exam 1

low-power objective

-lens magnification: 10x -total magnification through eyepiece: 100x

scanning objective

-lens magnification: 4 -total magnification though eyepiece: 40x -faces the microscope stage upon storage

high-power objective

-lens magnification: 40x -total magnification through eyepiece: 400x -most detail is observed -use only fine adjustment knob to focus

sebaceous glands

-oil producing -holocrine -sebum secreting -secrete products via apoptosis -secrete products mostly onto hair follicles -lanolin -cerumen secreting

metaphase

-spindle fibers of microtubules have guided chromosomes to equator of cell

one layer of the epidermis

-stem cells -melanocytes -tactile cells

when preparing a wet mount specimen for viewing, it should be covered with ___.

a coverslip

the liver and kidneys are important in detoxification, so ___ in these organs would contain many ___ that use oxidase enzymes to carry out this process

cells; peroxisomes

a superficial scrape of the ___ will not bleed because this layer of the skin is ___

epidermis; avascular

The liver is located in the thoracic cavity true/ false

false

a person in anatomical position is standing up straight, facing foward, with arms at the sides, and palms facing backward. true/ false

false

blood cells are protected from bursting in a hypotonic solution because of their rigid cell wall. true/ false

false

by the time person reaches adulthood, all of his/her red bone marrow has been converted to yellow bone marrow. true/ false

false

each bone consists of either compact or spongy bone, but not both. true/ false

false

if gloves are worn in lab, hand washing is unnecessary. true/ false

false

if using gloves in the laboratory, hands do not need to be washed.

false

in order to correctly measure the amount of diffusion in the diffusion over a membrane activity, you needed to look at how much sugar syrup had diffused out of the thistle tube into the beaker. true/ false

false

most chemicals used in the laboratory can be discarded in the sink after use. true/ false

false

proper hand washing will sterilize the hands. true/false

false

thoroughly washing hands will sterilize them. true/ false

false

which of the following tissues is NOT part of a bone as an organ?

muscle

involves contractions and creates most body heat

muscular system

fibrocartilage

pads between vertebrae that are shock absorbers

lab coats, gloves, face masks, and googles are examples of....

personal protective equipment

major chemical component of the plasma (cell) membrane

phospholipid bilayer, carbohydrates, channel proteins, glycolipids, glycoproteins

all of the following are components of the lymphatic system, except the ___.

pineal gland

the outer boundary of a cell is the

plasma membrane

which of the following regional terms refers to the back of the knee?

popliteal

which of the following represents the correct order of the phases of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

produces gametes (egg and sperm)

reproductive system

exchanges gases between air and blood

respiratory system

which layer of the skin is found directly superficial to the hypodermis

reticular region of the dermis

which of the following cellular structures is located in the cytoplasm

ribosome

which of the following cellular structures is located in the cytoplasm?

ribosome

if there were no ___, there would be no enzymes, hormones, membrane channels, cytoskeleton, and other ___ synthesized within cells.

ribosomes; proteins

since the cell membrane allows some molecules to pass through it and will not allow others, it can be described as

selectively permeable

the wrist bones are example of ___ bones.

short

this type of epithelial tissue is found in kidney tubules, thyroid gland, liver, and ducts of the salivary glands.

simple cuboidal

in dialysis, the cleansing wastes from the blood is achieved by

simple diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane

muscles of walking are comprised of ___ muscle fibers.

skeletal

provides a framework and support for soft tissues and produces blood cells in red marrow

skeletal system

which of the following events occur during prophase

spindle apparatus forms

which of the following events occurs during prophase?

spindle apparatus forms

anaphase

spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart

when cleaning the lenses of a microscope, it is important to use lens paper or a high-quality cotton swab. true/ false

true

Removes Liquid and wastes from blood and transports them to the outside of the body

urinary system

which of these steps will prevent the immediate recontamination of the hands after washing?

