Evolutional Psychology Quiz 2 (weeks 5-10)
Sexual conflict is an example of: -An adaptation for aggression -None of the above -A byproduct of incompatible goals -All of the above
A byproduct of incompatible goals
A pair bond is a strong affinity between two individuals that have had offspring together already. -True -False
False
Which of the following is not a trait that females typically look for in a male mate? -Status -Health -Young in age -Commitment
Young in age
A mating strategy is: -Group of answer choicesA set of behaviors designed to exclude certain individuals from mating -A strategy to maximize mating opportunities -A set of behaviors that meet the goal of attracting, choosing, and retaining a mate -A strategy prioritizing sex over commitment
A set of behaviors that meet the goal of attracting, choosing, and retaining a mate
Chimp raids involve: -All of the above -Coordinated killing of enemies -Stealthy raids -Patrol of territory
All of the above
Humans have diverse sexual strategies because of differences in: -Individual mate value -Life History Strategy -All of the above -Social, cultural, and economic conditions
All of the above
In humans, sex is determined by: -Sex chromosomes -All of the above -Prenatal testosterone -None of the above
All of the above
Reciprocity refers to: -Systems of debt and credit -All of the above -Back and forth exchanges of benefits -Resource transfers
All of the above
Sexual conflict originates in: -Maternal interests favoring lower optimal investment in each offspring compared to paternal interests -Maternal-paternal conflict -Genetic conflict -All of the above
All of the above
What is a challenge of pair bonding? -Detect and respond to threats to the relationship -Coordinating on a long-term mating strategy -Manage the always conflicting fitness interests that arise from sexual reproduction -All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is a mate retention strategy used by males? -All of the above -Monopolizing a mate's time -Being violent towards rivals -Providing love and care
All of the above
Who is likely to pursue a short-term (as opposed to long-term) mating strategy? -All of the above -Males more so than females -Individuals with poor future prospects -Individuals who have a fast life history strategy
All of the above
Over evolutionary time, sexual conflict can result in: -All of the above -An arms race between the psychological adaptations of males and females -Greater reproductive variance among females -Kin selection acting on males but not females
An arms race between the psychological adaptations of males and females
Which of the following is not a potential benefit from engaging in aggression? -Building a reputation -Acquiring resources -Avoiding sunk costs -Gaining status
Avoiding sunk costs
According to error management theory (EMT), women are more likely than men to infer that somebody is sexually interested in them. -True -False
False
Across cultures and times, humans always engage in bi-parental care and long parental investment periods -True -False
False
Across societies, females do not use aggression to meet their goals. -True -False
False
Gender and sex have the same underlying meaning. -True -False
False
Humans are unique in the biological world in engaging in organized between-group conflict. -True -False
False
Intrasex gender identity is a purely modern, western phenomenon. -True -False
False
Researchers agree that humans have adaptations for aggression and warfare. -True -False
False
Short-term mating is always costly for females. -True -False
False
The costs of conflict typically de-escalate as the conflict continues. -True -False
False
Typically, females are less skeptical (and males more skeptical) about the other sex's commitment and willingness to invest. -True -False
False
What is obligate parental investment? -Males do not have a choice about about investing in offspring -Parents are forced to have children -Females do not have a choice about investing in offspring -All of the above
Females do not have a choice about investing in offspring
Across societies, human mating systems are characterized by: -All of the above -Flexibility to local social and ecological conditions -Either polyandry or polygyny -Male choosiness and female obligate investment
Flexibility to local social and ecological conditions
When individuals have high fitness interdependence this leads to: -Lower pooling of risk -Greater likelihood of need-based transfers -Increased reproductive opportunities -Higher inclusive fitness
Greater likelihood of need-based transfers
Men and women agree about the importance of which of these traits in a mate? -Intelligence -All of the above -Health -Commitment
Health
The function of need-based transfers is to: -All of the above -Allow wealthy individuals to transfer risk to the poor -Enhance the effectiveness of reciprocity -Help pool risk to enhance survival
Help pool risk to enhance survival
When environments are volatile, this leads to: -Better performance for debt-based strategies -Inappropriate requests for help -Lower survival overall -Higher survival for defectors
Lower survival overall
