Ex Phys Exam 4

If your subject's cardiac output was 7 liters per minute and their heart rate was 100 beats per minute and their end systolic volume was 60 milliliters, then their end diastolic volume would be how many milliliters?

130.0

Your subject is a 22 year old female who has a hemoglobin concentration of 14.1 g/100ml; which is a bit over the average for her age and gender, but still in the normal range. If her SaO2% was 98%, what would be her arterial oxygen content in vols%?

19.2

Given the data below for this subject, what is this subject's Functional Residual Capacity in L? Vital Capacity = 5L Dead Space = 0.15L Inspiratory Reserve Volume = 2.5L Tidal Volume = 0.6L Residual Volume = 1.1L Respiratory Rate = 15 br/min

3.0

Given the data below for this subject, what is this subject's Alveolar Ventilation in L/min? Vital Capacity = 5L Dead Space = 0.15L Inspiratory Reserve Volume = 2.5L Tidal Volume = 0.6L Residual Volume = 1.1L Respiratory Rate = 15 br/min

6.75

The highest human permanent settlement is at an altitude of over 16,500 feet (5,100m) at La Rinconada, Peru, where the the atmospheric pressure is 414 mmHg. What is the pO2 at La Rinconada in mmHg?

86.65

Given the data below for this subject, what is this subject's Ventilation in L/min? Vital Capacity = 5L Dead Space = 0.15L Inspiratory Reserve Volume = 2.5L Tidal Volume = 0.6L Residual Volume = 1.1L Respiratory Rate = 15 br/min

9.0

If your subject's blood pressure was 112/82 then their mean arterial pressure would be ___.

92.0

True or False. Two prevailing theories about muscle cramps are the electrolyte depletion, dehydration theory and the neuromuscular control theory. The fast resolution of cramps after consuming pickle juice favors the neuromuscular control theory. A True B False

A (True)

The sympathetic nervous system can cause constriction of arteries & arterioles, and also of veins. In all cases, constriction would tend to increase blood pressure, but constriction in these different parts of the circulation increase blood pressure by different mechanisms. Constriction of ---------- would increase total peripheral resistance which would increase mean arterial pressure. A arterioles B venules C veins D vena cava E two of the above

A (arterioles)

Based on our discussion of training principles in lecture today, which of the following is NOT true? A running at a comfortable pace for 30 minutes every day is likely to accumulate new muscle adaptations to training the longer they do this B if some exercise causes an adaptation to training a greater intensity or duration may cause a greater adaptation to training C if you do not keep training, training adaptations will go away D All of the above ARE true E None of the above ARE true

A (running at a comfortable pace for 30 minutes every day is likely to accumulate new muscle adaptations to training the longer they do this)

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the stroke volume response to aerobic exercises like cycling and running? A The increase in stroke volume during exercise is due, in part to increases in EDV B The increase in stroke volume during exercise is due, in part to increases in ESV C The increase in stroke volume during exercise is due, in part to increases in venous return D The increase in stroke volume during exercise is due, in part to increases in the activity of the muscle pump E All of the above ARE true

B (The increase in stroke volume during exercise is due, in part to increases in ESV)

During a graded exercise test, which of the following is NOT true? A The increase in ventilation is proportional to increases in VO2 across low and moderate intensities, such that the ratio of one to the other is somewhat stable B The increase in ventilation in the transition from rest to low intensity exercise is mostly accomplished by increasing respiratory rate C The increase in ventilation beyond the ventilatory threshold is principally due to increases in respiratory rate D beyond the ventilatory threshold, VE and VCO2 increase at a faster rate than VO2, in order to help buffer the blood E in the transition from high to very high intensity VE eventually begins to increase at a faster rate than VCO2; this has been called the respiratory compensation point F All of the above G only two of the above

B (The increase in ventilation in the transition from rest to low intensity exercise is mostly accomplished by increasing respiratory rate)

In class we discussed a study that looked at the blood pressure response to heavy resistance exercise among elite power lifters. Which of the following were NOT among its findings? A Blood pressure reached around 480/350 in one subject B The increases in blood pressure were partly due to sympathetically-mediated constriction of arterioles in the active muscles C The increases in blood pressure were partly due to mechanical compression of blood vessels in the active muscles D The increases in blood pressure were partly due to the Valsalva maneuver E Two of the above

