Exam #1-4 (FINAL)
Diverticulosis occurs because of ____.
Increased straining and pressure in the colon
Which of the following standards can help you compare nutritional contents of packaged foods to make more healthful choices?
%DVs
According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, added sugar intake should be limited to less than _____ % of total daily calories.
10
Lily is 22 years of age. She usually consumes about 1800 kcal per day. According to AMDR guidelines, protein should comprise ____% of her total energy intake.
10-35
A serving of food contains 15 g carbohydrate, 3 g protein, 5 g fat, 5 mg vitamin C, and 100 ml water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies _____ kcal.
117
Luis is a healthy man who is 23 years of age. Using this information, calculate his approximate target heart rate zone for vigorous-intensity physical activity.
138-167 bpm
*According to the joint recommendations of an expert group that included the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, an endurance athlete who weighs 60 kg should consume at least _____ g of protein daily.
72
*Juliana is a resistance athlete who weighs 175 lb. According to the joint recommendations of an expert group that included the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, her minimal intake of protein should be approximately _____ g daily.
96
*Holly is a healthy woman who is 22 years of age. Using this information, calculate her target heart rate zone for moderate-intensity physical activity.
99-139 bpm
Ronald has an inherited metabolic defect in which his cells have difficulty processing homocysteine to methionine. His physician may recommend vitamin _____ supplements to help Ronald's body metabolize homocysteine.
B-6
Instructions for making proteins are coded in a cell's _____________.
DNA
_____ acid is an omega-3 fatty acid.
Docosahexaenoic
Which of the following substances is a fat-soluble vitamin that has antioxidant activity?
E
Which of the following structures normally prevents swallowed food from entering the larynx and trachea?
Epiglottis
________ contains riboflavin and can pick up two hydrogen ions and two electrons.
FAD
Secretin is a hormone that ____.
Stimulates the pancreas to release a bicarbonate-rich solution into the small intestine.
Magnesium is involved in all of the following body functions EXCEPT ____________ a.) energy production b.) formation of red blood cells c.) contraction and relaxation of muscles d.) synthesis of DNA and protein
b.) formation of red blood cells
Marta is a pregnant woman suffering from severe iodine deficiency. As a result of the deficiency, she has a high risk of giving birth to a child with _____.
cretinism
Amanda is a three year old who has a condition that is characterized by the inability of her pancreas to produce cholecystokinin. Based on this information, she _____.
has difficulty digesting food
Under anaerobic conditions, muscle cells convert pyruvate to _________.
lactic acid
Salivary glands secrete amylase, an enzyme that enables a minor amount of _____ to be digested in the mouth.
starch
Which of the following substances is a complex carbohydrate?
starch
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that _____.
stimulates the gallbladder to secrete bile into the small intestine
Protein digestion begins in the _____.
stomach
___________ is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules.
Glycogenolysis
Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than taking excesses of water-soluble vitamins?
In general, excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins.
Which of the following foods is the most energy dense per serving?
4-ounce chocolate doughnut
*A person who is 5-feet, 6-inches tall and weighs 260 pounds has a body mass index of ____________.
42
*Tatiana is a competitive athlete who weighs 70 kg. She would like to plan a nutritionally adequate diet that provides enough carbohydrate to maintain her weight and glycogen stores during training and competition. According to expert recommendations, she should consume _____ grams
420-700
If Kara's body weight is 120 pounds, her RDA for protein is ______.
44 g
*Jordan is a competitive athlete who weighs 220 lb. He would like to plan a nutritionally adequate diet that provides enough carbohydrate to maintain his weight and glycogen stores during training and competition. According to expert recommendations, he should consume _____ grams of carbohydrate daily.
600-1000
Sulfur is a component of which two amino acids?
Methionine and cysteine
_____ results from lack of intrinsic factor.
Pernicious anemia
Which of the following compounds enters the citric acid cycle?
Acetyl CoA
Which of the following fatty acids is an essential fatty acid?
