EVR1001 Chapter 7

Which of the following is a living museum of genetic crop diversity? the Field Museum of Natural History biodiversity museums seed banks biogenetic banks

Seed Banks -We store as many types of seeds as possible in seed banks in order to assure that we will have diversity of food in the future.

Aquaculture ________. -produces less fish per unit area than ocean water harvesting -has no real environmental disadvantages -can bring economic benefits and food security to many developing regions -frequently results in unintended catch of nontarget species -requires the flooding of fields to produce water-intensive crops such as cotton and rice

Can bring economic benefits and food security to many developing regions

Assuming they all consume the same amount of calories, which of the following people is responsible for the least amount of greenhouse gases from their diet? Someone who eats only pork as a meat. Someone who eats beef, pork and chicken. Someone who eats only chicken as a meat. Someone who does not eat any animals or animal products at all.

Someone who does not eat any animals or animal products at all.

Which of the following is most likely to push for less restrictions on the use of neonicotinoids? Syngenta European Commission U.S. Environmental Protection Agency European Food Safety Authority

Syngenta

Which of the following people would be least likely to support an increase in regenerative farming? -A climate change strategist for the Environmental Protection Agency. -A member of the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization -An organic farmer in the U.S. -The CEO of a pesticide company.

The CEO of a pesticide company.

Are neonicotinoids currently used in the United States? No. Yes. Yes, but only in areas more than 50 miles from an apiary. Yes, but only on non-flowering plants.

Yes

What climate is most associated with salinization? desert tropical monsoon subtropical steppe tropical wet complex mountain

desert

Insects serve what beneficial role(s) in agriculture? harmful herbivores that need to be eliminated keystone species genetically modified species invasive species essential pollinators and predators

essential pollinators and predators

Normal Borlaug, who passed away in 2009, pioneered the development of ________. organic agriculture monoculture farming high-yield wheat IPM GM crops

high-yield wheat

Select Climate. In which climate is most deforestation occurring? humid subtropical tropical savanna tropical monsoon desert subtropical steppe

humid subtropical

Use the figure above to answer the following question.For most Americans, factory farms and feedlots are their source for the foods shown in the figure. All of the following are negative impacts from factory farms and feedlots EXCEPT: overuse of antibiotics. overgrazing. the animals are fed grain, which is an energy-inefficient food source. greenhouse gas emissions. water pollution.

overgrazing.

Which of the following is least likely to be directly affected by neonicotinoids? grasshopper monarch butterfly rabbit earthworm

rabbit

Use the figure above to answer the following question.The figure illustrates that it requires roughly ________ times more feed input to produce 1 kg of eggs than 1 kg of milk. 4 30 50 15 40

4

You visit a farm that practices regenerative farming. Which of the following does the farmer do? Annual grazing in each pasture. No livestock grazing. Monthly grazing in each pasture. Continuous livestock grazing in every pasture.

Annual grazing in each pasture.

Swidden agriculture is necessary in rainforests for all of the following reasons EXCEPT __________. -the soil of rainforests is not suitable for forest growth -rainforest plants tend to hold the nutrients in rainforests rather than the soil -the warm temperature in the rainforest causes decomposition to occur quickly -excess rain in the rainforest tends to allow for leaching of nutrients to the lower layers of soil

the soil of rainforests is not suitable for forest growth -This is a false statement regarding the soil of the rainforest. If the forest were not suitable for forest growth, then there would be no tropical rainforests.

Despite increased agricultural production by developed countries about 100 years ago, less developed countries continued to use traditional agricultural practices. Then, in the 1960s, the research of Dr. Norman Borlaug increased crop production by nearly 500% in Mexico and India by using __________. disease resistant crops modern farm equipment high yielding crops All of the above responses are correct.

All of the above responses are correct. -Dr. Norman Borlaug received a Nobel Prize for these important advances.

Which of the following is true of plants whose seeds are soaked in neonicotinoids? Only the shoots will be lethal to insects. Only the leaves will be lethal to insects. Only the pollen will be lethal to insects. All of the plant tissues will be lethal to insects.

