-term or long-term mating -Equal in both -Short-term mating -Long-term mating

Short-term mating

Life history theory is concerned with the trade-offs organisms make between: -Survival/somatic maintenance vs. reproduction -Dormancy vs. activity -Survival vs. metabolism -Survival vs. travel/mobility

Survival/somatic maintenance vs. reproduction

Which of the following is a uniquely human dimension of war? -The ability to accumulate capital -Sharing information -Coordinating behavior -Between-group conflict

The ability to accumulate capital

Fitness interdependence is: -The degree to which an organism's ability to get its genes into future generations is positively or negatively influenced by the ability of another organism or organisms to get their own genes into future generations. -None of the above -When one individual exercises with another individual. -A situation in which the socially optimal option differs from the individually optimal option

The degree to which an organism's ability to get its genes into future generations is positively or negatively influenced by the ability of another organism or organisms to get their own genes into future generations.

According to Trivers' parental investment theory: -Males depend on resources to attract females -The sex that invests more will be more choosy about mating than the sex that invests less -Females will invest more in offspring than males -Females will always be more choosy than males

The sex that invests more will be more choosy about mating than the sex that invests less

Aggression is typically motivated by: -Escalating game theoretic situations -Threats to status and reputation -Being part of different groups -Conflict over risk management strategies

Threats to status and reputation

Need-based transfers are transfers of resources that do not create debt. -True -False

True

Strategic interference is when one individual blocks another individual from successfully attaining their goals. -True -False

True

Women are typically choosier than men about short-term mating decisions. -True -False

True