B (The increases in blood pressure were partly due to sympathetically-mediated constriction of arterioles in the active muscles)

Which of the following would NOT increase muscle blood flow? A An increase in arterial pressure B A decrease in perfusion pressure C An increase in arteriole radius in the muscle D A decrease in resistance in the blood vessels in the muscle E three of the above

B (a decrease in perfusion pressure)

The pulmonary response to constant intensity exercise includes all of the following EXCEPT: A a rise in ventilation prior to the onset of activity B a very slow, gradual rise in ventilation after the start of exercise C reaching a relatively steady value during low and moderate intensity exercise D a continuous increase in ventilation during high intensity exercise even though it may be constant E Three of the above

B (a very slow, gradual rise in ventilation after the start of exercise)

Which of the following is/are true about changes in total peripheral resistance during exercise? A During aerobic activities TPR increases B during aerobic exercise local factors in the active muscles cause vasodilation and decrease resistance even though the sympathetic nervous system is trying to cause vasoconstriction (this is called sympatholysis) C the sympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasodilation during exercise D During isometric exercise with a heavy weight TPR would decrease E An increase in TPR would mean that there would be greater systemic vascular conductance (SVC) F All of the above G None of the above

B (during aerobic exercise local factors in the active muscles cause vasodilation and decrease resistance even though the sympathetic nervous system is trying to cause vasoconstriction (this is called sympatholysis))

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the blood pressure response to exercise? A during cycling we would expect systolic blood pressure to increase B in young healthy subjects during large muscle mass aerobic exercises (like cycling) we would expect diastolic blood pressure to increase C we would expect mean arterial pressures to be higher during isometric knee extensions than during cycling D we would expect diastolic blood pressure to increase during resistance exercise E three of the above F all of the above ARE true

B (in young healthy subjects during large muscle mass aerobic exercises (like cycling) we would expect diastolic blood pressure to increase)

Which of the following is/are NOT true about a-vO2 difference and its response to exercise? A at rest it is usually close to 5 vols% B it usually increases during exercise mostly due to increases in arterial oxygen content C it usually increases during exercise mostly due to decreases in venous oxygen content D a common maximal value would be 15 vols% E two of the above are NOT true

B (it usually increases during exercise mostly due to increases in arterial oxygen content)

The ----------- is/are a part of the heart's electrical conduction system that causes a brief delay between atrial and ventricular depolarization. This is important because --------. A SA Node, otherwise the heart rate could get too fast B AV Node, it allows the ventricles to finish emptying before they start to fill C AV Node, it allows the ventricles to finish filling before they begin to contract D Bundle Branches, they ensures that the impulse will spread rapidly through the ventricles

C (AV Node, it allows the ventricles to finish filling before they begin to contract)

If your subject's blood pressure was 132/78 then A Current guidelines (after Nov 2017) would classify this person as having elevated blood pressure B Old guidelines (pre Nov 2017) we would say this subject had hypertension C Current guidelines (after Nov 2017) would classify this person as having hypertension D Current guidelines (after Nov 2017) would classify this person as having pre-hypertension E Current guidelines (after Nov 2017) would classify this person as having normal blood pressure F none of the above

C (Current guidelines (after Nov 2017) would classify this person as having hypertension)

Which of the following is/are true about the heart rate (HR) response to exercise? A Max HR would be higher during arm crank exercise than cycling exerrcise B HRmax would be higher after training than before training C HR at 100 Watts would be higher during arm crank than during cycling exercise D HR at 100 W on a cylce ergometer would be higher in a trained subect than in an untrained subject E all of the above ARE true F Three of the above

C (HR at 100 Watts would be higher during arm crank than during cycling exercise)

Not all of the air entering the lungs each minute participates in gas exchange; which of the following is/are NOT true? A The term anatomic dead space refers to the volume of air in the airways B The alveolar ventilation provides a better indication of the amount of air participating in gas exchange than the pulmonary ventilation C If your goal was to increase gas exchange, it would be more effective to increase respiratory rate than to increase tidal volume D All of the above ARE true E All of the above are NOT true

C (If your goal was to increase gas exchange, it would be more effective to increase respiratory rate than to increase tidal volume)