All of the plant tissues will be lethal to insects.

Which of the following is true? -As carbon increases in the soil, less fertilizer is needed. -As carbon increases in the soil, more fertilizer is needed. -The amount of carbon in the soil does not affect the amount of fertilizer needed. -It is unknown as to if the amount of carbon in the soil affects the amount of fertilizer needed.

As carbon increases in the soil, less fertilizer is needed.

Which of the following describes a community-supported agriculture program? -Farmers grow crops on lands on vacant lots within the communities they serve. -Consumers do their own farming at home. -Consumers pay farmers ahead of time for a weekly delivery of in-season produce.

Consumers pay farmers ahead of time for a weekly delivery of in-season produce. -In a CSA program, farmers get a guaranteed income up front that they can use to invest in their crops.

You wish to have neonicotinoids banned from use in the U.S. Which of the following agencies in charge of that decision should you contact? Environmental Protection Agency Food and Drug Administration Department of Health and Human Services Department of Agriculture

Environmental Protection Agency

________ composes/compose just over half of all of the world's GM crops. Canola Tomatoes Corn Soybeans Cotton

Soybeans

You visit a traditional Tanzanian village while on a service trip. Which of the following is most likely? The village residents rely on wild chickens for food. The village residents keep chickens for their eggs. The village residents eat chicken daily. The village residents do not eat chicken because it violates their religious beliefs.

The village residents keep chickens for their eggs.

Which climate has the FEWEST environmental issues? Mediterranean summer midlatitude steppe tropical and subtropical desert tropical and subtropical steppe complex mountain

tropical and subtropical desert

PART B The graph below represents the data from Part A. Use the data from Part A to correctly label the graph. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the graph.

-y axis (0-4.5): energy per year (quads)bars on x-axis (tallest to shortest):- household storage and preparation- food retail and commercial food service- processing industry- agricultural production- packaging material- transportation

________ is the loss of more than 10% of soil productivity in arid areas due to such factors as erosion, soil compaction, overgrazing, and forest removal. Desertification Climatization Alkalinization Stratification Salinization

Desertification

Leaching ________. -removes water-soluble nutrients from topsoil -is a common agricultural practice to improve soil -adds nutrients to soil naturally -is caused by movement of water upward through soil from the water table -can help plant growth only if done properly

Removes water-soluble nutrients from topsoil

Until about 10,000 years ago, our species depended on ________. crops crops and cattle hunting and herding cattle hunting and gathering

hunting and gathering

A grain of what size would be most likely to cause surrounding grains to become airborne? 0.05 mm 0.2 mm 0.5 mm 1.0 mm

0.2 mm -Intermediate-sized grains bounce along most easily. While bouncing, they are likely to cause other grains to roll, slide, or become airborne.

Assuming emissions remain the same, as regenerative farming becomes more popular, which of the following will occur? -Concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will decrease. -It is unknown how the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will be impacted. -Concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will stay the same. -Concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will increase.

Concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will decrease.

Which of the following is an example of the use of a biological control? -The use of the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, in the 1920s to control the invasive prickly pear cactus that was overrunning rangeland in Australia. -Honeybees are used to control the production of fruit in an apple orchard. -Golden rice is grown in developing nations to help control blindness in children. -Herbicide-resistant soybeans are planted so farmers can use herbicides without killing their crops.

The use of the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, in the 1920s to control the invasive prickly pear cactus that was overrunning rangeland in Australia. -Within just a few years, the moth managed to free millions of hectares of Australian rangeland from the cactus

On what basis is the writer primarily appealing to his or her readers? -The writer is appealing to the readers' sense of financial responsibility. -The writer is appealing to the readers' intellect. -The writer is appealing to the readers' emotions.