using a paper towel to turn off the faucet

all layers of the epidermis

-keratinoctyes -sweat gland duct -hair shaft

more than one layer of the epidermis

-dendritic cells -langerhans cells

tactile cells

-cells associated with nervous system function -merkel cells -receptors for touch

dendritic cells

-cells of the lymphatic system -langerhans cells -phagocytes that ingest pathogens of the epidermis

prophase

-chromosomes condense and nuclear area looks like a ball of yarn -centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell and forms aster and spindle fibers -nuclear envelope fragment and disintegrates

telophase

-chromosomes decondense so less tightly coiled; nuclear envelope re-forms -division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis) occurs throughout this phase of mitosis -contractile ring tightens forming cleavage furrow in animal cell

periosteum

-composed of dense irregular connective tissue -covers outer surface of bone, except at the articular ends of the long bone

endosteum

-composed of reticular connective tissue -lines the hollow, internal chambers of the bone -lines the medullary cavity of long bone

sudoriferous glands

-sweat secreting -eccrine -merocrine -secrete products via exocytosis -apocrine -mammary glands -secrete directly onto the skin surface -secretions are 99% water and slightly acidic pH -simple tubular structures -responsible for diaphoresis -secretion of pheromones

interphase- G1, S, G2

-synthesis and duplication of organelles and enzymes; replication of DNA -longest stage of cell cycle; cell grows

keratinocytes

-the most common cell type in the epidermis -produced by undifferentiated stem cells in the stratum basale -produce proteins and lipids associated with water-proofing of the skin

melanocytes

-these cells have increased production rates of pigment in darker skinned individuals -produce proteins that shield nuclei from UV light -produce eumelanin and pheomelanin

1. place slide on stage and secure switch stage clips 2. turn on the light and center the specimen over the light source 3. focus specimen on low power using coarse focus adjustment 4. use fine focus to sharpen the image under low power 5. rotate high power lens into position 6. readjust fine focus under high power to produce the sharpest imagine

...

infectious laboratory waste is sterilized prior to disposal by 1. autoclaving (steam autoclaving) 2. gassing with ethylene oxide 3. soaking in disinfectant 4. incineration

1

liver, spleen, stomach, small intestine 1. abdominal cavity 2. cranial cavity 3. pelvic cavity 4. thoracic cavity 5. ventral canal (spinal cavity)

1

which of the following items should be autoclaved? (check all that apply) 1. glass culture tubes 2. hazardous chemicals 3. biohazard bag 4. noncontaminated paper waste 5. chemical waste from doing stains

1 and 4

when should hands be washed? (check all that apply) 1. before starting lab activities 2. after completion of lab activities 3. after removing gloves worn during lab activities 4. after cleaning any spill of chemicals or infections microorganisms 5. before using the microscope 6. immediate after putting on gloves

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6

what is the advantage of using a wet mount? (check all that apply) 1. the motility of a specimen can be viewed under a microscope 2. the wet mount is a safer way to view pathogenic organisms 3. the specimen can be viewed as living cells 4. the contrast of a specimen is enhanced with the addition of water to the slide

1, 2, 3, and 4

which items can be discharged in a regular trash can? (check all that apply) 1. paper towels used to wipe up bacterial spills 2. uncontaminated waste paper 3. wrappers from swabs or from disposable pipettes 4. used glass slides

1, 2, 3, and 4

which of the following activities should never take place in the laboratory (check all that apply) 1. eating and/or drinking 2. handling contact lenses 3. applying makeup 4. writing in the lab notebook

1, 2, 3, and 4

why is it recommended that hands be wet prior to adding soap? (check all that apply) 1. applying soap to wet hands will enable it to go into solution and produce more lather 2. soap applied to to dry hands may irritate the skin 3. soap placed on dry hands kills more microorganisms than soap placed on wet hands 4. applying soap to dry hands makes the soap last longer

1, 2, 3, and 4

what total magnification will be achieved if the 10x eyepiece and the 100x objective are used?

1000

1. when the scanning (4x) objective is used the total magnification will be ___. 2. when the low power (10x) objective is used the total magnification will be ___. 3. when the high power (40x) objective is used the total magnification will be ___. 4. when the oil immersion (100x) objective is used the total magnification will be ___.