Sex differences in reproductive variance can contribute to our understanding of: -The evolution of lactation in females -The evolution of sex chromosomes -Male risk taking behavior -All of the above
Male risk taking behavior
Which claim about sex differences in reproductive variance is correct? -There is no difference the variance in lifetime reproduction between males and females -Females have higher variance in lifetime reproduction than males -Males have higher variance in lifetime reproduction than females -Males have higher variance in reproductive success in insects, females have higher variance in mammals
Males have higher variance in lifetime reproduction than females
Which of the following is true about human mating preferences? -Commitment is very important to females and not so important to males -All of the above -Males often prioritize attractiveness of mates over the mate's status/resources -Physical attractiveness is the most important trait for both sexes
Males often prioritize attractiveness of mates over the mate's status/resources
Which of the following is true about human mating preferences? -Males often prioritize attractiveness of mates over the mate's status/resources -Physical attractiveness is the most important trait for both sexes -Commitment is very important to females and not so important to males -All of the above
Males often prioritize attractiveness of mates over the mate's status/resources
Kinship terminology systems: -Map strictly onto genetic relatedness -Often correspond to fitness interdependence -Have little to do with biological or social relationships -Have very little cross-cultural variation
Often correspond to fitness interdependence
Developmental calibration is when: -Development happens step by step, with the passage of time calibrating each system -The early environment does not affect development -An organism is 'fixed' in behaving a certain way and cannot change it during development -Organisms develop in ways that adaptively respond to their early environments
Organisms develop in ways that adaptively respond to their early environments
In small-scale societies, warfare is: -Quite common (20-30% of males die from it) -Completely rare -Practically the only cause of death among males (90-100% die from it) -Extremely rare (< 1% of males die from it)
Quite common (20-30% of males die from it)
Which of the following is NOT a risk management strategy that humans use? -Risk transfer -Risk retention -Risk avoidance -Risk enhancement
Risk enhancement
Which of the following is NOT a cost of engaging in aggression/warfare? -Reduced inclusive fitness -Risk retention -Physical harm or death -Expending resources
Risk retention
Sex differences in mating preferences evolved through: -Mating selection -Sexual selection -Kin selection -Group selection
Sexual selection
In an uncertain, volatile environment, organisms should invest in: -Offspring survival over all other goals -Short- term goals (e.g., reproduction) -Both long and short term goals equally -Long-term goals (i.e. growth and somatic maintenance)
Short- term goals (e.g., reproduction)
Sexual conflict is higher in: -Not relevant to either short-term or long-term mating -Equal in both -Short-term mating -Long-term mating
Short-term mating
Life history theory is concerned with the trade-offs organisms make between: -Survival/somatic maintenance vs. reproduction -Dormancy vs. activity -Survival vs. metabolism -Survival vs. travel/mobility
Survival/somatic maintenance vs. reproduction
Which of the following is a uniquely human dimension of war? -The ability to accumulate capital -Sharing information -Coordinating behavior -Between-group conflict
The ability to accumulate capital
Fitness interdependence is: -The degree to which an organism's ability to get its genes into future generations is positively or negatively influenced by the ability of another organism or organisms to get their own genes into future generations. -None of the above -When one individual exercises with another individual. -A situation in which the socially optimal option differs from the individually optimal option
The degree to which an organism's ability to get its genes into future generations is positively or negatively influenced by the ability of another organism or organisms to get their own genes into future generations.
According to Trivers' parental investment theory: -Males depend on resources to attract females -The sex that invests more will be more choosy about mating than the sex that invests less -Females will invest more in offspring than males -Females will always be more choosy than males
The sex that invests more will be more choosy about mating than the sex that invests less
Aggression is typically motivated by: -Escalating game theoretic situations -Threats to status and reputation -Being part of different groups -Conflict over risk management strategies
Threats to status and reputation
Need-based transfers are transfers of resources that do not create debt. -True -False
True
Strategic interference is when one individual blocks another individual from successfully attaining their goals. -True -False
True
Women are typically choosier than men about short-term mating decisions. -True -False
True