The writer is appealing to the readers' emotions. -In addition to describing the treatment of cows in factory farms and slaughterhouses, the article recounts stories of cows expressing grief and making harrowing escapes. The writer is appealing to the readers' emotions to evoke sympathy for animals and elicit a negative response to factory farming.

You are a landowner interested in regenerative farming. Which of the following should you avoid? Planting cover crops. Leaving crop residue on the soil surface. Increasing tree cover near your fields. Tilling.

Tilling.

Why is variety in crop plants important for "food security"? -People and the food industry naturally want a wide variety of different types of food plants. -Monocultures are not capable of reproducing. -Varieties contain genes that, through conventional breeding, might confer resistance to disease. -Monocultures are inherently stable.

Varieties contain genes that, through conventional breeding, might confer resistance to disease. -"Seed banks" have increased worldwide to provide a gene-reserve hedge against the possibility of major crop plants being decimated due to the evolution of a new pest or environmental change.

Compare the world population index for 1960 to the world population index for 2000. Then express the world population in 2000 as a percentage of world population in 1960. 200% 50% 100% 400%

200% -The world population index in 1960 was approximately 50 compared to an index value of 100 for 2000. Therefore, world population in 2000 was double the population in 1960, or 200% of the population index for 1960.

Now compare fertilizer use in 1960 to fertilizer use in 2000. Express the year 2000 N fertilizer use as a percentage of N fertilizer use in 1960. 67% 7% 667% 15%

667% -The ratio of N fertilizer use in 2000 (100) to use in 1960 (15) represents a 667% increase in N fertilizer use.

Which statement about food production since 1960 is true? -During this time 90% of the world's population has been overnourished. -During this time our food production has grown even faster than our population. -During this time our food production capabilities have been severely limited, causing the population of many countries to decline rapidly. -During this time our population has grown faster than our food production capabilities.

During this time our food production has grown even faster than our population. -We have accomplished this goal by utilizing more fossil fuels, water for irrigation, fertilizers, pesticides, land, and productive crop varieties.

Which of the following is most affected by desertification? Algeria South Sudan Yemen Sudan Iran

Iran

How can you know if the person or organization providing the information has the credentials and knowledge to speak on this topic? One clue is the type of web site it is--the domain name ".org" tells you that this site is run by a nonprofit organization. Now scan the article to find the name and credentials of the person who wrote it. What is the affiliation of the writer? -It's not clear who wrote the content on this page. -The writer is on the board of a company that sells pre-packaged vegetarian meals. -The writer is an independent registered dietitian. -The writer is a food inspector for the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

It's not clear who wrote the content on this page?

Desertification of soil __________. -may be a problem in the future but has not yet caused much loss of farmland -is a natural process that we cannot control -can occur only on a small percentage of Earth's surface, in the very driest areas -can be caused by overgrazing

can be caused by overgrazing -Overgrazing, along with overcultivation, deforestation, and erosion, can result in the loss of productivity in dry areas.

Of the following, ________ requires the least land to produce 1 kg of protein. chicken eggs pork beef milk

chicken

Organic farming ________. -has no state or national standards in the United States -has increased in the United States, Canada, and Europe in recent years -began in the 1960sis presently limited to crops of fruits and vegetables -and organically grown produce have not been supported by the European Union

has increased in the United States, Canada, and Europe in recent years

About 100 years ago, agricultural production in the United States tripled due to __________. a tremendous increase in the amount of land used for agriculture the shift from wheat and corn crops to rice crops the shift from raising crops on land to raising crops in water the invention of fertilizers and use of more modern machinery

the invention of fertilizers and use of more modern machinery -These modern methods provided much higher crop yields on existing land.

Erosion usually begins when __________. vegetation is removed either naturally or by humans the O horizon is thick with material there is little or no slope to the land rainfall levels decrease

vegetation is removed either naturally or by humans -Vegetation protects the soil from direct impacts by rainfall, and the roots hold the soil in place.