Which of the following is/are NOT true about partial pressures of oxygen (PO2)? A The PO2 of the atmosphere is approximately 160 mmHg (760 x 21%O2) B Because fresh air (from atmosphere) mixes with air already in the lungs during inspiration, the PO2 in the alveoli is LOWER than the PO2 in the atmosphere C The PO2 of the blood in the pulmonary vein is usually higher than the blood in the systemic arteries D a common value for the PO2 of the blood leaving the systemic capillaries is around 40 mmHg E Three of the above

C (The PO2 of the blood in the pulmonary vein is usually higher than the blood in the systemic arteries)

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the heart's energy and and oxygen requirements? A The heart is such an aerobic organ that it is more likely to consume lactate as a fuel than to make lactate B The heart's oxygen demand can be estimated by the formula HR x SBP, which is called the Double Product or Rate Pressure Product C The heart's oxygen demand increases approximately 2-fold between rest and maximal exercise in young, healthy subjects D While the heart's oxygen needs increase substantially duirng exercise, there is a large reduction in the time for coronary blood flow during exercise because coronary flow occurs mostly during diastole E Increasaes in coronary blood flow are so important during exercise because the heart is usually already extracting so much of the oxygen delivered to it F All of the above ARE true G Three of the above

C (The heart's oxygen demand increases approximately 2-fold between rest and maximal exercise in young, healthy subjects)

which of the following would NOT be expected to increase a-vO2 difference during an exercise bout? A a rightward shift in the O2 dissociation curve (which is caused by an increase in temperature, pCO2, and H+) B a decrease in active muscle pO2 C a decrease in pulmonary capillary pO2 D a redistribution of blood flow away from inactive tissues and towards active tissues E a decrease in plasma volume F all of the above WOULD incresae a-vO2difference during exercise

C (a decrease in pulmonary capillary pO2)

Which of the following is NOT true about VO2max, genetics, and training? A in the untrained state, genetic predisposition is about 50% responsible for determining VO2max B the ability to increase VO2max with training is also heritable; genetics is responsible for almost 50% of the ability to increase VO2max C an untrained subject is likely to experience smaller gains in VO2max than someone who has been endurance training for years D people who have traditionally been called "non-responders" may be able to increase VO2max if higher intensities are used E VO2max typically increases 10-20% with training F Three of the above

C (an untrained subject is likely to experience smaller gains in VO2max than someone who has been endurance training for years)

Myoglobin A is found in red blood cells B has a lower affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin C even at a very low pO2 of 20 mmHg, it would still be over 80% saturated D two of the above E none of the above

C (even at a very low pO2 of 20 mmHg, it would still be over 80% saturated)

Which of the following is/are true about a-vO2 difference and its response to exercise? A it is usually reported in percent saturation B it usually increases during exercise MOSTLY due to increases in arterial oxygen content C it usually increases during exercise mostly due to decreases in venous oxygen content D a leftward shift in hemoglobin's oxygen dissociation curve would tend to increase it E two of the above

C (it usually increases during exercise mostly due to decreases in venous oxygen content)

In class I described an experiment where a blood pressure cuff could be inflated during or at the end of forearm exercise and that this would slow the recovery of heart rate and blood pressure after exercise. This type of experiment has been used to study the role of the -----reflex in regulating the cardiovascular response to exercise. This reflex is initiated by group III and IV afferents in the active muscle and they send signals about the metabolic status of the muscle, which is important for the perception of effort, and also helps to match the metabolic demands of the activity with the cardiovascular and pulmonary responses to exercise. A baro B cold pressor C muscle pressor D chemo E orthostatic F diving G occulocardiac H None of the above

C (muscle pressor)

The sympathetic nervous system can cause constriction of arteries & arterioles, and also of veins. In all cases, constriction would tend to increase blood pressure, but constriction in these different parts of the circulation increase blood pressure by different mechanisms. Constriction of -------------- would be expected to increase venous return, which would increase end diastolic volume, which would increase stroke volume, which would increase cardiac output, which would increase mean arterial pressure. A arteries B arterioles C veins D A and B E all of the above

C (veins)

After training: A At any given intensity there would be less disruption of homeostasis and thus less drive to increase ventilation B At any given intensity ventilation would be lower C Total lung capacity (lung volume) would increase D A & B E B & C

D (A & B)

