EVR 1001 - Chapter 4

Approximately _____% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next highest trophic level.

5--10

If the actual increase in total sea otters was 1,400 individuals between 1985 and 2005, how many new sea otters were added to the population (on average) each year?

70

Which statement is an accurate description of a keystone species?

A keystone species is a predator controls the herbivore populations, which in turn maintains the plant population and keeps balance

_____ are secondary consumers.

Carnivores

Simberloff mentions Mediterranean cheatgrass as one example of a non-native species that has affected millions of acres. If Davis were the scientist talking to reporters, how might he frame the issue?

Cheatgrass is causing regional declines of native plant communities

You are a farmer interested in low-input agriculture. Which of the following do you do?

Increase your use of microbes and decrease your use of chemicals.

Between the years of 1985 and 2005 the total number of sea otters:

Increased by approximately 100%

Zebra mussels ________.

are an invasive exotic species that clog pipes and cover boat propellers

Which of the following are probably the most abundant but least understood of all forms of life on Earth?

bacteria

After examining every single cell in your body, you would conclude that humans are made up mostly of __________.

bacterial cells

If global climate change results in an area of temperate grassland receiving less rainfall and higher temperatures, it will ________.

begin to support ore desert species

The statement, "hiking up a mountain in the southwestern United States is like walking from Mexico to Canada," is meant to demonstrate that ________ change(s) rapidly as you change altitude and latitude.

biomes

What potential energy-bearing compound is produced through photosynthesis and made available for consumers?

carbohydrates

What biome is highly seasonal, with mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers?

chaperral

Global warming has been hypothesized to cause many plants to flower earlier. If bees and other pollinators begin the search for food earlier in response to this, this would represent ________ within the community.

coevolution

Which list includes biomes in the correct order from those that have the lowest annual rainfall to those that have the highest?

desert, grassland, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rainforest

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____.

detritivore

Many plants have developed complicated defenses to protect themselves against __________.

herbivory

What is occurring in the region around the Chilkat River in Alaska that allows chum salmon to spawn during the winter months?

Thermal springs heat and break up the ice

You study beetles and wish t apply niche partitioning to your research. Why?

To decrease competiotion.

Which of the following appears to be critical for successful use of microbes?

Uniting agriculture and ecology.

if you were to randomly visit a specific area on Earth, what two factors would you need to know to determine the type of biome you will visit?

its annual rainfall and temperature

Which of the following might be first to populate an area after glaciers melt in response to global climate change?

liches

Ecologists researching Mount Saint Helens after the 1979 eruption determined that ________.

many species in the blast zone survived the eruption

Temperate deciduous forests are characterized by ________.

moderate temperatures and moderate amounts of precipitation

Two species of lizard live on the same tree and consume the same sorts of food. Regardless, neither species is in direct competition with the other. The key to this scenario is that one of the species is nocturnal; the other is diurnal. What is this called?

resource partitioning

Ecological restoration tries to __________.

return ecosystems to a more "natural' state, often what they were like before industrial civilization altered them

Of the following, chaparral has a climate most similar to ________.

savanna

Fish that eat zooplankton would be considered ________.

secondary consumers

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____.

secondary consumers

When many bald eagles are concentrated within a small region, their feeding behavior usually involves __________.

sharing prey and taking turns feeding on the same organism

What biome is depicted in this climate graph?

temperate rainforest

A seal that just ate a clam is eaten by a shark. The shark is acting as a _____.

tertiary consumer

10,000 kcal of producer could support approximately _____ kcal of tertiary consumer.

10

A cow eating grass is an example of a _____.

primary consumers

Grazing animals such as deer are ________.

primary consumers

If the climate warms significantly, glaciers may melt, exposing underlying rock. This may lead to ________ in the community.

primary succession

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____.

producers

Which of the following organisms has a feeding pattern most similar to a bald eagle?

vulture

________ are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest.

deer

The ants from the different locations were then placed in a chamber at 42°C. Angilletta recorded the percent of ants moving every minute until all ants stopped moving. (An ant that has stopped moving is dead.) Ants that survive longer at that high temperature have a higher heat tolerance. The following graphs are possible results from Angilletta's experiment. Match each description with the appropriate graph.