Demographers predict that global population will continue to increase. As population increases, which of the following statements represents future agricultural changes for maintaining an adequate food supply? Higher food production per unit of agricultural land Lower use of N fertilizer per unit of land Higher food production due to greater use of N fertilizer Higher agricultural land-to-population ratio

Higher food production per unit of agricultural land -There is a limit to the amount of agricultural land on the planet, so food production per unit of land will need to increase to keep up with the growing human population. In accordance with the shifts in food production to N fertilizer ratios over the past 40 years, we may have already reached the limits of increased food production from N fertilizer. Therefore, increased food production per unit of land will have to be accomplished by other means.

The initial degradation of plants by soil organisms, bacteria, and fungi occurs in the __________ soil horizon. A O B R

O -The O or organic horizon contains the remains of stems and leaves that are broken down by soil organisms, bacteria, and fungi to release minerals and make humus.

Salinization is a major issue primarily in which country? India Pakistan Sri Lanka Bangladesh Maldives

Pakistan

Which of the following particles made up the dust that gave the Dustbowl its name? bouncing grains rolling grains suspended grains permanent grains

Suspended grains -Because suspended grains are less than 0.1 mm, they can become airborne and are also called dust.

Which of the following is true about GM crops? -Latin America leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops. -They require artificial pollination methods. -The United States leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops. -Europe leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops. -They are unanimously favored by environmentalists.

The United States leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops.

Calculate the ratio of the agricultural land index to the population index for 1960 and compare it to the ratio for 2000. The ratios suggest that _____. -the per capita demand on agricultural land has decreased over time -the per capita demand on agricultural land has increased over time -the per capita demand on agricultural land has stayed the same over time -there is no relationship between agricultural land and population

the per capita demand on agricultural land has increased over time -The agricultural land index versus the population index was 1.8:1 in 1960 and 1:1 in 2000. Therefore we have less agricultural land per person.

No-till farming would be most beneficial for farmers ________. -who plant a cash crop every third year -whose cropland is in the Conservation Reserve Program -who typically experience minimal soil erosion -with steeply sloped fields -using contour strip cropping

with steeply sloped fields

Finally, how can you use your assessment of the authority, motivation, and reliability of the information to evaluate this web site relative to other sources? Use the scales below to assign a numerical score to this source. Authority 2- Source is a recognized authority (e.g., .gov or .edu). 1- Source is a nonexpert with some relevant credentials. 0- Source is a nonexpert with no relevant credetials. Motivation 2- Content is balanced and informational. 1- Motivation is unclear. 0- Motivation is unclear. Reliability 2- ∙ Primary sources cited for all claims. ∙ Consistent with authoritative sources. 1- ∙ Primary sources cited for some claims. ∙ Not as comprehensive as other sources. 0-∙ No primary sources cited for any claims. ∙ Contradicts authoritative sources. Assign a numerical score for each category. Then add up the total score. (The highest possible score is 6; the lowest is 0.) In what range does this source fall? 0 to 1 2 to 4 5 to 6

0 to 1

PART C The following graph shows the same data from the graph you just labeled, but in a slightly different way and with one addition. The energy consumption bars are now stacked into a single bar to make energy consumption in the system easier to compare to the energy output of the system. Can you interpret the graph of energy flow in the U.S. food system? Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all. 3.5 8 Agricultural production transportation household storage & preparation

1. The largest portion of energy in the food system is consumed by household storage and preparation. 2. Food processing and packaging together account for a little over 25% or 3.5 quads of the energy consumed in the food system annually. 3. Purchasing organically grown food would save energy involved with agricultural production as it would reduce the energy that goes into producing chemical fertilizers and pesticides. 4. Consolidation in the food system means that there are fewer food processing operations, which increases energy used in transportation by increasing the distance between food sources and consumers. 5. Purchasing locally grown produce would reduce energy used in transportation. 6. Eating less meat would reduce energy used in agricultural production. 7. Buying frozen convenience food in bulk could increase energy used in household storage and preparation. 8. The U.S. food system is rather inefficient as it consumes almost 8 times as much energy in producing, processing, packaging, and transporting food than it makes available as food energy output.