1. 40x 2. 100x 3. 400x 4. 1000x

1. pertaining to the neck is the __ surface region. 2. pertaining to the breastbone is the __ surface region. 3. pertaining to the belly button is the __ surface region. 4. pertaining to the groin is the __ body region. 5. pertaining to the area of the mons pubis in females is the __ body region.

1. cervical 2. sternal 3. umbilical 4. inguinal 5. pubic

1. pertaining to the thigh is the ___ body region. 2. pertaining to the back of the knee is the ____ body region. 3. pertaining to the calf is the ___ body region. 4. pertaining to the ankle is the ___ body region. 5. pertaining to the heel is the ___ body region.

1. femoral 2. popliteal 3. sural 4. tarsal 5. calcaneal

1. increases or decreases the light intensity: ___ 2. platform that supports a microscope slide: ___ 3. concentrates light onto the specimen: ___ 4. causes stage (or objective lens) to move upward or downward: __ 5. after light passes through the specimen, if next enters this lens system: ___ 6. holds a microscope slide in position: ___ 7. contains a lens at the top of the body tube: ___ 8. serves as a handle for carrying the microscope: ___ 9. part to which the objective lenses are attached: ___ 10. circular area seen through the eyepiece: ___

1. iris diaphragm 2. stage 3. condenser 4. adjustment knob (coarse) 5. objective lens system 6. stage (slide) clip 7. eyepiece (ocular) 8. arm 9. nosepiece 10. field of view

1. small chamber (depression) for an osteocyte 2. cylinder-shaped unit that contains centrally located blood vessels and nerves 3. also call Haversian or osteonic canal; contains blood vessels and nerves 4. composed of collagen and calcium phosphate 5. concentric rings of matrix around a central canal 6. minute tube containing cellular process of osteocytes

1. lacuna 2. osteon 3. central canal 4. bone extracellular matrix 5. lamella 6. canaliculus

preparing and observing a wet mount

1. obtain a clean slide and cover slip 2. using a transfer pipette, obtain a drop of specimen and place onto the center of the slide 3. carefully place the cover slip over the drop of specimen 4. observe preparation under the 10x objective lens 5. observe preparation under the 40x objective lens

1. each new daughter cell is approximately the same size and has the same ___. 2. each new daughter cell contains the same ___ information as the parent cell 3. mitosis is the division of the ___ 4. cytokinesis is the division of the ___ 5. division of the ___ includes mitosis and cytokinesis, as well as ___ when the cell is manufacturing all that is needed for these division processes

1. organelles 2. genetic 3. nucleus 4. cytoplasm 5. cell; interphase

1. pertaining to the area between the anus and genital is the ___ body region. 2. pertaining to the buttocks is the gluteal body region. 3. pertaining to the area between the hips is the ___ body region. 4. pertaining to the loin is the ___ body region. 5. pertaining to the spinal column is the ___ body region. 6. pertaining to the neck is the ___ body region. 7. pertaining to the back of the head is the ___ body region.

1. perineal 2. gluteal 3. sacral 4. lumbar 5. vertebral 6. cervical 7. occipital

1. collagen, reticular, or elastic fibers of connective tissues are composed of ___. 2. a muscle ___ is the same thing as a muscle fiber. 3. the ___ fibers are not part of a cell, so they are nonliving. 4. the nervous tissue fibers are actually ___ of neurons and are also called ___. 5. muscle fibers are ___. 6. the ___ fibers are a living part of a cell.

1. proteins 2. cell 3. connective tissue 4. axons; nerve fibers 5. living 6. nervous tissue

1. epithelial tissues are tightly packed single ___ to multiple ___ layer of cells that provide protective barriers. 2. the underside of the tissue layer contains an acellular ___ layer of adhesives and ___ with which the epithelial cells anchor to an underlying connective tissue. 3. the cells of epithelial tissue readily divide but lack ___. 4. epithelial cells always have a ___ exposed to the outside or to an open space internally and a ___ that attaches to the basement membrane. 5. many shapes of the cells, like ___ (flat), ___ (square), and ___ (elongated), exist that are used to name and identify the variations.

1. simple, stratified 2. basement membrane, collagen 3. blood vessels 4. free surface, basal surface 5. squamous, cuboidal, columnar

in order the major layers that the orthopedic surgeon must cut through to reach the femur (thigh bone) to help repair a fracture

1. stratum corneum 2. stratum granulosum 3. stratum spinosum 4. stratum basale 5. papillary layer of dermis 6. reticular layer of dermis 7. hypodermis 8. fascia connective tissue 9. skeletal muscle 10. femur (bone)

brain 1. abdominal cavity 2. cranial cavity 3. pelvic cavity 4. thoracic cavity 5. ventral canal (spinal cavity)

2

which of the following items may be on the laboratory bench top while doing lab work? (check all that apply) 1. cultures (broth tubes, agar plates, agar slants) 2. equipment items specifically needed to complete the lab activity 3. backpack, purse 4. pencil or pen 5. cell phone

2, 3, 4, and 5

how long should the hands be lathered with soap and water?

20 seconds

Jackie went to the sink at the end of lab to wash her hands. After removing her watch and rings, she turned on the water, wet her hands, added soap and thoroughly rubbed and lathered her hands for 30 seconds, cleaning the backs of her hands, her fingernails, and between her fingers. She then turned off the water, and reached for the paper towels to dry her hands. Identify the correct statement below. 1. jackie used the correct protocol for washing her hands. 2. jackie should have applied the soap to dry hands, and then added the water for lathering 3. jackie should have used paper towels to turn off the facuet 4. jackie should not have removed her watch and rings prior to watch and rings prior to washing her hands

3

internal reproductive organs, urinary bladder 1. abdominal cavity 2. cranial cavity 3. pelvic cavity 4. thoracic cavity 5. ventral canal (spinal cavity)

3

lungs, heart 1. abdominal cavity 2. cranial cavity 3. pelvic cavity 4. thoracic cavity 5. ventral canal (spinal cavity)

4

what lens could get dirty with oil if you move the revolving nose piece in the wrong direction after viewing under oil immersion?

40x

diploid cells contain ___ chromosomes in human

46

spinal cord 1. abdominal cavity 2. cranial cavity 3. pelvic cavity 4. thoracic cavity 5. ventral canal (spinal cavity)

5

which of the following liquids can be safety pipetted by mouth? (check all that apply) 1. tap water 2. sterile distilled water 3. a glucose solution 4. a broth culture of staphylococcus epidermidis 5. none of these choices

5

bone (compact)

Cells in solid matrix arranged around central canal

which of the following cellular structures is NOT easily visible with the compound light microscope?

DNA

hyaline cartilage

Forms the flexible part of the nasal septum and ends of long bones

Adipose

Functions as heat insulator beneath skin

Which represents the correct sequence of stages in the cell cycle?

G1, S, G2, M

which stage is most associated with a cell that is unable to divide again, such as a muscle or nerve cell

G^o phase

dna synthesis (replication) occurs during the ___ of interphase

S phase

interphase is divided into three phases: ____

S phase, G1, and G2

bone tissue requires a correct balance a hormone called calcitonin secreted from the thyroid gland to help it maintain its calcium phosphate levels. calcium phosphate is a large part of the inorganic component of the extracellular matrix that gives bone its hardness and compressional strength. calcitonin levels begin to drop as a person gets older. what are some predictions you can make concerning this drop in calcitonin levels and it could cause?

a drop in calcitonin could contribute to osteoporosis, a disease of reduced bone mass; a drop in calcitonin could cause bone weakening; a drop in calcitonin could lead to more frequent bone fractures

if a circular object or specimen extends halfway across the scanning field, what is its diameter in millimeters?

about 2.2

you have successfully focused on an object with the 10x and 40x objective lenses. you have rotated the 100x objective lens into position but are unable to obtain a sharp image by rotating the fine focus adjustment knob. which of the following is most likely to correct this problem?

add a drop of immersion oil before rotating the 100x lens into position

because it is primarily composed of ___ connective tissue, the ___ layer beneath the skin provides some thermal regulation

adipose; hypodermis

when should soap be added to the hands?