Comparing the blood pressure of a healthy young subject response during isometric and aerobic exercise involving the legs, which of the following is/are NOT true? A DBP would tend to increase during isometric exercise due to mechanical compression of blood vessels B The SBP would be higher during isometric than during aerobic exercise C MAP would tend to be higher during isometric exercise D The Pulse Pressures would tend to be higher during isometric exercise E Three of the above

D (The Pulse Pressures would tend to be higher during isometric exercise)

There are notable changes in blood volume, erythrocyte volume, plasma volume, and hematocrit with exercise training; which of the following is/are NOT true? A Plasma volume increases during training B Erythrocyte volume increases during training C Blood volume increases during training D The initial increase in blood volume with training is associated mostly with an increases in erythrocyte volume E in the early stage of training it is common to see a reduction in hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration; this is sometimes called athletic anemia F Because of their extreme training elite athletes often have such a large increase in plasma volume that their hematocrit is lower than in untrained subjects G the increase in blood volume contributes to the enhanced venous return and stroke volume in trained subjects H All of the above ARE true I Three of the above

D (The initial increase in blood volume with training is associated mostly with an increases in erythrocyte volume)

Which of the following would be a least likely to be the cause of fatigue during an intense 60 second muscle contraction? A an increase in Pi B a decrease in pH C depletion of phosphocreatine D accumulation of free radicals E impaired troponin-Ca2+ interaction F slowed cross bridge cycling G cross bridges not transitioning from the weak to the strong state

D (accumulation of free radicals)

Which of the following is/are NOT true about exercise training and VO2max? A we would expect high intensity training to increase VO2max more than moderate intensity exercise B we would expect long distance training to increase VO2max more than moderate duration trainnig C when considering the optimal training intensity & duration it is also important to consider the increase in risk of injury or cardiac events D All of the above ARE true E Two of the above

D (all of the above ARE true)

simple subtraction/addition problem with lung volumes and capacities: If your subject has a TLC of 5L, an IC of 2.5L, and an RV of 1 L, which of the following is/are true? (I recommend drawing a spirograph like the one in figure 10-9 of your text on p 223to help with your answer) A The ERV is 1.5L B The FRC is 2.5L C The VC is 4L D All of the above ARE true E only two of the above ARE true

D (all of the above ARE true)

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis: A are two pulmonary diseases categorized as COPD B are associated with increased airway resistance C are associated with reduced flow rates D All of the above

D (all of the above)

If your subject's heart rate was 100 bpm, their EDV was 150 ml and their ESV was 50ml, then which of the following would be true? A Their Stroke Volume would be 100ml B Their Ejection Fraction would be 67% C Their Cardiac Output would be 10 L/min D All of the above E Only two of the above

D (all of the above)

The muscle pump: A increases venous return, which would be expected to increase EDV and SV B decreases venous pressure immediately after contraction, which increases muscle blood flow C can increase perfusion pressure during exercise even if arterial pressure stays the same D All of the above E A & B

D (all of the above)

among the blood vessels: A arterioles are the resistance vessels B arteries serve as a pressure reservoir C veins are capacitance vessels (serve as a volume reservoir) D all of the above E only two of the above

D (all of the above)

TPR during exercise: which of the following is/are true? A Sympathetic NS would tend to cause an increase in TPR B local metabolic factors cause dilation and decrease TPR in active tissues C TPR would be lower during cycling than arm cranking D all of the above ARE true

D (all the above ARE true)

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the stroke volume (SV) response to exercise? A Most of the increase in SV during aerobic exercise is associated with an increase in EDV B Most of the increase in SV during aerobic exercise is associated with an increase in venous return C An increase in muscle activity would increase venous return, which would increase EDV, which would increase SV D An increase in ESV during exercise would increase SV E The sympathetic nervous system would increase contractiilty, which would increase SV F In a normal subject it would not be uncommon to have SV increase from 70ml at rest to 120 ml per beat at maximal exercise G Maximal SV would be higher during cyling than during arm crank exercise H All of the above ARE true I Three of the above

D (an increase in ESV during exercise would increase SV)

The drive for the cardiovascular control centers in the medulla to make cardiovascular (CV) responses to exercise (increase HR, MAP, etc) comes from multiple locations except for the following: A Higher brain centers; which may increase cardiovascular drive even prior to the start of exercise B Baroreceptors, which are set to a higher pressure during exercise such that normal blood pressures seem too low; this helps to fine tune the CV response to exercise C Group III and IV afferents in skeletal muscle which detect chemical changes in the muscle when it is active; this helps to fine tune the CV response to exercise D arterial chemoreceptors which detect a decrease in pO2 in the arterial blood at the onset of exercise, this helps to initiate the CV drive at the onset of exercise E All of the above F Two of the above

