Exam 1- 280

platelets

- activated by tissue destruction and inflammation - activation leads to interaction with coagulation cascade

normal HCO3:

22-26

remodeling phase

3 weeks after injury and can continue for 6+ months

proliferative phase

3-4 days after injury- lasts up to 3 weeks

normal CO2 range:

35-45

The effective circulating volume is the major regulator of water balance in the body. What else does it regulate? A. Sodium B. Magnesium C. Calcium D. Potassium

A. Sodium

The nurse is reviewing a client's arterial blood gas (ABG) results. Which pH level would the nurse interpret as normal? A. pH of 7.35 to 7.45 B. pH of 6.55 to 7.12 C. pH of 7.00 to 7.25 D. pH of 7.55 to 7.8

A. pH of 7.35 to 7.45

third line of defense immunity

Adaptive (acquired) immunity specific and has memory purposes: - destruction of infectious microorganisms that are resistant to inflammation - long-term highly effective protection against future exposure to the same microorganism

The person's phenotype can best be described as: A. the genetic makeup of an individual. B. traits that are observable or apparent. C. traits that are expressed in a recessive pattern. D. traits that are expressed in a dominant pattern.

B. traits that are observable or apparent.

local spread

Invasion mechanisms: - Cellular multiplication - Mitotic rate vs. cellular death rate Mechanical pressure Decreased cell-to-cell adhesion Increased motility

factors that affect wound healing

Malnutrition. Blood flow and oxygen delivery (ischemia) Impaired inflammatory and immune responses. Infection, wound separation, and foreign bodies.

In what way does a person develop active immunity? a. immunizations b. antibodies c. immunoglobins d. immunodeficiency

a. immunizations

acute inflammation

Self limiting Local manifestations-result from vascular changes and corresponding leakage of circulating components into the tissue Heat, swelling, redness, pain Exudative fluids

TNM system

T- tumor spread N- node involvement M- presence of distant metastasis

What is the term for dysfunctional wound healing that is due to impaired collagen matrix assembly? a. keloid scar b. dehiscence c. contracture d. inflammation

a. keloid scar

T/F? Aneuploidy is a body (somatic) cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes.

True

Which cell of inflammation is responsible for wound healing? a. monocytes and macrophages b. platelets c. neutrophil d. eosinophil

a. monocytes and macrophages

Which of the following single gene disorders RARELY impacts females? a. x-linked recessive b. y-linked recessive c. autosomal dominant d. autosomal recessive

a. x-linked recessive

active immunity

acquired when the host mounts an immune response to an antigen either through the process of vaccination or environmental exposure

Alloimmunity

an immune response to non-self antigens from members of the same species - graft rejections or blood group antigens

Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant and found in all body fluids? a. IgA b. IgG c. IgM d. IgE

b. IgG

What does this ABG represent? pH 7.29, PaCO2 52 mmHg, HCO3 24 mEq/L a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis

b. Respiratory acidosis

Which genetic disorder is autosomal recessive and considered the most common lethal inherited disease in Caucasians? a. Trisomy 21 b. Downs syndrome c. Osteogenesis imperfecta d. Cystic fibrosis

d. Cystic fibrosis

Which of the following viruses has been known to cause Cancer? a. hepatitis D b. herpes simplex c. varicella d. HPV

d. HPV

malignant tumor

grow rapidly not encapsulated invasive metastasize named according to the tissues from which they arise - malignant epithelial tumors = carcinomas - malignant connective tissue tumors = sarcomas

benign tumor

grow slowly well encapsulated not invasive well differentiated do not metastasize named according to the tissues which they arise include the suffix "-oma"

Bacteria and Cancer

helicobacter pylori - chronic infections are associated with: - peptic ulcer disease - stomach carcinoma - mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas

Type III hypersensitivity

immune complex mediated caused by the formation of antigen-antibody immune complexes in the bloodstream, which are later deposited in vascular epithelium or extravascular tissues.

Autoimmunity

immune response to one's own antigens, including healthy cells and tissues - celiac, MS, IBS, Type 1 DM, Graves, Addisons

chronic inflammation

lasting days to years often related to an unsuccessful acute inflammatory response

Stage II

local invasion

Carcinoma insitu (CIS)

localized preinvasive lesion

lymphoma

malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue

19 y.o. female with DM Type 1 presents with polydipsia, polyuria, fever, hyperglycemia ABG pH 7.18 CO2 35 O2 96 HCO3 16

metabolic acidosis

28 y.o. male with PMH Crohn's Disease reports increased liquid stool along with fever, nausea and vomiting ABG pH 7.50 CO2 45 O2 94 HCO3 30

metabolic alkalosis

Stage I

no metastasis

metabolic alkalosis

pH: high CO2: WNL HCO3: high

respiratory alkalosis

pH: high CO2: low HCO3: WNL

metabolic acidosis

pH: low CO2: WNL HCO3: low

respiratory acidosis

pH: low CO2: high HCO3: WNL

What is the study of changes to the body that cause disease

pathophysiology

monocytes

produced in the bone marrow, enter the circulation, and migrate to the inflammatory site, where they develop into macrophages

immunoglobulins

protein molecule antibodies. Five classes include IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE

edema

puffy swelling of tissue from the accumulation of fluid

hormone therapy

receptor activation or blockage interferes with cellular growth and signaling

64 y.o. unknown PMH found collapsed, unresponsive with minimal, shallow respiratory effort ABG: results PH 7.25 CO2 60 O2 50 HCO3 24

respiratory acidosis

30 y.o. male with PMH of Post-traumatic stress disorder presents feeling lightheaded and dizzy ABG Results PH 7.60 CO2 25 O2 100 HCO3 24

respiratory alkalosis

metasteses

secondary growths derived from a primary malignant neoplasm spread through lymph and blood requires great efficacy and usually occurs late

Stage III

spread to regional structures

surgical treatment for cancer

to prevent cancer (colon polyps) biopsy for staging and diagnosing lymph node sampling debulking palliative surgery- relieve pain

T/F? Adaptive Immunity and Innate Immunity are basic parts of the immune system.

true

macrophages

typically arrive at the inflammatory site 24 hours or later after neutrophils orchestrate the wound healing process

inflammatory phase

usually lasts 1-2 days

Which type of transplant rejection is immediate and rare? a. hyperacute b. chronic c. acute d. hyperchronic

a. hyperacute

What is an example of Second Line of Defense? a. skin b. adaptive immunity c. normal bacterial flora d. vascular response

d. vascular response

ionizing radiation

damages the cancer cells DNA goals: - eradicate cancer without excessive toxicity - avoid damage to normal structure

immunodepression

decreased B and/or T Cells causes a decreased or absent antibody response

wound disruption

dehiscence- increases risk of infection

Stage IV

distant metastasis

endothelial cells

- adhere to the underlying connective tissue matrix - Interact with circulating cells, platelets, plasma proteins - Regulate circulating inflammatory components - Damage to these initiates platelet adherence

Type II hypersensitivity

- antibody mediated - cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies directed against target antigens on specific host cell surfaces or tissues and result in complement-mediated phagocytosis and cellular. - mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies directed against target antigens on specific host cell surfaces or tissues.

Eosiniphils

- defense against parasites - regulation of vascular mediators - helps limit and control infection

neutrophils

- early inflammatory response - ingest bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris - cells are short lived and become a component of purulent exudate

Type I hypersensitivity

- immediate hypersensitivity- anaphylactic - IgE-mediated associated with the widespread release of histamine into the system causing massive vasodilation, hypotension, arterial hypoxia, and airway edema. - dependent upon IgE-mediated activation of mast cells and basophils and the subsequent release of chemical mediators of the inflammatory response

inflammation in pediatrics

- neonates have transiently depressed inflammatory & immune function - neutrophils not capable of efficient chemotaxis - neonates express complement deficiency - develop overwhelming sepsis

Viruses and Cancer

-implicated: -Hepatitis B and C viruses- liver cancer -Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)- B cell lymphoma -Human papillomavirus (HPV)- cervical and penile cancer

normal pH range

7.35-7.45

A woman who has just learned that she is pregnant for the first time has sought advice from her health care provider about the safe use of alcohol during pregnancy. What advice should the clinician provide to the woman? A. "It's likely best to eliminate alcohol from your diet while you're pregnant." B. "Moderation in alcohol use is critical while you are pregnant." C. "You should limit yourself to a maximum of one drink daily while you're pregnant." D. "You should drink no alcohol until you are in your second trimester."

A. "It's likely best to eliminate alcohol from your diet while you're pregnant."

The daughter of a 79-year-old woman asks the nurse why her mother gets so many infections. The daughter states, "My mother has always been healthy, but now she has pneumonia. Last month she got cellulitis from a bug bite she scratched. The month before that was some other infection. How come she seems to get sick so often now?" What is the nurse's best response? A. As people get older, their immune system does not respond as well as it did when they were younger. B. About the time we are 75 or 76 years old, our immune system quits working. C. Your mother just seems to be prone to getting infections. D. Your mother gets infections frequently because she wants attention from you.

A. As people get older, their immune system does not respond as well as it did when they were younger.

Select the statement that best describes autoimmune disease. A. Autoimmune diseases represent a disruption in self-tolerance that results in damage to body tissues by the immune system. B. Autoimmune diseases represent an increase in self-tolerance that results in damage to body tissues by the immune system. C. Autoimmune diseases result from an overuse of antibiotics that causes damage to body tissues by the immune system. D. Autoimmune diseases represent overuse of the immune system that causes damage to the body tissues.

A. Autoimmune diseases represent a disruption in self-tolerance that results in damage to body tissues by the immune system.

The nurse recognizes the role of the lungs in acid-base balance is the regulation of which of the following? A. CO2 B. H2O C. HCO3 D. Hydrogen

A. CO2

When caring for a client with hyperkalemia, the nurse prioritizes assessment of which body system? A. Cardiovascular B. Hepatic C. Cerebrovascular D. Pulmonary

A. Cardiovascular

What assessment would a nurse expect to find when caring for a client with metabolic acidosis? Select all that apply. A. Decreased level of consciousness B. Warm and flushed skin C. Increased cardiac output D. Increased urine acidity E. Constipation

A. Decreased level of consciousness B. Warm and flushed skin D. Increased urine acidity

A client with environmental allergies is experiencing respiratory inflammation. Which mediator causes vasodilation during the vascular stage of the inflammatory response? A. Histamine B. Adhesion molecules C. Memory T cells D. Leukotrienes

A. Histamine

The nurse is caring for a client with an accumulation of 2.5 cm of darkened tissue scar over the area of a 3-mm injury. How does the nurse correctly document this finding in the medical record? A. Keloid B. Thrombus C. Tumor D. Hernia

A. Keloid

The nurse is caring for a client with worsening respiratory acidosis. Which of these interventions does the nurse anticipate if the client's condition continues to deteriorate? A. Mechanical ventilation B. Reducing the amount of supplemental oxygen C. Resolution of the underlying emotional cause D. Introduction of large muscle exercise

A. Mechanical ventilation

A client tells the nurse that the client has been taking Alka-Seltzer (bicarbonate—antacid) four times a day for the past 2 weeks for an upset stomach. Upon assessment of the client, the nurse notes hyperactive reflexes, tetany, and mental confusion. Arterial blood gases reveal pH 7.55; serum HCO3− 37 mEq/L (37 mmol/L). The nurse suspects the client may be experiencing: A. Metabolic alkalosis B. Respiratory acidosis C. Metabolic acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis

A. Metabolic alkalosis

The single parent is grieving the recent loss of his only child and has limited coping abilities. Which health problem may be induced by this acute stress? Select all that apply. A. Obesity B. Diabetes type 1 C. Anxiety D. Hypertension E. Migraines

A. Obesity C. Anxiety D. Hypertension E. Migraines

The hand-off report to the nurse of a client with cancer includes that the client is scheduled for palliative surgery. The nurse interprets this to mean that the goal of the client's surgery is to do which of the following? A. Relieve the client's symptoms B. Stage the cancer C. Diagnose the cancer D. Determine the extent of metastasis

A. Relieve the client's symptoms

The criteria for fetal alcohol syndrome diagnosis require the documented presence of which of the following? (select all that apply) A. Three facial abnormalities B. Growth deficits C. CNS abnormalities D. An absence of all or part of the X chromosome

A. Three facial abnormalities B. Growth deficits C. CNS abnormalities

A client asks the nurse how malignant tumors differ from benign tumors. The best response would be that malignant tumors: A. invade surrounding tissues. B. are surrounded by a fibrous capsule. C. are slower growing. D. are generally smaller in size.