Alpha-linolenic acid
Which of the following topics is one of the five overarching guidelines of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
Follow a healthy eating pattern across the lifespan
A group of 50 adult male humans were in a clinical study to determine how much niacin is toxic. During the first 2 weeks of the study, members of the group consumed only a formula diet that was nutritionally complete, except it contained 24 mg niacin, which is 1.5 times the RDA for niacin (males). At that point in the study, all members reported feeling fine, and they could function normally. During the next week, they were given a formula that contained 48 mg niacin. Within a few days of consuming this formula, 90% of the participants reported feeling ill, and they complained of having upset stomachs and reddened facial skin. At that point, researchers gave the subjects a formula that contain 16 mg niacin. After a week of consuming the new formula, all participants reported feeling well again. Based on this information, the researchers concluded that the_____
UL for niacin was between 24 and 48 mg/day
Which of the following foods is the best source of phosphorus? a.) Plain, low-fat yogurt b.) Raw, firm tofu c.) Hummus d.) Smooth peanut butter
a.) Plain, low-fat yogurt
Wilson's disease is characterized by the _____.
accumulation of toxic amounts of copper in the liver, brain, kidneys, and eyes
Which of the following foods is the most nutrient dense per serving?
fat-free milk
Pregnant women who have a history of inadequate _____ intakes are at risk of having babies with neural tube defects.
folate
Which of the following substances is a simple carbohydrate?
fructose
A scientist wants to develop a medication that safely reduces hunger to help obese people lose weight. Based on this information, this researcher will explore ways to block the production, release, or action of _________.
ghrelin
In the human intestinal tract, cooked rice is broken down into _____ molecules that can be absorbed.
glucose
During glucose catabolism, pyruvate is produced during which of the following metabolic pathways?
glycolysis
Having high blood levels of _____ may increase a person's risk of CVD.
homocysteine
Parietal cells secrete ions that form ______ in the stomach.
hydrochloric acid
In the stomach, _____ participate in the chemical digestion of protein.
hydrochloric acid and pepsin
A child with protein-energy malnutrition has a high risk of dying from _____________.
infection
All the following hormones promote catabolic pathways EXCEPT ____________.
insulin
Leonard has a disease that causes his lacteals to become blocked. Based on this information, his _____.
intestinal tract does not absorb much fat
Compared to an unsaturated fatty acid, a trans fatty acid _____.
is less likely to undergo oxidation
Vitamin C _____.
is needed to form strong collagen
Duncan's diet contains high amounts of protein and fat, but it is very low in carbohydrates. As a result of following this diet, Duncan's body forms more _____ than normal.
ketone bodies
In the body, vitamin A helps _____________.
maintain epithelium cells
Iodine is necessary for _____.
maintaining normal thyroid function
Felicity's LDL cholesterol level is too high. To lower her cholesterol level, she took large doses of a certain vitamin supplement, but she experienced severe facial flushing and liver damage as a result. Based on this information, which vitamin did she take?
niacin
An symptom of vitamin A deficiency is _____________.
nightblindness
Every amino acid has _____ in its chemical structure.
nitrogen
Small amounts of food move from the back of the mouth and through the esophagus by involuntary muscular movements called _____.
peristalsis
Vitamin D helps the body absorb ___________
phosphorus and calcium
Starvation is a highly catabolic state characterized by ______.
proteolysis
Glucogenic amino acids, through metabolic pathways, are broken down into ______.
pyruvate
Jennifer has lost weight by following a well-balanced calorie-reduced weight-loss diet plan that includes daily exercise for several months. Recently, her rate of weight loss slowed, and this week, she lost no weight, even though she has continued to follow the weight-loss plan. Based on this information, Jennifer has _________.
reached a "plateau," because she's in energy equilibrium
The stomach absorbs ____.
alcohol
An Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the ______.
amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people in a particular population
Derek takes protein supplements before and after his workouts. He told his workout partner that he became 200% stronger within a couple of months after he added the supplements to his diet. His report about the effects of the supplements is an example of a(n) ______.