D (arterial chemoreceptors which detect a decrease in pO2 in the arterial blood at the onset of exercise, this helps to initiate the CV drive at the onset of exercise)

Which of the following is/are NOT true about arterial gas partial pressures? A pO2 is usually well maintained in healthy subjects during low and moderate intensity exercise B at the onset of exercise it is common to see a brief drop in pCO2 C At high intensities it is more common to observe a significant decrease in pO2 (hypoxemia) in an elite endurance athlete than than in an untrained subject D if arterial pO2 dropped from 100 to 80 mmHg we would expect this to cause a significant increase in ventilation E if arterial pCO2 increased from 40 to 45 mmHg we would expect this to cause a significant increase in VE F Three of the above

D (if arterial pO2 dropped from 100 to 80 mmHg we would expect this to cause a significant increase in ventilation)

During a graded exercise test, RER: A may initially start low due to hyperventilation B During the transition from low to moderate intensities it tends to increase due to an increase in reliance on fats C beyond the ventilatory threshold it may increase at a faster rate because extra oxygen is being consumed to help buffer the blood D it may exceed 1 at very high intensities because of the need to buffer the blood E All of the above

D (it may exceed 1 at very high intensities because of the need to buffer the blood)

On an EKG, the T wave represents the _ A depolarization of the atria B depolarization of the ventricles C repolarization of the atria D repolarization of the ventricles E repolarization of the purkinje fibers

D (repolarization of the ventricles)

The SA Node normally serves as the pacemaker of the heart. Which of the following is/are true about the electrical activity of these pacemaker cells A They begin to depolarize as soon as they repolarize B The pacemaker cells begin to depolarize, in part, due to sodium leaking in C Once the pacemaker cells start to depolarize, the permeability to calcium increases, causing further depolarization D The depolarization phase of their action potential is associated with an influx of calcium, not sodium like most other electrically excitable cells E All of the above are true F None of the above are true

E ( all of the above are true)

Blood pressure (BP) following exercise: A May remain low for several hours; this is called post-exercise hypotension B May remain elevated for up to several hours following exercise in young healthy subjects; this is called post-exercise hypertennsion C The BP changes following aerobic exercise because of histamine release during exercise, which increases systemic vascular conductance D The BP changes following resistance exercise are due to increases in cardiac output AND decreases in systemic vascular conductance E A & C F B & D

E (A & C)

Some muscle fibers are able to produce more force following a strong contraction, which is NOT true about this phenomenon? A It has been called post-activation potentiation B It appears to happen in fast fibers, but not slow fibers C The mechanism that causes this is associated with elevated calcium levels, binding of calcium with calmodulin, and activation of myosin light chain kinase D this increase in force production appears to be associated with phosphorylation of myosin light chains E This effect may last for hours after the strong contraction F All of the above ARE true G Two of the above

E (This effect may last for hours after the strong contraction)

The volume of blood in the ventricle would be decreasing: A when ventricular pressure is higher than the aortic pressure B when the aortic valve is open C after the second heart sound D all of the above E a & b F b & c

E (a & b)

Which of the following respiratory muscles are correctly matched with the phase or respiration? A diaphragm: expiration B internal intercostals: inspiration C external intercostals: expiration D scalenus: expiration E abdominal muscles: expiration F Three of the above G None of the above

E (abdominal muscles; expiration)

Understanding changes in intrapleural, intra-alveolar, and transmutation pressure are critical for understanding the respiratory cycle, which of the following is NOT true about these pressures? A The intra-alveolar pressure decreases during inspiration B The intrapleural pressure is always lower than the intra-alveolar pressure; except in the case of a pneumothorax C Before inspiration, the intra-alveolar and atmospheric pressures are temporarily equal D When the diaphragm contracts, it pulls on the pleural sac, this increases the volume of the pleural sac, which decreases the intrapleural pressure E All of the above ARE true

E (all of the above ARE true)