A. invade surrounding tissues.

The nurse is caring for a client with metabolic alkalosis. Which of these arterial blood gas results supports this diagnosis? A. pH of 7.50 and HCO3 of 45 mEq/L (45 mmol/L) B. pH of 7.25 and HCO3 of 18 mEq/L (18 mmol/L) C. pH of 7.45 and HCO3 of 24 mEq/L (24 mmol/L) D. pH of 7.35 and HCO3 of 22 mEq/L (22 mmol/L)

A. pH of 7.50 and HCO3 of 45 mEq/L (45 mmol/L)

A mother who is with her son when a cast is removed from his arm asks the nurse "What is wrong with my son's arm? It looks so small!" What is the nurse's best response? A."The cells have atrophied due to lack of use and will regain their size as he starts to use the arm." B."The cast has squeezed the arm and decreased its size." C."There is less fluid in the arm due to the arm's being compressed." D."The child has lost weight."

A."The cells have atrophied due to lack of use and will regain their size as he starts to use the arm."

Impaired epithelialization

Anti-inflammatory steroids, hypoxemia, and nutritional deficiencies

When the nurse is performing a skin assessment on a client, a small wound is noted on the client's right leg. The wound is covered with a desiccated scab. The appropriate action by the nurse is: A. Request a surgical consult B. Document the finding C. Request a chemical debriding agent D. Cover the scab with an antibiotic ointment

B. Document the finding

A client who was recently diagnosed with cancer and is worried that his cancer might spread asks the nurse how cancer spreads? What would be the nurse's best response? A. "Cancer always spreads through the lymph nodes." B. "Cancer spreads through the lymph channels and the blood vessels." C. "Cancer can only spread through the blood vessels." D. "Cancer can spread through the bone only and that is why many people get bone cancer."

B. "Cancer spreads through the lymph channels and the blood vessels."

The nurse knows that everyone who experiences stressful life events develops a disease. A. True B. False

B. False

leukemia

Blood condition of white cells; malignant (cancerous) condition.

Clinical manifestations of cancer

Pain Fatigue Cachexia Anemia Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia Infection

A diabetic client has injured his foot while walking barefoot on the lawn. On admission, which assessment finding would be considered a localized cardinal sign of acute inflammation? A. Temperature of 101°F (38.3°C) B. Fatigue with listlessness C. Redness and edema at the injured site D. Urine output of less than 500 mL/24 hrs (low)

C. Redness and edema at the injured site

The nurse is caring for four clients. Select the client who is at greatest risk for decreased wound healing. A. A poorly nourished but active 50-year-old man B. A 76-year-old client who has undergone an elective knee surgery C. An 80-year-old diabetic client with a foot ulcer D. A 10-year-old client who is post-appendectomy

C. An 80-year-old diabetic client with a foot ulcer

The most reliable method for measuring body water or fluid volume increase is by assessing: A. Tissue turgor B. Intake and output C. Body weight change D. Serum sodium levels

C. Body weight change

The nurse caring for a bedridden client who has sacral edema plans care to prevent risk from what type of injury? A. Stress fractures B. Gastrointestinal bleeding C. Pressure ulcers D. Contractures

C. Pressure ulcers

Stem cells in the bone marrow produce T lymphocytes or T cells and release them into the vascular system. The T cells then migrate where to mature? A. Spleen B. Liver C. Thymus D. Pancreas

C. Thymus

A client who is postoperative day 1 following a total thyroidectomy is reporting "twitchy" muscles and tingling in his fingertips and around his lips. The nurse's assessment reveals a positive Chvostek sign. The nurse should: A. promptly facilitate an ECG. B. discontinue the client's IV fluid infusion and inform the physician. C. prepare to administer IV calcium gluconate, as ordered. D. arrange for immediate assessment of sodium and potassium levels.