- Graph 1: Ants from urban locations tolerate heat MORE than ants from rural locations - Graph 2: Ants from urban locations tolerate heat SLIGHTLY more than ants from rural locations - Graph 3: Ants from urban locations tolerate heat SLIGHTLY less than ants from rural locations - Graph 4: Ants from urban locations tolerate heat LESS than ants from rural locations - Graph 5: There is little to no difference in the heat tolerance of ants from each type of location. - Graph 6: There was a flaw in the experimental design

It has been demonstrated that ectotherms (such as insects and reptiles) in warm climates tolerate higher temperatures than ectotherms in cooler climates. Angilletta hypothesized that urban heat islands could lead to similar differences in heat tolerance between urban and rural populations of leaf-cutter ants. He predicted that ants in urban areas would tolerate heat better than ants in nearby rural areas. Select the two best experimental designs for comparing the thermal tolerance of ants in urban areas to ants in nearby rural areas.

- Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from a city center and from a rural area in the same region. - Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species as a function of the distance they live from a city center.

The following graphs are possible results from your experiment. Drag group 1 labels (blue) to match each description with the appropriate graph. Drag group 2 labels (pink) to indicate how well each graph supports the hypothesis that natural selection results in urban ant populations with greater heat tolerance.

- The population became MORE heat tolerant over time : The hypothesis is strongly supported. - The population became SLIGHTLY more heat tolerant over time : The hypothesis was weakly supported. - There was no change in the population's heat tolerance over time : The hypothesis is not supported. - The population became LESS heat tolerant over time : The hypothesis is not supported

In the year 2005 there were approximately ____ more sea otters in total than in 1985.

1,400

Which statement is correct concerning the process of ecological succession?

After disturbance, the community goes through a somewhat predictable set of changes until reaching a final state.

Imagine a square meter of leafy forest soil underneath an oak or maple tree. Which of the following is likely to exist within this patch of soil?

All of the listed responses would be expected to occur within this patch of soil.

Which of the following statements would the two authors agree on?

Many non-native species are not harmful

Daniel Simberloff states that non-native species are responsible for which of the following?

Modifying fire regimes

Mark Davis argues that non-natives rarely threaten natives with extinction. Davis would further say that:

None of the thousands of native plant species in North America has ever gone totally extinct due to a non-native species

Regions with otters tend to host dense forests of kelp, a brown seaweed that anchors to the seafloor. Kelp forests provide a physical structure in which diverse marine communities find shelter and food. Sea otters prey on urchins, which consume kelp. According to James Estes, sea otter populations have dropped dramatically in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. If sea otter populations in these areas continue to decline, what might happen with populations of sea urchins and kelp?

Sea urchins increase and kelp decrease

How does predation differ from parasitism?

Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey.

In 1991, scientist James Estes and his team observed a new trend of orcas preying on sea otters. Orcas normally prey on great whales, but those populations had been dramatically reduced by industrial whaling. Estes hypothesized that the decrease in the great whale population had caused orcas to turn to smaller prey -- sea otters. If this hypothesis is correct, predict what might happen to sea otter numbers if great whale population numbers increase.

Sea otter populations would icrease

A new non-native species has recently been discovered in your area of North America. What information about the species would suggest the need for immediate action?

The non-native species occurs in lakes

If current trends continue, which of the following will be true?

The use of microbes in agriculture will increase,

Which of the following is true regarding soil microbes?

There are many species and large populations.

A high concentration of eagles that spend several days in a small region is most likely the result of __________.

concentrated food

Which trophic level provides energy for all of the other trophic levels?

first

Which of the following is a pathogen?

influenza virus

Imagine a large state park near your home. Which of the following are probably the most crucial and essential part of that park's ecosystem?

insects

A community may undergo a regime shift or a phase shift if ________.

it loses a keystone species or suffers a major climate change

Many wild orchids cannot be successfully dug up and transplanted because they need the native mycorrhizae (a fungus) in the soil to survive. What kind of interaction is this?

mutualism

The relationship between flowering plants and bees is best described as ________.

mutualism

Secondary succession ________.

occurs after a fire or flood

Herbivory is actually a type of ________.

predation

Some models of climate change for North America predict that the grassland regions of the prairie states will become warmer and drier. This would result in ________.

the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions