Exam 1 Correctional Systems
F
Fewer than 30 percent of felony cases result in a guilty plea by the defendant, and instead go to trial. T F
C
All of the following are responsible for the significant increase in the use of jails from 2000 to 2008 EXCEPT ________. A) the "tough on crime" mentality of the public B) the overcrowding of state and federal prisons over the past decade C) the increasing use of split sentences D) the serious budget crises of local governments
T
By the beginning of the twentieth century, preparation for release was considered an important part of the prison experience, and correctional systems provided programs to prepare inmates for the community transition. T F
T
Drug courts are usually a unit within the court system. T F
T
During the 1950s, the rehabilitation of offenders replaced punishment as the penal system's primary objective. T F
T
Each year, jails admit about five times as many offenders as all other correctional components combined. T F
T
Early jails in the American colonies followed the English model. T F
T
General deterrence presumes that others in society will not commit crimes because they see that there is a punishment for such acts, and that individuals receive the prescribed punishments. T F
F
Historically, the presentence investigation was shorter, factual without opinion, and designed to avoid legal challenges by the defense. T F
F
In criminal cases, offenders can neither be charged with more than one crime, nor can they be charged with several counts of the same crime. T F
B
In rural counties, which elected official oversees the operation of the jail? A) prosecutor B) sheriff C) local magistrate D) chief of police
F
In the United States, the rate of imprisonment decreased by almost 20 percent between 1980 and 2009. T F
A
In which country did pretrial release programs originate? A) England B) China C) United States D) Babylon
F
Intermediate sanctions provide less supervision and monitoring than standard probation. T F
T
Jail staff members are always extremely outnumbered by the inmates in any correctional setting. T F
F
Jails are designed to hold sentenced offenders for very long terms of confinement. T F
T
Jails have limited programs, such as education, substance abuse counseling, or work. T F
F
Offenders are fingerprinted and booked into the jail before arrest. T F
T
Over the last thirty years, the number of criminal offenders with mental illness has risen. T F
F
Recidivism is a legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime. T F
F
The Retributive Era is a return to the Positive School of criminality, in which offenders have free choice to commit their crimes. T F
T
The criminal justice system has made many adjustments to involve victims in the process of sentencing criminals. T F
F
The number of offenders on probation, in prison, and on parole has decreased significantly. T F
F
The number of people in the nation's jails has decreased significantly over the past twenty years. T F
T
The police, the courts, and judges make up the three major components of the criminal justice system. T F
F
The warden is the elected official who oversees both policing activities within the county and the operation of the jail. T F
F
There is a large numerical difference between the number of crimes reported and the number of offenders convicted and facing any specific correctional sanction. T F
T
Under the medical model, offenders were believed to be "sick," inflicted with problems that caused their criminality. T F
A
What is the hands-off doctrine? A) avoidance by the U.S. Supreme Court of judicial intervention in the operations of prisons and the judgment of correctional administrators B) a theory of corrections that offenders were sick, inflicted with problems that caused their criminality C) a conclusion by Robert Martinson that no correctional treatment program reduces recidivism D) a four-stage system of graduated release from prison and return to the community
D
What main factor differentiates jails from prisons? A) type of sentence B) overcrowding C) type of inmate D) length of stay
D
What percentage completion of sentence does the truth in sentencing reform require? A) 50 percent B) 95 percent C) 65 percent D) 85 percent
B
What was the emphasis in the Rehabilitative Era? A) having inmates work and produce products that could help in making the prisons self-sustaining B) the professionalizing of staff through recruitment and training, and the implementation of many self-improvement programs of prison management C) reformation that expanded education and vocational programs and focused offenders' attention on their future D) holding offenders accountable for their acts and being tough on criminals while keeping them isolated from law-abiding citizens
B
What was the first prison designed to house sentenced offenders in the United States called? A) Western State Penitentiary B) Walnut Street Jail C) Eastern State Penitentiary D) Sing Sing Prison
B
Which constitutional amendment states that excessive bail may NOT be required? A) Fourteenth B) Eighth C) First D) Fourth
B
Which eighteenth-century theorist is recognized as the founder of the Classical School of criminology? A) Jeremy Bentham B) Cesare Beccaria C) Cesare Lombroso D) Voltaire
A
Which of the following accurately describes plea bargaining? A) Plea bargaining is a contract in which the plaintiff pleads guilty in exchange for reduced compensation. B) Plea bargaining is a contract in which the defendant refuses to plead guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence. C) Plea bargaining is an agreement in which the defendant enters a plea of guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence. D) Plea bargaining is an agreement in which the plaintiff refuses to plead guilty in exchange for a compensation.