C. prepare to administer IV calcium gluconate, as ordered.

A pregnant client has just undergone cytogenetic studies to determine fetal karyotyping. She learns that her fetus has trisomy 21. Which of the following is a manifestation of this condition? A. Tall stature B. Testicular agenesis C. Gynecomastia D. Epicanthal eye folds

D. Epicanthal eye folds

Which is least likely to contribute to the spread of HIV infection? A. Vaginal intercourse B. Sharing of intravenous needles C. Oral sex D. Mosquitoes

D. Mosquitoes

The nurse is explaining to a colleague the basis of a client's allergy to dust. What statement by the nurse most accurately describes antigens in this situation? A. They have a characteristic four-polypeptide structure consisting of at least two identical binding sites. B. They possess the ability to communicate critical information by cell-to-cell contact. C. Synthesis by leukocytes and the ability to act on other leukocytes interferes with virus multiplication. D. They are substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response.

D. They are substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response.

T/F? Alcohol consumption is NOT an environmental risk factor for cancer.

False

passive immunity

PASS immunity transferred from another source - antibodies transferred from mother to baby

What is an example of Secondary Prevention? a. diet and exercise b. immunization c. mandate safe practices like seatbelts d. cardiac rehabilitation

a. diet and exercise

T/F? Seroconversion is the point at which a person converts from HIV negative to HIV positive.

True

T/F? Stress response can be positive or negative.

True

lymphocytes

a type of white blood cell including natural killer cells, T-cells, B-cells

What does this ABG represent? pH 7.20, PaCO2 39 mmHg, HCO3 15 mEq/L a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis

a. Metabolic acidosis

What does this ABG represent? pH 7.21, PaCO2 41 mmHg, HCO3 16 mEq/L a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis

a. Metabolic acidosis

What does this ABG represent? pH 7.27, PaCO2 40 mmHg, HCO3 18 mEq/L a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis

a. Metabolic acidosis

Which of the following arterial blood gas results would be consistent with metabolic alkalosis? a. Serum bicarbonate of 28 mEq/L b. pH 7.30 c. Serum bicarbonate of 21 mEq/L d. pH 7.26

a. Serum bicarbonate of 28 mEq/L

Which type of growth is slow growing and has a well-defined capsule? a. benign b. metastatic c. malignant d. carcinoma in-situ

a. benign

A patient who is being treated for pneumonia starts complaining of sudden shortness of breath. An arterial blood gas (ABG) is drawn. The ABG has the following values: pH 7.21, PaCO2 64 mm Hg, HCO3 24 mm Hg. What does the ABG reflect? a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis

b. Respiratory acidosis

What does this ABG represent? pH 7.34, PaCO2 49 mmHg, HCO3 26 mEq/L a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis

b. Respiratory acidosis

In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), decreased carbon dioxide elimination results in increased carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood, leading to which of the following acid-base imbalances? a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis- not getting rid of CO2 c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis

b. Respiratory acidosis- not getting rid of CO2

What is the term for someone who has a disease gene but does not have the disease process? a. conveyor b. carrier c. messenger d. envoy

b. carrier

Which type of exudative fluid is thick and indicates advanced inflammation? a. serous b. fibrinous c. purulent d. hemorrhagic

b. fibrinous

Stage 2 cancer is defined as : a. no metastasis b. local invasion c. spread to regional structures d. distant metastases

b. local invasion

When evaluating arterial blood gases (ABGs), which value is consistent with metabolic alkalosis? a. HCO3 21 mEq/L b. pH 7.48 c. PaCO2 36 d. O2 saturation 95%

b. pH 7.48

Which antibody is produced first during primary response to an antigen? a. IgD b. IgG c. IgM d. IgE

c. IgM

Which syndrome is a common chromosomal disease in males due to an extra sex chromosome? a. Downs syndrome b. Turner syndrome c. Klinefelter syndrome d. Fragile X

c. Klinefelter syndrome

What does this ABG represent? pH 7.55, PaCO2 38 mmHg, HCO3 32 mEq/L a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis

c. Metabolic alkalosis

Which T cell destroys cancer cells or virus infected cells? a. memory T cells b. helper T cells c. cytotoxic T cells d. memory T cells