anecdote
Which of the following foods contains the highest amount of vitamin E per serving? a.) Sardines b.) Almonds c.) Carrots d.) Mango
b.) Almonds
Which of the following food items contains a high content of fluoride? a.) Spinach and broccoli b.) Brewed black tea c.) Light beer d.) Carbonated soda
b.) Brewed black tea
Phosphorus is involved in all of the following body functions EXCEPT ____________. a.) regulation of acid-base balance b.) transmission of nerve impulses c.) activation of enzymes and hormones necessary for energy metabolism d.) synthesis of ATP
b.) transmission of nerve impulses
____________ is a chemical pathway involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid and occurs in the mitochondria.
beta-oxidation
The human body can absorb some _____ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.
biotin
Calcitonin _________.
signals osteoblasts to remove excess calcium from blood
According to the observations of a nutrition scientist, laboratory mice are healthier when their diet contains physiological levels of vitamin D than when their diet lacks the micronutrient. The scientist hypothesizes that mice will be less likely to develop cancer when they consume a diet that supplies megadoses of vitamin D. Based on this information, the scientist is ready to ______.
conduct a controlled laboratory experiment to test the vitamin D and cancer hypothesis in mice
Jade is concerned about her risk of Kashin-Beck disease. To help reduce her risk of this condition, Jade should _____.
consume more selenium-rich foods
Which of the following hormones increases gluconeogenesis in the liver?
cortisol
Which of the following statements is true? a.) The omega end of a fatty acid molecule is the acid portion of the molecule. b.) Most fatty acids in food are water soluble. c.) A fatty acid is a polymer of glucose molecules. d.) A fatty acid has a chain of carbons bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms.
d.) A fatty acid has a chain of carbons bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms.
Pancreatic amylase _______.
digests starch in the small intestines
Chyme moves from the stomach into the _____.
duodenum
Water-soluble nutrients and certain fats are absorbed into _______.
the capillary network
Heartburn and GERD occurs when ____.
the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes
The primary function of adipocytes is ______________.
triglyceride storage
Which of the following substances is an enzyme that participates in the digestion of proteins?
trypsin
Ron's diet lacks niacin. He hasn't developed pellagra, because he consumes a high-protein diet that contains plenty of _____, the precursor for niacin.
tryptophan
Which of the following substances is a nutrient that does NOT supply any energy for the human body?
vitamin D
Which of the following amino acids can be made by the human body?
alanine
To establish a nutrient's RDA, nutrition scientists add _____ of the nutrient to its EAR.
a "margin of safety" amount
Erika takes megadoses of vitamin B-6 because she thinks it benefits her health. After learning about this vitamin in your nutrition class, which of the following statements about vitamin B-6 would be the most accurate information to tell her? a.) Ingesting large doses of vitamin B-6 can cause nerve damage. b.) Megadoses of vitamin B-6 can result in calcification of soft tissues. c.) Vitamin B-6 is the least toxic of the B vitamins. d.) Women who take megadoses of vitamin B-6 are healthier than those who do not take such high doses of vitamin.
a.) Ingesting large doses of vitamin B-6 can cause nerve damage.
Which of the following is a micronutrient? a.) Iron b.) Glucose c.) Protein d.) Fat
a.) Iron
_____ are water-soluble vitamins. a.) Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin b.) Vitamins B-12, B-6, and E c.) Vitamins K, D, and E d.) Pantothenic acid, vitamin A, and choline
a.) Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin
Which of the following foods contains the most potassium per serving and is low in fat and sodium? a.) Papaya b.) Corn oil c.) Ground beef d.) Canned tomato soup
a.) Papaya
Christine loves to eat Brazil nuts and canned oysters. These food items are rich sources of _____.
selenium
Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin B-12? a.) Walnuts b.) Whole-wheat bread c.) Lean meats d.) Raw carrots
c.) Lean meats
Which vitamin is needed to make coenzyme A? a.) Vitamin B-6 b.) Vitamin A c.) Pantothenic acid d.) Biotin
c.) Pantothenic acid
Which of the following minerals is necessary for proper muscle contraction?
calcium
Which of the following minerals enhances insulin action?
chromium