Open the site in your browser. (If any pop-up windows appear, think about what they indicate about the web site before you close them.) Skim the article. Think about whether you trust the information presented or whether you have doubts about some of it. On a scale of 0 to 6, where 6 is the most trustworthy, how would you rate this site? (Note that all responses will be marked as "correct" at this point.) 0-1 (not trustworthy at all) 2-4 (somewhat trustworthy; want to check some things) 5-6 (very trustworthy)

2-4 (somewhat trustworthy; want to check some things) -Your answer represents your first impression of the trustworthiness of this source. Now you will answer some specific questions and reevaluate this score at the end.

PART D The following table shows the change in U.S. food system energy consumption by component between 2009 and 2016. Life cycle component; Energy consumed in 2009 (in quads); Energy consumed in 2016 (in quads) Agricultural production: 2.2 (21.4%); 2.0 (14.4%) Transportation: 1.4 (13.6%); 0.5 (3.6%) Processing industry: 1.68 (16.4%); 2.6 (18.7%) Packaging materials: 0.67 (6.6%); 0.9 (6.5%) Food retail and commercial food service: 1.05 (10.3%);3.9 (28%) Household storage and preparation: 3.3 (31.7%); 4.0 (28.8%) Total energy consumed: 10.313.9 Food energy available: 1.41.75 Ratio of food energy available to energy consumed by the food system 1 : 7.35; 1 : 7.94 Drag "True" or "False" to the end of each statement.

Energy use in agricultural production and transportation increased from 2009 to 2016. False Though energy used in household storage and preparation increased by 0.7 quads from 2009 to 2016, the percentage of the total energy consumption represented by household storage and preparation declined. True Energy used in food retail and commercial food service increased from 1.05 quads in 2009 to 3.9 quads in 2016. True Total energy consumed by the U.S. food system decreased by 3.6 quads from 2009 to 2016. False Between 2009 and 2016, energy use in the processing industry changed much more substantially than energy use in packaging materials changed during the same period. True As the food energy available increased from 1.4 quads to 1.75 quads between 2009 and 2016, the ratio of energy consumed by the food system per unit of available food energy also increased. True

Since 1960, pesticide use has increased ________ worldwide. sixfold fourfold threefold twofold fivefold

fourfold

Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below.Despite the high cost of the technology to design genetically modified (GM) crops, American companies have invested in their development. The first genetically engineered crop was the Flavr Savr tomato, which was created by reversing the function of a normal tomato gene. It was approved by the FDA for sale in the United States in 1994. Its grower, the Calgene Corporation, maintained that it would ripen longer on the vine, taste and ship better, and last longer on supermarket shelves compared to conventional tomatoes. It is no longer marketed because of technical problems and public safety concerns. Today, most engineered crops are modified for insect and herbicide resistance. In 1997, the Monsanto company first marketed GM corn. This Bt corn was engineered using genes from the Bacillus thuringiensisbacteria that made the corn resistant to some pests. In 1999, environmentalists were alarmed when it was reported that pollen from Bt corn could kill monarch butterfly larvae if corn pollen drifted onto milkweed plants that monarchs fed upon. Consumers feared the unknown and were concerned about potential food allergies. Presently, soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola dominate the GM food market. These crops are grown and distributed mostly in the United States, Argentina, Canada, Brazil, and China. They are used mostly for animal feed, clothing, or to make oil or other ingredients for processed food, which has helped them gain public acceptance. Although GM crops such as strawberries, potatoes, and lettuce have all been marketed in the United States, GM food field trials involving biotech fruits and vegetables have dropped significantly during the past several years, and the pace of new product introductions has fallen sharply. This narrow range of crops could mean that biotechnology may not realize its full potential in the future. If GM crops can decrease pesticide use, why are environmentalists still concerned about them? -The FDA does not regulate them. -There is no public opposition to GM crops. -The government funds most GM crop research. -Trials involving biotech fruits and vegetables have increased dramatically in recent years. -Inserted genes can spread to nontarget species.