after the hands are wet

which chemical would you predict to move the fastest (and thus go furthest in a given time period) through air

ammonia (mw=17)

describe the differences you observed in the type and distribution of hair on the front (anterior) and back (posterior) of your forearm. there is less hair on the ___ forearm compared to the ___ forearm. the hair is more ___ on the forearm than the hair that grows on the head or axillary and genital regions.

anterior; posterior; fine

which of the following is NOT considered to be a type of skin (cutaneous) gland

apocrine sweat, sebaceous, mammary, ceruminous

which statement about mitosis and cytokinesis is TRUE?

at the end of cytokinesis there are two daughter cells with a normal complement of diploid genetic material

areolar connective tissue

binds the skin to the underlying organs

which muscle tissue is branches and contains intercalated discs?

cardiac

Transport of nutrients, wastes, and gases throughout the body

cardiovascular system

the ___ consists of a series of changes the cell undergoes from the time it forms until it ___.

cell cycle; divides

dense regular tissue

cells in a fluid-gel matrix with parallel collagen fibers

which of the following is an example of osmosis

cells of our kidneys reabsorb water to prevent it from all leaving through our urine

which of the following events occurs in prophase?

chromosomes condense

blood

contains large amounts of fluid and lacks fibers

areolar connective

contains loose arrangement of elastic and collagen fibers

a ___ plane (section) divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

coronal

the stage of the cell cycle during which the cytoplasm divides to form two cells is called

cytokinesis

which of the following event occurs during telophase?

cytokinesis

the deeper portion of the dermis layer is composed of ___ tissue

dense irregular connective

the deeper portion of the dermis layer is composed of ____ tissue

dense irregular connective

the reticular region of the dermis consists of ___ tissue

dense irregular connective

immediately deep to the epidermis are fingerlike projections called ___ that provide nourishment to the deeper strata of the epidermis and provide unique ___

dermal papilla; fingerprints

in which layer of the skin are sebaceous glands found

dermis

which of the following is not a body cavity?

diaphragm

which of the following structures separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

diaphragm

small lipid soluble molecules would move through the plasma membrane by

diffusion.

converts food molecules into forms that are absorbable

digestive system

main system that secretes hormones

endocrine

elastic cartilage

forms framework of outer ear

reticular connective

forms supporting tissue in walls of thymus and spleen

with a long bone, what does the presence of a epiphyseal plate indicate?

growth in height is not yet complete

the function of mitosis is

growth of the organism and tissue repair, to ensure that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information, and asexual reproduction in some species

the epiphyseal plate represents the

growth zone of hyaline cartilage

Explain how hair is formed. cell divisions occur within the ___. as the cells are forced ___ the surface, they become keratinized and die.

hair bulb; toward

the ducts of apocrine sweat glands open into the

hair follicles

what part of the hair extends from the hair papilla to the body surface

hair root

the ___ in humans serves to protect parts of the body such as the scalp, but it also provides cutaneous ___ because of its intertwined sensory receptors

hair; sensation

which of the following organs lacks smooth muscle?

heart

assuming that all of the following substances are permeable across a selectively permeable membrane, which of the following molecules would you predict to move fastest across the membrane

hydrochloric acid (mw=36)

During a hurricane, salt water invades fresh water marshes causing many of the plants to die. The plants are killed because the salt water solution is __________________ to the plants, drawing water from their cells.

hypertonic

a ___ solution has a lower concentration of water than the cell placed in it.

hypertonic

after soaking for one hour in a solution of unknown concentration, a slice of potato appears to be soft and limp. you can determine that the solution is

hypertonic

after focusing on an object with the low power objective lens, you are trying to bring it into focus under the 40x objective lens, but the field of view is very dark. which of the following may remedy this problem?

increase the light intensity

easily attainable living cells observed in the lab are from

inside the cheek

provides an outer covering of the body for protection

integumentary system

the period during which the cell prepares for mitosis is called ___.

interphase

three important events or stages of the cell cycle are ___.

