Exam 1

Where do you obtain data

- Questionnaires/Survey - Interviews - Observations - Company Records - Professional Associations - Private Firms - Colleges & Universities

What are emotions?

-Emotions are complex, relatively brief responses aimed at a particular person, information, experience, or event. -Emotions can change our psychological and physiological states. -There are both positive and negative emotions plus past versus future emotions.

Are Women Breaking the Glass Ceiling?

Advancements: -Educational attainment -Seats on board of directors -Leadership positions in education institutions Barriers and Gaps: -Continuing pay gap -Pay gap for female MBA graduates -Gender discrimination

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate about stereotypes ?

All stereotypes are negative.

job satisfaction

An affective or emotional response toward various facets of one's job

Mean

Average

Attribution Theory

Behaviors can be attributed either to internal factors within a person or external factors in the environment.

When Harry has a perceived conflict with a co-worker, he will send them e-mails that are taunting or insulting. This is an example of

CWB

Scientific management (top-down approach)

Conducts a business by standards established by facts or truths gained through systematic observation, experiment, or reasoning -Plus: increased efficiency and productivity -Negative: Encourages repetitive jobs which may lead to job dissatisfaction, poor mental health, stress, and a low sense of accomplishment and growth

_______ are the statistical measurements of populations and their qualities (such as age, race, gender, or income) over time.

Demographics

emotional stability

Employees with high levels of emotional stability have been found to Have higher job performance, perform more organizational citizenship behaviors: OCBs—going above and beyond one's job responsibilities. Exhibit fewer counterproductive work behaviors: CWBs—undermining your own or others' work. In contrast, if you have low levels of emotional stability you are prone to anxiety and tend to view the world negatively.

Types of Motivation

Extrinsic: money, reward, punishment, recognition, grades Intrinsic: belonging, autonomy, interest, love, learning

"Men have a more difficult time empathizing with others." This statement is:

False

OCB benefits for the company

Higher productivity/efficiency Lower costs Improved customer satisfaction Higher unit-level satisfaction Lower turnover

forms of validity

In OB, there are two primary forms of validity you need to be aware of: 1. Content 2. Criterion

employee engagement

Increased Customer Loyalty and Satisfaction Increased Employee Performance Increased Employee Well-being Greater Financial Performance

Job enlargement

Involves putting more variety into a worker's job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty

Justice Theory

Organizational justice refers to the extent to which people perceive that they are treated fairly at work.

Jack set himself a goal of shooting a 79 or better on his local golf course before the end of spring. This is a ________ goal.

Performance

Which of the following refers to how long we focus on an activity?

Persistence

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)

Represents discretionary individual behaviors that are: Typically not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system And can, in the aggregate, promote effective functioning of the organization

Observations

Sampling of observations - much be random and nonsystematic The observe is a Test: Reliable Valid Standardized Objective

Which of the following employment selection decisions best characterizes affirmative action?

Selection of equal candidates

Which of the following rater errors is made when people give higher evaluation to individuals who they consider akin to themselves?

Similar-to-me

What are causal attributions?

Suspected or inferred causes of behavior Important because attributions affects our perceptions of cause and our choice of action

external locus of control

Things happen to me. I blame others for failures. I can't control the future. Bad luck or good luck. More anxious Earn less, receive smaller raises Less motivated by incentives

In 360-degree feedback, individuals compare perceptions of their own performance with information from their manager, subordinates, and peers.

True

Intensity pertains to the amount of effort being invested in an activity.

True

Job crafting may involve changing task boundaries, the relational nature of a job, or cognitions about the job.

True

Research has found that some aspects of an individual's disposition are significantly associated with some aspects of job satisfaction, such as having autonomy or receipt of rewards.

True

What Does It Mean to Have a Proactive Personality?

You're someone who is relatively unconstrained by situational forces and who affects environmental change. You're someone who identifies opportunities and acts on them. The many benefits Increased job performance Higher job satisfaction Higher affective commitment Entrepreneurial

Continuance commitment

a desire to remain a member of an organization because of an awareness of the costs associated with leaving it. You stay because you need to.

Normative commitment

a desire to remain a member of an organization due to a feeling of obligation. You stay because you ought to.