Which of the following are NOT true about changes in stroke volume (SV) with endurance training? A Training increases maximal stroke volume B An increase in blood volume contributes to the increase in maximal stroke volume by increasing venous return and EDV C Endurance training increases left ventricular volume, which increases the maximal EDV and SV D Training may increase relaxation rate of ventricular muscle cells so that at any given heart rate there is more filling time E All of the above ARE true F three of the above

E (all of the above ARE true)

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the possible role of the pulmonary system (PS) in limiting exercise performance? A MVV is greater than VEmax in most subjects; the PS is not limiting performance B Most subjects maintain SaO2 above 97% (even at maximal exercise); the PS does not limit performance C pO2 drops significantly during high int. exercise in up to 50% of elite endurance athletes; the PS may limit performance in these subjects D In cases where high intensity exercise causes respiratory muscle fatigue, the PS may limit exercise performance E All of the above ARE true

E (all of the above ARE true)

Which of the following is NOT true about respiratory regulation during exercise? A The stimulus for the increase ventilation prior to the onset of exercise comes from cortical regions of the brain B The stimulus for the rapid increase in ventilation after the onset of exercise comes from the cortex and muscle receptors C arterial chemoreceptors & muscle chemoreceptors play a role in determining where VE levels off (during low & moderate intensity exercise) D a sequence that could cause the increase in VE during exercise: cortex-hypothalamus-pre-Botzinger comp-ventral resp group-resp muscles E all of the above are true F three of the above

E (all of the above are true)

During the period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction: A the pressure in the atria is lower than the pressure in the ventricle B the pressure in the aorta is higher than the pressure in the ventricle C the mitral valve is closed D the aortic semilunar valve is closed E all of the above F two of the above

E (all of the above)

The blood pressure (BP) response to isometric and resistance exercise is in some ways similar, but also at least a little different from the BP response to aerobic/dynamic exercise. Which of the following are true about these BP differences/similarities between dynamic and isometric/resistance exercise ? A systolic blood pressure increases in both resistance and aerobic exercise B in aerobic exercise DBP decreases due to vasodilation in the active muscles C in resistance exercise DBP increases due to increases in TPR D mean pressures tend to be higher during isometric exercise than during aerobic excercise E all of the above F two of the above

E (all of the above)

Which of the following is/are true about neural control of respiration? A the pneumotaxic center tends to cause inspiratory centers to shut off B the pre-Botzinger complex typically serves as the rhythm generator and helps to initiate inspiration C the retrotrapezoid nucleus in the medulla is an important mediator of the increase in ventilation during exercise D sensory information from muscle and arterial chemoreceptors are sent to the nucleus tractus solitarius E All of the above F none of the above

E (all of the above)

Which of the following is/are true? A acetylcholine slows heart rate B acetylcholine binds with muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the heart C atropine can be used to block the effects of acetylcholine on the heart D acetylcholine has a negative chronotropic effect on the heart E all of the above F two of the above

E (all of the above)

which of the following would increase quadriceps blood flow? A an increase in femoral artery pressure B a decrease in femoral vein pressure C an increase in perfusion pressure D vasodilation in quadriceps arterioles E all of the above F only two of the above

E (all of the above)

In class I described an experiment that looked at arm and leg blood flow and other variables during leg exercise and combined arm+leg exercise. Which of the following is/are NOT true about this experiment, its findings, and these results suggest? A Cardiac output was higher with arm+leg exercise than leg exercise alone B leg blood flow was lower during arm+leg exercise than during leg exercise alone C VO2 was higher during arm+leg exercise than during leg exercise alone D The results suggested that the subjects experienced a relative vasoconstriction in the leg muscles during combined arm+leg exercise compared to leg only exercise E the results of this study suggest that the pumping capacity of the heart is what limits maximal blood flow F All of the above ARE true G Two of the above

F (all of the above ARE true)

Calcium is critical for signalling contraction in all types of muscle. What is true about calcium regulation in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle A in skeletal muscle calcium is released from the SR by ryanodine receptors B in cardiac muscle calcium is released from the SR by ryanodine receptors C in skeletal muslce, thy dihydropyridine receptors work as a voltage sensor D in cardiac muslce, thy dihydropyridine receptors work as a calcium channels E in skeletal muscle, essentially all of the calcium signalling contraction is from the SR, In cardiac muscle, some of the calcium comes from the SR and some from the ECF F all of the above are true G only 4 of the above are true