Inserted genes can spread to nontarget species.

Which country is facing the greatest overall environmental problems? Pakistan India Sri Lanka Bangladesh Nepal

Pakistan

How can you know if the information is based on scientifically collected data and if it's corroborated by other sources? Follow the links provided throughout the article. What do you find when you click these links? The links redirect the reader to a mixture of sources, all from secondary news outlets. The links redirect the reader to government regulatory agency reports. The links redirect the reader to other PETA articles. The links redirect the reader to primary research articles.

The links redirect the reader to other PETA articles. -Most of the links go to other PETA pages, and the portions of the article relating to environmental impacts have no reliable references to support the statements made. The lack of supporting references or data is an indication that the article is not reliable. Furthermore, reliable scientific sources present evidence-based information straightforwardly and without emotional appeals.

Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below.Despite the high cost of the technology to design genetically modified (GM) crops, American companies have invested in their development. The first genetically engineered crop was the Flavr Savr tomato, which was created by reversing the function of a normal tomato gene. It was approved by the FDA for sale in the United States in 1994. Its grower, the Calgene Corporation, maintained that it would ripen longer on the vine, taste and ship better, and last longer on supermarket shelves compared to conventional tomatoes. It is no longer marketed because of technical problems and public safety concerns. Today, most engineered crops are modified for insect and herbicide resistance. In 1997, the Monsanto company first marketed GM corn. This Bt corn was engineered using genes from the Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria that made the corn resistant to some pests. In 1999, environmentalists were alarmed when it was reported that pollen from Bt corn could kill monarch butterfly larvae if corn pollen drifted onto milkweed plants that monarchs fed upon. Consumers feared the unknown and were concerned about potential food allergies. Presently, soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola dominate the GM food market. These crops are grown and distributed mostly in the United States, Argentina, Canada, Brazil, and China. They are used mostly for animal feed, clothing, or to make oil or other ingredients for processed food, which has helped them gain public acceptance. Although GM crops such as strawberries, potatoes, and lettuce have all been marketed in the United States, GM food field trials involving biotech fruits and vegetables have dropped significantly during the past several years, and the pace of new product introductions has fallen sharply. This narrow range of crops could mean that biotechnology may not realize its full potential in the future. Why do soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola dominate the GM crop market? -These crops help to feed and clothe the poor. -They are exempt from U.S. regulations. -They are inexpensive to produce. -They are ingredients in processed foods, so they are more easily accepted. -They are the only GMO crops approved since the Flavr Savr tomato.

They are ingredients in processed foods, so they are more easily accepted.

What is the status of GM products in the United States? -GM crops have been banned in the United States. -U.S. citizens have largely accepted the GM crops on the market. -GM crops will only be sold in the United States for livestock feed. -GM crops can be sold in the United States only if they are labeled as being genetically modified.

U.S. citizens have largely accepted the GM crops on the market. -There seems to be little concern about GM foods in the United States. People in the United States do not realize that so much of their food has been genetically modified.

In the year 2000, over 80 million metric tons of nitrogen fertilizers were used in producing food for the world's 6 billion people. Food production, use of nitrogen fertilizers, and world population all had grown over the preceding 40 years, but at somewhat different rates. During this time, food production grew slightly faster than population while relatively little additional land was converted to agricultural use. Fertilizer use grew most rapidly.

Use for all parts.