Affective commitment

a desire to remain a member of an organization due to an emotional attachment to, and involvement with, that organization. You stay because you want to.

Joe was terminated from his job and believed the reason was his boss did not like him and his hard work was not appreciated. Joe likely has

an external locus of control

Counterproductive work behavior (CWB)

are behaviors that harm other employees, the organization as a whole, or organizational stakeholders such as customers and shareholders.

Standard Deviation

average distance from the mean

punishment

aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows powerful controller of unwanted behavior

Personal attitudes affect _______ via ______.

behavior; intentions

Which of the following types of performance measurement is more reliable, valid, and provides more useful feedback to employees?

behaviorally anchored rating scales

Responsibility for outcomes

captures the degree to which employees feel that they are key drivers of the quality of the unit's work

Psychological withdrawal

consists of actions that provide a mental escape from the work environment. ("warm-chair attrition")

Physical withdrawal

consists of actions that provide a physical escape, whether short term or long term, from the work environment. -Tardiness - the tendency to arrive at work late (or leave work early). -Long breaks involve longer-than-normal lunches, soda breaks, coffee breaks, and so forth that provide a physical escape from work. -Missing meetings - employees neglect important work functions while away from the office. -Absenteeism occurs when employees miss an entire day of work. -Quitting - voluntarily leaving the organization.

Norah and Katy work together. They are also friends outside of work. Norah and Katy are constantly texting each other. Their supervisor comments that, while this might be fine outside of work, it's inappropriate to constantly text each other in the office. This is an example of

context of interaction.

As Jasmine got to know Mary, a co-worker of a different ethnicity, Jasmine was surprised to learn how much she actually had in common with Mary such as loving to hike and choice of religion. Jasmine was experiencing which layer of diversity?

deep-level characteristics

The _____ model suggests that managers should monitor employees' perceptions of fairness.

equity

In the job characteristics model, the presence of skill variety, task identity, and task significance cause an employee to feel

experienced meaningfulness of the work

In the job characteristics model, the degree to which a person receives clear information about performance effectiveness is:

feedback

Megan was hurt at work. Megan's manager concluded that Megan was careless and clumsy. Megan's manager may have committed an error called ________ error.

fundamental attribution

Psychomotor abilities

generally refer to the capacity to manipulate and control objects

Roger, a manager, knows that one of his employees values conformity and tradition. Roger should assign the employee to a job that includes

high respect, commitment, and acceptance

Samuel absolutely loves being a college professor because he is good at teaching and enjoys research even though he would make more money working in the private sector as an engineer. His choice to be a college professor is best explained by:

intrinsic motivation

Wonderlic Personnel Test

is a 12-minute test of general mental ability that consists of 50 questions. Offers recommendations for minimum passing scores for different job families.

self-esteem

is a general belief about your self-worth. It is relatively stable across your lifetime but it can be improved.

access-and-legitimacy perspective

is based on recognition that the organization's markets and constituencies are culturally diverse.

Managers can improve employee satisfaction with the feedback process by:

letting the employee voice his/her opinion and discuss performance goals

Objective data

measure what is actually present (i.e., there is no interpretation)

Catherine is walking through the employee parking lot on her way to her office. She notices someone left an empty fast-food bag in the parking lot. Catherine goes out of her way to pick it up and dispose of it. What behavior is Catherine exhibiting?

organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)

People's perception of is their judgment that they were adequately compensated for the consequences of their actions.

outcome fairness

Donna works as a project manager for a major consumer products firm. She works with beliefs, perceptions, and informal obligations about what she is entitled to receive in return for what she provides to the organization. Janice's beliefs represent a(n)

psychological contract

Focus of commitment

refers to the various people, places, and things that can inspire a desire to remain a member of an organization.

Quantitative ability

refers to two types of mathematical capabilities. Number facility is the capability to do simple math operations (adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing). Mathematical reasoning refers to the ability to choose and apply formulas to solve problems that involve numbers.

