evolve 23

Paralysis

a loss of motor function as a result of a lesion in the neurologic or muscular system or loss of sensory innervation.

The hypothalamus is

a major respiratory center with basic vital functions: temperature, appetite, sex drive, heart rate, and blood pressure control; sleep center; anterior and posterior pituitary gland regulation; and coordination of autonomic nervous system activity and stress response.

Paresis

a partial or incomplete paralysis.

Superficial reflexes include

abdominal, cremasteric, and plantar (or Babinski) reflexes.

The ______ reflex is an example of a _________ reflex.

abdominal; superficial

During assessment of extraocular movements, two back-and-forth oscillations of the eyes in the extreme lateral gaze occurs. This response indicates:

an expected movement of the eyes during this procedure.

The basal ganglia

are large bands of gray matter buried deep within the two cerebral hemispheres that form the subcortical associated motor system (the extrapyramidal system).

The extrapyramidal system is located in the:

basal ganglia.

The _____________ coordinates movement, maintains equilibrium, and helps maintain posture.

cerebellum: controls motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium (i.e., posture balance of the body), and muscle tone.

Paraphasia

a condition in which a person hears and comprehends words but is unable to speak correctly; incoherent words are substituted for intended words.

The quadriceps reflex is

a deep tendon reflex and is normal.

The extrapyramidal system

maintains muscle tone and controls body movements, especially gross automatic movements such as walking.

The cerebellum controls

motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium, and muscle tone.

Crossed representation is a feature of the

nerve tracts; the left cerebral cortex receives sensory information from and controls motor function to the right side of body, whereas the right cerebral cortex likewise interacts with the left side of the body.

The thalamus is where

sensory pathways of the spinal cord, cerebellum, and brainstem form synapses on their way to the cerebral cortex.

Clonus that may be seen when testing deep tendon reflexes is characterized by a?

set of rapid, rhythmic contractions of the same muscle.

Superficial reflexes test the sensory receptor in the

skin -the motor response is a localized muscle contraction

Superficial pain and touch assessment examines intactness of the

spinothalamic tract.

Automatic associated movements of the body are under the control and regulation of:

the basal ganglia

Deep tendon reflexes test the reflex arc at the spinal level and include

the biceps, triceps, brachioradialis, quadriceps, and Achilles

The upper motor neurons are located within

the central nervous system and influence or modify the lower motor neurons and include the corticospinal, corticobulbar, and extrapyramidal tracts.

Dermal segmentation

the cutaneous distribution of the various spinal nerves.

The corticospinal tract

the higher motor system that permits very skilled and purposeful movements such as writing.

Muscle strength assessment examines

the intactness of the motor system.

The corneal light reflex assesses

the parallel alignment of the eye (cranial nerves III, IV, and VI).

The lower motor neurons are located mostly in

the peripheral nervous system and extend from the spinal cord to the muscles; examples include the cranial nerves and spinal nerves.

Vestibular function

the sense of balance.

Flaccid is

weak, soft, and flabby; lacking normal muscle tone.

What term is used to describe involuntary muscle movements?

Athetosis low, writhing, continuous, and involuntary movements of the extremities.

Nystagmus

a back-and-forth oscillation of the eyes. End-point nystagmus, a few beats of horizontal nystagmus at extreme lateral gaze, occurs normally.

An area of the body that is supplied mainly from one spinal segment through a particular spinal nerve is identified as a:

dermatome. a circumscribed skin area that is supplied mainly from one spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve.

Each half of the cerebrum is a

hemisphere.

The presence of primitive reflexes in a newborn infant is indicative of:

immaturity of the nervous system. The nervous system is not completely developed at birth, and motor activity in the newborn is under the control of the spinal cord and medulla. The neurons are not yet myelinated. Movements are directed primarily by primitive reflexes. As the cerebral cortex develops during the first year, it inhibits these reflexes, and they disappear at predictable times. Persistence of the primitive reflexes is an indication of central nervous system dysfunction.

Ataxia

is an impaired ability to coordinate movement, often characterized by a staggering gait and postural imbalance.

Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe is associated with

language comprehension.

An abnormal sensation of burning or tingling is best described as:

paresthesia

Cerebellar function is tested by:

performance of rapid alternating movements. tested by balance tests (e.g., gait, Romberg test) and coordination and skilled movements (e.g., rapid alternating movements, finger-to-finger test, finger-to-nose test, heel-to-shin test).

Testing the deep tendon reflexes gives the examiner information regarding the intactness of the:

reflex arc at specific levels in the spinal cord.

The Phalen maneuver

reproduces numbness and burning in a patient with carpal tunnel syndrome

The medulla contains all ascending and descending fiber tracts; it has vital autonomic centers for

respiration, heart, and gastrointestinal function as well as nuclei for cranial nerves VIII through XII.