PART A According to a life cycle analysis of the U.S. food system conducted by the University of Michigan, the U.S. consumes 13.9 quads of mostly fossil fuel energy to produce 1.75 quads of food energy annually. A quad is a unit of energy equal to 1 quadrillion (1015) British thermal units (BTUs). One quad is equal to the energy of 183 million barrels of petroleum. Here is how energy consumption breaks down by component in the U.S. food system: Life cycle component: Description of component: Energy consumed per year (in quads) Agricultural production: Energy used on farms, e.g., fuel, fertilizers, pesticides: 2.0 Transportation: Energy used to move food from where it is grown/made to where it is sold: 0.5 Processing industry: Energy used in processing food, including electricity: 2.6 Packaging material: Energy that goes into making the packaging for food and beverages: 0.9 Food retail and commercial food service: Energy used in grocery stores and restaurants: 3.9 Household storage and preparation: Energy used to operate refrigerators, freezers, ranges, and dishwashers: 4.0 Total Energy Consumed: 13.9 How could these data be best represented graphically? Line graph Bar graph Scatter plot

bar graph Since the data are in discrete categories, a bar graph is the best way to graphically represent these data.

In 1960 the ratio of food production to N fertilizer use was 40:15 or 2.7:1. By 2000 the ratio was 1:1. The efficiency of N use in agriculture _____. -increased—over time we have produced more food with the same amount of N fertilizer -stayed the same—the amount of food produced with a unit of N fertilizer has stayed the same over time -decreased—over time we have produced less food with the same amount of N fertilizer -there is not enough data to determine the answer.

decreased—over time we have produced less food with the same amount of N fertilizer -The ratio of food production to N fertilizer use dropped from 2.7:1 in 1960 to 1:1 in 2000.

Salinization appears to be correlated most with what other environmental issue? deforestation coastal pollution desertification forested regions none of the above

desertification

All of the following practices are used to control soil erosion EXCEPT __________. intercropping industrial monoculture agriculture terracing of hillside farms no-till planting

industrial monoculture agriculture -Many of the erosion control measures discussed in the chapter are designed to prevent the problems caused by planting large areas in a single crop.

As industrial chicken farming increases in Africa, which of the following groups will likely benefit most as a supplier of feed for chickens? rice farmers soybean farmers wheat farmers local cassava farmers

soybean farmers

Next, can you identify what the source is trying to accomplish by providing this information? As you read the article, think about what the writer's agenda might be with regard to human meat consumption. What seems to be the main purpose of the article ? to convince readers not to eat meat to promote more sustainable meat production to recruit protesters who are against factory farming to encourage readers to raise their own cows for food

to convince readers not to eat meat -If you read PETA's mission statement under "About PETA" you will find that this animal rights organization focuses on educating the public about the treatment of animals in factory farms. Think about how the organization's mission might bias the information they present about the environmental impacts of factory farming.

As the global human population continues to rise, increased food production will most likely come from __________. increases in the amount of land used for agricultural production other planets decreased demand for food increased productivity of the land already used for agriculture

increased productivity of the land already used for agriculture -Over the past century, agricultural productivity has increased greatly. New discoveries and technologies will be required to increase current productivity significantly.

Monoculture farming ________. -requires no artificial pesticides or fertilizers -is always accompanied by no-till agriculture -is typical of Native American farming techniques -is a development of industrial agriculture -accounts for less than 1% of U.S. farmland

is a development of industrial agriculture -Monoculture is the practice of framing large areas with a single crop

Recombinant DNA ________. -is cross-pollination of one plant by a different species -is assembled in the lab from mononucleotides -was part of the Green Revolution of the 1960s -is the merging of DNA from unrelated organisms to create new genetic varieties -is pollination of one plant by another of the same species

is the merging of DNA from unrelated organisms to create new genetic varieties

Who are most prone to overnutrition in the United States? middle-class Americans senators and representatives low-income Americans wealthy Americans who can afford to eat more food

low-income Americans -Low-income Americans are most likely to purchase cheap foods that are high in calories but low in nutrients, leading to overnutrition and obesity.

PART E Notice in the table that the energy consumed by the food retail and commercial food service component almost quadrupled from 1.05 quads in 2009 to 3.9 quads in 2016. What might be the reason(s) for this increase?

-Consumers are eating out more at food establishments that serve fast food but with a focus on fresh and healthy ingredients. & -Consumers are purchasing more processed and ready-to-eat foods, thus outsourcing much of the food prep to retail and wholesale grocery stores.