Meaningfulness of work

reflects the degree to which work tasks are viewed as something that "counts" in the employee's system of philosophies and beliefs

Joyce finds that the members of the project team to which she has been promoted are all middle-aged men. Joyce wonders if she, a young new graduate from a local university, will be taken seriously. Joyce is likely to be reacting to a

stereotype

A negative reinforcer tends to the behavior it follows.

strengthen

context validity

subjective assessment of how closely a test's content matches what you are trying to measure.

What kind of goal is best for jobs that are dynamic, but in which nearer-term activities and milestones can be defined?

task

A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n):

unpredictable number of responses have been made

Cyberloafing

using Internet, e-mail, and instant messaging access for their personal enjoyment rather than work duties.

Problems with punishment

-Creates fear that can generalize to undesirable behaviors, e.g., fear of school, learned helplessness, depression -Does not necessarily guide toward desired behavior--reinforcement tells you what to do; punishment tells you what not to do-- combination of punishment and reward can be more effective than punishment alone -Punishment teaches how to avoid it

Managing Diversity

-Focuses on changing organizational culture and structure -Enable people to perform to potential -Relies on education, enforcement, and exposure

Affirmative Action

-Interventions to correct imbalances, injustice, mistakes, or outright discrimination -Both voluntary and mandatory programs -Not based on quotas -Can lead to stigmas for those expected to benefit from AA programs -70% of Whites think "it is somewhat or very likely that Whites in today's job market lose jobs or promotions to less qualified Blacks." -40% of Whites feel affirmative action leads to reverse discrimination.

Affirmative Action policies require:

-Preferences given to ONLY equally qualified women and minorities, and -ONLY when there is a history of racial or gender imbalance

Questionnaires & Surveys

-Self-reports to obtain data on attitudes/behaviors conducted by phone, mail, interviews, electronically Benefits: Can collect a large quantity of data -Measures variables that cannot otherwise be measured - perceptions, attitudes Disadvantages:Accuracy of reporting, Representativeness of sample, Return rate Control: Low Realism: High

Managerial Implications of Person Perception

-hiring: Implicit cognitions may lead to biased decisions. Biased decisions are avoided by training, use of structured interviews, use of multiple interviewers -leadership: Employees' evaluations of leader effectiveness are influenced by their schemata of good and poor leaders. -performance appraisals: Faulty perceptions about performance leads to inaccurate appraisals and erode morale. Faulty perceptions are reduced by use of objective measures, training, use of HR analytics for capturing daily performance.

4 steps How Stereotypes Are Formed and Maintained

1. Categorization 2. Inferences 3. Expectations 4. Maintenance

3 types of justice

1. Distributive Justice 2. Procedural Justice 3. Interactional Justice

Five dimensions of personality

1. Extroversion 2. Agreeableness 3. Conscientiousness 4. Emotional stability 5. Openness to experience

4 Theories of Motivation

1. Reinforcement Theory 2. Equity Theory 3. Expectancy Theory 4. Goal-Setting Theory

two key aspects of evaluating data

1. Reliability Think of Reliability as 'Consistency' Does the measure consistently provide the same data or answer 2. Validity Think of Validity as 'Accuracy' Does the measure allow you to measure or predict what you intend to measure or predict

4 steps in path to action

1. See & hear 2. tell a story 3. feel 4. act

4 parts of collection

1. Selection of equal candidates 2. Selection of comparable candidates 3. Selection of unequal candidates 4. Selection of unqualified candidates

The Four Layers of Diversity

1. personality 2. Internal characteristics apparent to others (unchangeable) 3. external influences 4. Organizational dimensions

The type of performance measurement system where a company assembles performance data on an individual from most or all of his/her contacts within and outside the compnay is known as:

360-degree performance appraisals

Core self-evaluations (CSEs)

A broad personality trait comprised of four narrow and positive individual traits Generalized self-efficacy Self esteem Locus of control Emotional stability

what is perception

A cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings Important as perceptions affect actions and decisions Perceptions are based on the characteristics of: -The perceiver -The target -The situation

What criteria determine which employee is promoted?

Ability to manage people Strong team skills Ability to build and manage relationships

Interpersonal skills

Active listening Positive attitudes Effective communication

What Is a Stereotype?

An individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics or attributes of a group May or may not be accurate Can lead to poor decisions Can create barriers for: -Women -Older individuals -People of color -People with disabilities

What form of diversity management is an organization adopting when it assumes that all diverse people will learn to fit in or become like the dominant group?

Assimilation

Personal attributes

Attitude Personality Teamwork Leadership

_____ is the extent to which a job enables an individual to experience freedom, independence, and discretion.

Autonomy

Physical coordination

Coordination is the quality of physical movement. Gross body coordination refers to the ability to synchronize the movements of the body, arms, and legs to do something while the whole body is in motion. Gross body equilibrium involves the ability to maintain the balance of the body in unstable contexts or when the person has to change directions

Correlation

Degree of relationship between two variables Used for prediction Cannot be used to infer causation Range from -1 to +1 -Negative r says that when one variable increases the other decreases -Positive r says that when one variable increases so does the other -Zero r indicates no relationship between the two variables

Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed Ratio (FR) Variable Ratio (VR) Fixed Interval (FI) Variable Interval (VI)

Samantha assumes that someone experiencing poverty simply refuses to work hard enough to make a living. Which of the following does this describe?

Fundamental attribution error

general mental availability

GMA (or cognitive abilities) are mental abilities Verbal ability refers to various capabilities associated with understanding and expressing oral and written communication. -Oral comprehension is the ability to understand spoken words and sentences. -Written comprehension is the ability to understand written words and sentences. -Oral expression refers to the ability to communicate ideas by speaking. -Written expression refers to the ability to communicate ideas in writing

Which of the following rater errors leads employees to believe that no aspects of their performance need improvement?

Halo

Big Bucks Bank is located in a city with a growing Latino population. Jane, the CEO, believes in the access-legitimacy perspective. Jane will do which of the following?

Hire employees to match the diversity in the population.

The big 5+1 (HEXACO)

Honesty/Humility Emotional Stability eXtraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Opennes to Experience

internal locus of control

I make things happen. I can determine my future. I accept personal responsibility for failures. Higher motivation Higher expectations Exert more effort when given difficult tasks

OBC benefits for the individual

Improved job satisfaction Improved performance ratings Reduced intention to quit Lower absenteeism Lower turnover

Preceived organizational support

It is the extent to which employees believe that the organization -Values their contributions -Genuinely cares about their well-being

What is Organizational Behavior?

OB is understanding and managing people in the workplace. What disciplines influence organizational behavior? -Social psychology -Cognitive psychology -I/O psychology -Economics -Sociology -Statistics -Political science

______ programs help employees to integrate, assimilate, and transition to new jobs.

Onboarding

Which of the following types of performance is characterized by assisting coworkers, having a positive attitude, and representing the company in a positive way outside of work?

Organizational citizenship behaviors

________ is the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and commits to its goals.

Organizational commitment

physical abilities

Strength is the degree to which the body is capable of exerting force. -Static strength refers to the ability to lift, push, or pull very heavy objects using the hands, arms, legs, shoulder, or back. -Explosive strength happens when the person exerts short bursts of energy to move him- or herself or an object. -Dynamic strength refers to the ability to exert force for a prolonged period of time without becoming overly fatigued and giving out. -Stamina refers to the ability of a person's lungs and circulatory system to work efficiently while he or she is engaging in prolonged physical activity. -Flexibility refers to the ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach.

What criteria determine which applicant is hired?

Technical skills -Nuts and bolts of doing a job Ability to get the job done -Based on job or function specific knowledge

Trends in Workforce Diversity

The Census Bureau predicts that by 2060 57% of the workforce will consist of minority groups. However, current minority groups appear to be stalled at their own glass ceiling. They make up a smaller percentage in the professional class. They are involved in more discrimination cases. They achieve lower earnings.

What is personality?

The combination of stable physical, behavioral, and mental characteristics that give individuals their unique identities

organizational commitment

The extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals

Attributional Tendencies

The fundamental attribution bias reflects one's tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics, as opposed to situational factors. This bias causes perceivers to ignore important environmental factors that often significantly affect behavior. This leads to inaccurate assessments of performance, which in turn foster inappropriate responses to poor performance. The self-serving bias represents one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure. The self-serving bias suggests employees will attribute their success to internal factors (high ability or hard work) and their failures to uncontrollable external factors (tough job, bad luck, unproductive coworkers, or an unsympathetic boss). This tendency plays out in all aspects of life.