interphase, mitosis, and differentiation

tonicity

is the comparison of relative concentrations of two solutions, separated by a selectively permeable membrane

which of the following is NOT true of the stratum basale

it contains melanocytes, it is the deepest layer of the epidermis, it consists of only one layer of cuboidal or columnar cells, and is it the layer of the epidermis in which cell division is occuring

which item should be worn at ALL times in the laboratory? -lab coat -face mask

lab coat

basic lens cleaning is accomplished using

lens paper

the sebaceous glands secrete sebum that helps ___ the hair shaft, while the merocrine sweat glands allow humans to ___ when temperatures rise

lubricate and waterproof; cool down

transports excess fluid from tissues to blood and produces immune cells

lymphatic system

after pregnancy, the uterus decreases in size (involution)with the help of ___ that contain ___ enzymes that help return the organ to its original size

lysosomes; digestive

dense irregular tissue

main tissue of dermis

dense regular connective

main tissue of tendons and ligaments

people who have albinism appear white because they cannot synthesize the pigment ___, so they have an increased susceptibility to ___.

melanin; sunburn and skin cancers

which type of sweat gland is most important in maintaining normal body temperature

merocrine glands

during which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

metaphase

upon death, active transport cannot occur because the ___ cannot synthesize ___ that is required to power the process

mitochondria; ATP

division of the nucleus is called ___ and division of the cytoplasm is called ___

mitosis; cytokinesis

interphase is followed by the ___, which includes division of the nucleus and division of the cytoplasm

mitotic phase

which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system

movement

watches, bracelets, and rings should be removed prior to washing hands. true/ false

true

stimulates muscles to contract and interprets information from sensory organ

nervous system

which of the following cells have multiple processes extending from the soma?

neurons

how are sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles? what do they secrete?

next to one another sebum

the outer boundary of the nucleus is the

nuclear envelope

which of the following stained cellular structures is the most visible with the compound light microscope?

nucleus

which of the following choices describes interphase?

occupies the majority of the cell cycle, includes G1,S, and G2 stages, results in an increase in cell size

elastic connective

occurs in some ligament attachments between vertebrae and larger artery walls

living bone tissue is composed of __.

one- third organic matrix and two- thirds inorganic matrix

diffusion of water through a differentially permeable membrane is called

osmosis

Frequent cell division occurs in the ___________________ of the epidermis.

stratum basale

frequent cell division occurs in the ___ of the epidermis

stratum basale

in the set-up in the figure below, which of the following statements would describe what would be observed after 12 hours of time have elapsed

the level of the solution in the tube would rise because there are now more dissolved solutes in the tube than the beaker

in the set-up shown in the figure below, which of the following statements would describe what wold be observed after 12 hours of time have elapsed?

the level of the solution in the tube would rise because there are now more dissolved solutes in the tube than the beaker

what changed occurred in the intensity of the light in the field of view when you exchanged the low- power objective?

the light intensity decreased when exchanged the low-power object for the high-power objective

all of the following structures are considered parts of the integumentary system, except

the skin, skin glands, hair, and nails

what is the function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

they dissolve bone to release calcium salts into the blood

how does the skin of your palm differ from that on the back (posterior) of your hand? the skin of the palm is ___ than the back of the hand. there are also are ___ on the palm that may help function in grasping objects such as when opening a jar. the back of the hand is ___ because it is exposed to ___ more than the palm.

thicker; creases; grasping; darker; UV sun rays

which of the following is the function of the endocrine system?

to secrete hormones

if your classmates asked you to point your digital region, where would you point?

to your fingers or toes

blood

transports nutrients and defends against disease

the ___ plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

transverse

a frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. true/ false

true

a transverse plane can also be called a horizontal plane. true/ false

true

adipose, areolar, and reticular connective tissue are considered loose connective tissue types. true/ false

true

cell membranes are freely permeable to water. true/ false

true

diffusion is the movement of a molecule from an area of high to low concentration. true/ false

true

the anterior body cavitry consists of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. true/ false

true

the nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores. true/ false

true

when should the chemical fume hood be used?

when using hazardous chemicals

in the tonicity in potato cells activity

when water entered the cells it caused the potato to stay crisp

in the tonicity in potato strips activity, you soaked potato strips in different solutions. you were then able to determine the tonicity of the solutions based on

whether the potato was crips or flaccid