c. cytotoxic T cells

What is a systemic manifestation of acute inflammation? a. redness b. swelling c. fever d. exudate

c. fever

One of the most common types of childhood cancer is: a. lymphoma b. lipoma c. leukemia d. glioma

c. leukemia

Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) begins with the actions of adrenal hormones - fight or flight? a. alarm stage b. exhaustion stage c. resistance/adaptation stage d. hyperactive stage

c. resistance/adaptation stage

Which hypersensitivity reaction is immune complex mediated? a. type I b. type II c. type III d. type IV

c. type III

Type IV hypersensitivity

cell mediated (delayed hypersensitivity) - composed of a spectrum of disorders that range from mild to severe in clinical presentation. - involves tissue damage in which cell-mediated immune responses with sensitized T lymphocytes cause cell and tissue injury.

1. What does this ABG represent? pH 7.50, PaCO2 18 mmHg, HCO3 25 mEq/L a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis

d. Respiratory alkalosis

A client comes to the emergency department with status asthmaticus. His respiratory rate is 48 breaths/minute, and he is wheezing. An arterial blood gas analysis reveals a pH of 7.52, a partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) of 30 mm Hg, PaO2 of 70 mm Hg, and bicarbonate (HCO3) of 26 mEq/L. What disorder is indicated by these findings? a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis

d. Respiratory alkalosis

A nurse reviews the arterial blood gas (ABG) values of a client admitted with pneumonia: pH, 7.51; PaCO2, 28 mm Hg; PaO2, 70 mm Hg; and HCO3, 24 mEq/L. What do these values indicate? a. Metabolic acidosis b. Metabolic alkalosis c. Respiratory acidosis d. Respiratory alkalosis

d. Respiratory alkalosis

Which disorder is caused by multiple factors and impacts embryonic development of the face? a. osteogenesis imperfecta b. cleft lip and palate c. neurofibromatosis d. fetal alcohol syndrome

d. fetal alcohol syndrome

Which cellular adaptation is caused by increased workload? a. atrophy b. metaplasia c. hyperplasia d. hypertrophy

d. hypertrophy

What is NOT an etiologic factor? (cause of disease) a. biological agents b. chemical agents c. nutritional abnormalities d. morphologic agents

d. morphologic agents

The nurse is interpreting blood gases for a client with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Which set of blood gas values indicates respiratory acidosis? a. pH 7.87, PaCO2 38, HCO3 28 b. pH 7.47, PaCO2 28, HCO3 30 c. pH 7.49, PaCO2 34, HCO3 25 d. pH 7.25, PaCO2 48, HCO3 24

d. pH 7.25, PaCO2 48, HCO3 24

A client with Guillain-Barré syndrome develops respiratory acidosis as a result of reduced alveolar ventilation. Which combination of arterial blood gas (ABG) values confirms respiratory acidosis? a. pH, 7.50; PaCO2 30 mm Hg b. pH, 7.40; PaCO2 35 mm Hg c. pH, 7.35; PaCO2 40 mm Hg d. pH, 7.25; PaCO2 50 mm Hg

d. pH, 7.25; PaCO2 50 mm Hg

isotonic IV solution

equal solute inside and outside of cell equal water inside and outside of cell no net movement CELL REMAINS NORMAL

hypotonic IV solution

higher solute inside higher water outside water moves in CELL SWELLS

hypertonic IV solution

higher solution outside of cell higher water inside water moves out CELL SHRINKS

dysfunction during proliferation phase

impaired collagen matrix assembly - hypertrophic scar - keloid scar

second line of defense immunity

inflammatory response first response to injury vascular response local manifestations: redness, heat, edema, pain

first line of defense immunity

innate immunity- natural physical barriers: skin, vomiting, cilia and mucus, sloughing off of cells, coughing and sneezing

Chemotherapy

use of nonselective cytotoxic drugs that target cellular machinery or metabolic pathways critical to both malignant and normal cell growth and replication goal: eliminate enough tumor cells so the body's defense can be eradicate any remaining cells

cytotoxic

will cause cell death

Primary intention

wounds that heal under conditions of minimal tissue loss

Secondary intention

wounds that require a great deal more tissue replacement (open wound)