Self-Efficacy

The more you believe in your ability to succeed, the more likely it is that you will. is a belief about your chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task

Criterion

The outcome we are interested in predicted

Generational Diversity

The population and workforce is getting older. Four generations of employees are working together (soon to be five). Managers need to deal with generational differences in values, attitudes, and behavior.

Values tend to vary across generations because they are influenced by events in childhood and youth. For example, some parents lived through the Depression, and this experience led them to take fewer risks in terms of their investments.

True

With self-serving bias, employees attribute their success to internal factors and their failures to external factors.

True

Existing records (data)

Useful data just lying around Job Analysis, Performance Appraisals, Selection Data, Absenteeism, etc... Rich Data Limitations: Not specific or tailored to your questions Relying on measurement in place

Interviews

Verbally asking and discussing topics with applicant or employee Similar to Surveys with 2 major distinctions: 1. increased cost 2. greater flexibility

Why we jump to conclusions

We jump because: We see people's actions - we don't always know the circumstances. We assume it's in their nature. We don't assume that it could have been due to the influence of others or the situation.

The Fundamental Attribution Error

When considering the "Why" behind a particular action, people almost always assume poor motive. Rarely do people consider ability or external forces.

locus of control

describes how much personal responsibility someone takes for their behavior and its consequences.

Range

distance between highest and lowest score (Range = High score - Low score)

casual inferences

establishing that one variable really does cause another — requires establishing three things. The two variables are correlated. The presumed cause precedes the presumed effect in time. No alternative explanation exists for the correlation.

Common sense can lead you astray because it is based on ________

experience or logic -Overreliance on hindsight -Lack of rigor -Lack of objectivity

Frequency

how often numbers are present Can display in a number of ways -Simple Count -Table -Histogram

Looking busy

intentional desire on the part of the employee to look like he or she is working, even when not performing work tasks.

Job enrichment

is the process of using the five items in the job characteristics model to create more satisfaction

subjective data

measures that require some individual judgment

Median

middle score (when placed in order lowest to highest)

Mode

most often occurring score

A person will experience _______ when his or her outcome to input ratio is less than that of a relevant comparison person.

negative inequity

Which of the following contributes least to employee engagement in North America?

pay

perceptional ability

perceive, understand, and recall patterns of information

Jay works for ABC Corporation. He feels quite comfortable expressing his opinions about a wide variety of issues facing the company without fear of reprisal. This reflects ABC's:

psychological safety

Sensory abilities

refer to capabilities associated with vision and hearing. -Near and far vision is the ability to see things up close and at a distance or in low light contexts (night vision). -Visual color discrimination and depth perception is the ability to perceive colors and judge relative distances between things accurately. -Hearing sensitivity is the capability to hear and discriminate sounds that vary in terms of loudness and pitch. -Auditory attention is being able to focus on a single sound in the presence of many other sounds. -Speech recognition is the ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.

ability

refers to the relatively stable capabilities people have to perform a set of activities. Ability is relatively stable. Abilities are a function of both genes and the environment

Knowledge of results

reflects the extent to which employees know how well (or how poorly) they are doing

Critical thinking

relies on using facts and objectivity to make decisions Facts are real and have consequences

Sierra receives a compliment on her class presentation and attributes her success to his diligent preparation. Antwan received a poor grade and blames it on his adding the class late and missing a few early classes. These are examples of:

self-serving bias

reasoning ability

sensing and solving problems using insight, rules, and logic

Criterion-related Validity

the process by which one demonstrates a statistically significant relationship between scores on a predictor measure and scores on a criterion measure.

Motivation is

the underlying psychological influences over our behavior or thoughts

Moonlighting

using work time and resources to complete something other than their job duties, such as assignments for another job.

Socializing

verbal chatting about non-work topics that goes on in cubicles and offices or at the mailbox or vending machines.

spatial ability

visual and mental representation and manipulations of objects in space

daydreaming

when an employee appears to be working but is actually distracted by random thoughts or concerns.