F (all of the above are true)

Which of the following is/are true about the bicarbonate buffering system? A the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the interconversion between CO2 + H2O and carbonic acid B in the tissues, CO2 and water form carbonic acid, which then forms H+ and HCO3- C 60% of CO2 transport from the tissues to the lungs is in the form of bicarbonate D in the lungs, where pCO2 is lower, the reaction favors the production of CO2 and H2O E when body fluids become acidic during intense exercise this system allows us to buffer the blood by blowing off extra CO2 F all of the above G only two of the above are true

F (all of the above)

Which of the following is/are true about autonomic control of heart rate (HR) during exercise? A During the transition from rest to exercise, much of the increase in HR would be associated with a decrease in acetylcholine acting on the SA Node B Most of the increase in HR up to about 100bpm would be associated with a decrease in vagus nerve activity C much of the increase in HR above 100 bpm would be associated with an increase in norepinephrine acting on the SA Node D much of the increase in HR above 100 bpm would be associated with an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity E maximum heart rate would be lower if a subject was given a beta blocker F all of the above are true G only two of the above

F (all the above are true)

While exercise training reduces cardiac risk, there is an increase in cardiac risk (risk of serious arrhythmia and/or sudden cardiac death) during and immediately following a bout of exercise. Which of the following is/are NOT true about this? A Exercise training may reduce the risk of serious arrhythmias, in part, by increasing parasympathetic and decreasing sympathetic tone to the heart B During an acute bout of exercise there is greater risk of myocardial ischemia due to an increase in the heart's oxygen needs; this increases the liklihood of ventricular arrhythmias C during exercise there is a greater risk of ventricular arrhythmias, in part, due to changes in Na+/K+ balance D Immediately after exercise, a cessation of the muscle pump may reduce blood pressure; this may reduce coronary blood flow E If myocardial ishemia occurs during, or following, exercise, this might alter conduction velocity and depolarization F the elevation in circulating catecholamines enhances the possilbity of ventricular arrhythmmias during exercise G Atherosclerosis is the number one cause of sudden cardiac death during exercise in young subjects H Three of the above

G (Atherosclerosis is the number one cause of sudden cardiac death during exercise in young subjects)

Which of the following is/are true about CO2 transport in the circulation A most of the CO2 transported in the circulation is bound to hemoglobin B most of the CO2 transported in the circulation is in the form of bicarbonate C most of the CO2 transported in the circulation is physically disolved D high levels of CO2 in the arterial blood is called hyperoxia E high levels of CO2 in the arterial blood is called hypercapnia F A & D G B & E

G (B & E)

Which of the following is/are NOT true about cardiac drift? A this term relates to the gradual increase in heart rate (HR) over time during a constant intensity exercise bout B HR must increase to maintain cardiac output (Q) as stroke volume (SV) decreases C an increase in HR may contribute to the decrease in SV D a loss of plasma volume contributes to the decrease in SV E an increase in cutaneous blood flow contributes to the decrease in SV F Cardiac drift is greater if the subject is dehydrated or exercising in a hot/humid environment G all of the above ARE true H three of the above

G (all of the above ARE true)

Performing a lot of eccentric actions or very strong eccentric actions increases the possibility of muscle damage. Which of the following would we associate with this? A "streaming" of Z Lines B activation of calpains by elevated calcium C an increase in circulating creatine kinase leaking out of the damaged fibers D less damage the second time you encounter the damaging stimulus (repeated bout effect) E swelling caused by inflammation F loss of muscle strength G muscle soreness that peaks 24 to 48 hours later (delayed onset muscle soreness) H All of the above I three of the above

H (all of the above)

During an ACUTE BOUT of exercise, which of the following would NOT be expected to increase EDV and SV? A an increase in muscle pump activity B an increase in afterload C an increase in preload D an increase in activity of the respiratory pump (ventilation) E sympathetically mediated venoconstriction F an increase in blood volume G all of the above WOULD increase EDV H two of the above

H (two of the above)

After aerobic exercise sustained vasodilation in the active muscle may be due to secretion of ______________________ from Mast Cells; this may contribute to post exercise hypotension

Histamine

The activity of the respiratory (or abdominal thoracic) pump would increase ---------- ---------, which would increase end diastolic volume, which would increase stroke volume, which would increase cardiac output.

venous return