Using the most reliable information available, how much of the Earth's land surface is used for agriculture today? 10%, according to government surveys of land use 30 to 40%, according to satellite imagery 70%, according to surveys conducted by commercial jets 90%, according to tax records from government agencies

30 to 40%, according to satellite imagery -There is currently little room to increase the total amount of land used for agricultural production.

In order for this endeavor to be successful many things need to occur, including which of the following? -Consumers must demand a lot of dark leg meat. -Consumers must want to eat chicken very rarely. -Consumers must want to eat a lot of eggs. -Consumers must want to eat a lot of white breast meat.

Consumers must want to eat a lot of white breast meat.

In Queensland, Australia, cactus moths ________. -are raised as a food source by native Aborigines -effectively cleared non-native prickly pear cactus from rangeland -are an invasive species -are a keystone species -are examples of species that have developed resistance to pesticides

effectively cleared non-native prickly pear cactus from rangeland

The results of over applying fertilizer can include ________. -very fertile soils in future years -large crop yields per acre -eutrophication in nearby waterways -crops spreading rapidly into nearby areas -very large fruits and vegetables

eutrophication in nearby waterways

Essay Even though PETA's web site is not considered scientifically reliable, it doesn't mean that some of their claims about factory farming are not true. It just means that you shouldn't rely on PETA for your information on the environmental impacts of factory farms. The PETA article says: "Factory farms and feedlots produce a staggering amount of feces that pollutes both the water and the air." They do not cite any scientific source for this claim. One reliable source to consult is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (epa.gov). In a separate document, record what you find from the EPA about pollution from factory farms and feedlots. What kind of evidence does the EPA provide? Does the EPA support or refute the claims made by PETA?

idk

Over time, pesticides become less effective. This is because __________. -transgenic crops have been introduced -farmers decrease the amount of application because of the high cost of product -federal regulations require that lower-strength pesticides be used -pests can evolve defenses against pesticides

pests can evolve defenses against pesticides -Organisms that can reproduce quickly will be screened down to a few that are genetically equipped to resist the chemical used against them. These remaining few will then reproduce in large numbers passing on the resistance to their offspring. The same process applies to bacterial resistance against antibiotics.

Which of the following correctly shows the order for grains that would blow the least distance to grains that would blow the greatest distance? -bouncing grains, rolling grains, suspended grains -rolling grains, bouncing grains, suspended grains -suspended grains, bouncing grains, rolling grains -rolling grains, suspended grains, bouncing grains

rolling grains, bouncing grains, suspended grains -The smaller a grain, the longer the distance it can travel by wind. Rolling grains are the largest, so they would travel the least distance, followed by bouncing grains, and suspended grains.

Irrigation can result in the salinization of soils because ________. -salts in the water are deposited on the soil surface as water evaporates -the irrigation water washes away soil leaving behind concentrated salts -many of the plants grown in these regions excrete salts into the soil -shortages of fresh water require the use of saltwater for irrigation -irrigation is typically used in areas where windblown salts from sea spray can accumulate when the protective vegetation is removed

salts in the water are deposited on the soil surface as water evaporates

Use the figure above to answer the following question.Which of the following changes in your diet would decrease the size of your ecological footprint without causing health problems? -shifting your protein intake from eggs and dairy products to beef and pork -shifting to beef exclusively because of the large amount of meat from a single cow -shifting your protein intake from adult cows and pigs to younger cows and pigs -eliminating all protein from your diet -shifting your protein intake from beef and pork to eggs and dairy products

shifting your protein intake from beef and pork to eggs and dairy products

Humus is ________. -caused by agricultural runoff into waterways or into the water table -the organic soil component that holds soil moisture and enhances soil fertility -an artificial fertilizer applied to monocultures -one of the primary causes of desertification if it is present in excess -the layer sometimes found in a soil horizon that is created by eluviation; it causes serious problems in agricultural fields

the organic soil component that holds soil moisture and enhances soil fertility