A
Which of the following categories of offenders is NOT held in a jail? A) individuals pending arraignment and awaiting trial, conviction, or sentencing B) mentally ill people, pending their movement to appropriate mental health facilities C) probation, parole, and bail bond violators and absconders D) inmates sentenced to terms of more than ten years
C
Which of the following is NOT a sentencing option? A) capital punishment B) community service C) parole D) probation
B
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a diversionary treatment program? A) Diversionary treatment programs cost considerably less than criminal justice processing. B) Diversionary treatment programs reduce the demands on the court to process the case as a criminal activity. C) With diversionary treatment programs, offenders avoid the stigma associated with a criminal conviction. D) Diversionary treatment programs generally do not involve community treatment programs.
D
Which of the following is NOT relevant for the pretrial diversion program? A) Pretrial diversion programs offer people charged with crimes alternatives to traditional criminal justice proceedings. B) Pretrial diversion programs occur between the formal filing of charges and the final judgment of guilt. C) Pretrial diversion programs are used for minor offenders of laws against public intoxication or minor property crimes. D) All offenders with successful pretrial diversion programs have a formal criminal record of the offense.
D
Which of the following is a pledge of money or property in exchange for a promise to return for further criminal processing? A) plea bargain B) surety C) release on recognizance D) bail
C
Which of the following is an early English term for a jail? A) lockup B) workhouse C) gaol D) jail
B
Which of the following is based on the belief that criminals do not have complete choice over their criminal actions and may commit acts that are beyond their control? A) the Neoclassical School B) the Positive School C) the hedonistic calculus D) the Classical School
D
Which of the following is characteristic of a third-generation jail? A) The cells are aligned in long, straight rows, with walkways in the front of the cells. B) It uses podular housing designs and remote supervision. C) It is designed to minimize interaction between inmates and jail staff. D) Correctional officers are located in the housing unit in direct contact with inmates.
D
Which of the following is included in a presentence investigation (PSI)? A) information about the prosecution B) the offender's final sentence C) a list of sentences from similar cases D) the range of allowable sanctions
A
Which of the following links crime causation to punishment, based on offenders' free will and hedonism? A) hedonistic calculus B) the Positive School of criminology C) the Classical School of criminology D) atavism
C
Which of the following statements is true of the Walnut Street Jail? A) Prisoners were allowed to congregate during the day to work in factories to improve the production of goods. B) It introduced the idea of releasing offenders on a conditional basis, leading to the development of parole. C) Prison administrators often put masks on inmates as they moved through the prison, to avoid identification in case they met each other after release. D) It was an architectural nightmare, built in an octagon with small, dark cells inside the cellblocks to provide solitary confinement and no labor.
D
Which theorist suggested that criminal laws should be organized so that the punishment for any act would outweigh the pleasure that would be derived from the act?
A
Which type of crime is punishable by one year or more of incarceration? A) felony B) misdemeanor C) drug D) infraction
A
Who among the following concluded that criminals had traits that made them throwbacks to earlier stages of evolution? A) Cesare Lombroso B) Cesare Beccaria C) Jeremy Bentham D) Voltaire
