exam 1
low-power objective
-lens magnification: 10x -total magnification through eyepiece: 100x
scanning objective
-lens magnification: 4 -total magnification though eyepiece: 40x -faces the microscope stage upon storage
high-power objective
-lens magnification: 40x -total magnification through eyepiece: 400x -most detail is observed -use only fine adjustment knob to focus
sebaceous glands
-oil producing -holocrine -sebum secreting -secrete products via apoptosis -secrete products mostly onto hair follicles -lanolin -cerumen secreting
metaphase
-spindle fibers of microtubules have guided chromosomes to equator of cell
one layer of the epidermis
-stem cells -melanocytes -tactile cells
when preparing a wet mount specimen for viewing, it should be covered with ___.
a coverslip
the liver and kidneys are important in detoxification, so ___ in these organs would contain many ___ that use oxidase enzymes to carry out this process
cells; peroxisomes
a superficial scrape of the ___ will not bleed because this layer of the skin is ___
epidermis; avascular
The liver is located in the thoracic cavity true/ false
false
a person in anatomical position is standing up straight, facing foward, with arms at the sides, and palms facing backward. true/ false
false
blood cells are protected from bursting in a hypotonic solution because of their rigid cell wall. true/ false
false
by the time person reaches adulthood, all of his/her red bone marrow has been converted to yellow bone marrow. true/ false
false
each bone consists of either compact or spongy bone, but not both. true/ false
false
if gloves are worn in lab, hand washing is unnecessary. true/ false
false
if using gloves in the laboratory, hands do not need to be washed.
false
in order to correctly measure the amount of diffusion in the diffusion over a membrane activity, you needed to look at how much sugar syrup had diffused out of the thistle tube into the beaker. true/ false
false
most chemicals used in the laboratory can be discarded in the sink after use. true/ false
false
proper hand washing will sterilize the hands. true/false
false
thoroughly washing hands will sterilize them. true/ false
false
which of the following tissues is NOT part of a bone as an organ?
muscle
involves contractions and creates most body heat
muscular system
fibrocartilage
pads between vertebrae that are shock absorbers
lab coats, gloves, face masks, and googles are examples of....
personal protective equipment
major chemical component of the plasma (cell) membrane
phospholipid bilayer, carbohydrates, channel proteins, glycolipids, glycoproteins
all of the following are components of the lymphatic system, except the ___.
pineal gland
the outer boundary of a cell is the
plasma membrane
which of the following regional terms refers to the back of the knee?
popliteal
which of the following represents the correct order of the phases of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
produces gametes (egg and sperm)
reproductive system
exchanges gases between air and blood
respiratory system
which layer of the skin is found directly superficial to the hypodermis
reticular region of the dermis
which of the following cellular structures is located in the cytoplasm
ribosome
which of the following cellular structures is located in the cytoplasm?
ribosome
if there were no ___, there would be no enzymes, hormones, membrane channels, cytoskeleton, and other ___ synthesized within cells.
ribosomes; proteins
since the cell membrane allows some molecules to pass through it and will not allow others, it can be described as
selectively permeable
the wrist bones are example of ___ bones.
short
this type of epithelial tissue is found in kidney tubules, thyroid gland, liver, and ducts of the salivary glands.
simple cuboidal
in dialysis, the cleansing wastes from the blood is achieved by
simple diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane
muscles of walking are comprised of ___ muscle fibers.
skeletal
provides a framework and support for soft tissues and produces blood cells in red marrow
skeletal system
which of the following events occur during prophase
spindle apparatus forms
which of the following events occurs during prophase?
spindle apparatus forms
anaphase
spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart
when cleaning the lenses of a microscope, it is important to use lens paper or a high-quality cotton swab. true/ false
true
Removes Liquid and wastes from blood and transports them to the outside of the body
urinary system
which of these steps will prevent the immediate recontamination of the hands after washing?
using a paper towel to turn off the faucet
all layers of the epidermis
-keratinoctyes -sweat gland duct -hair shaft
more than one layer of the epidermis
-dendritic cells -langerhans cells
tactile cells
-cells associated with nervous system function -merkel cells -receptors for touch
dendritic cells
-cells of the lymphatic system -langerhans cells -phagocytes that ingest pathogens of the epidermis
prophase
-chromosomes condense and nuclear area looks like a ball of yarn -centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell and forms aster and spindle fibers -nuclear envelope fragment and disintegrates
telophase
-chromosomes decondense so less tightly coiled; nuclear envelope re-forms -division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis) occurs throughout this phase of mitosis -contractile ring tightens forming cleavage furrow in animal cell
periosteum
-composed of dense irregular connective tissue -covers outer surface of bone, except at the articular ends of the long bone
endosteum
-composed of reticular connective tissue -lines the hollow, internal chambers of the bone -lines the medullary cavity of long bone
sudoriferous glands
-sweat secreting -eccrine -merocrine -secrete products via exocytosis -apocrine -mammary glands -secrete directly onto the skin surface -secretions are 99% water and slightly acidic pH -simple tubular structures -responsible for diaphoresis -secretion of pheromones
interphase- G1, S, G2
-synthesis and duplication of organelles and enzymes; replication of DNA -longest stage of cell cycle; cell grows
keratinocytes
-the most common cell type in the epidermis -produced by undifferentiated stem cells in the stratum basale -produce proteins and lipids associated with water-proofing of the skin
melanocytes
-these cells have increased production rates of pigment in darker skinned individuals -produce proteins that shield nuclei from UV light -produce eumelanin and pheomelanin
1. place slide on stage and secure switch stage clips 2. turn on the light and center the specimen over the light source 3. focus specimen on low power using coarse focus adjustment 4. use fine focus to sharpen the image under low power 5. rotate high power lens into position 6. readjust fine focus under high power to produce the sharpest imagine
...
infectious laboratory waste is sterilized prior to disposal by 1. autoclaving (steam autoclaving) 2. gassing with ethylene oxide 3. soaking in disinfectant 4. incineration
1
liver, spleen, stomach, small intestine 1. abdominal cavity 2. cranial cavity 3. pelvic cavity 4. thoracic cavity 5. ventral canal (spinal cavity)
1
which of the following items should be autoclaved? (check all that apply) 1. glass culture tubes 2. hazardous chemicals 3. biohazard bag 4. noncontaminated paper waste 5. chemical waste from doing stains
1 and 4
when should hands be washed? (check all that apply) 1. before starting lab activities 2. after completion of lab activities 3. after removing gloves worn during lab activities 4. after cleaning any spill of chemicals or infections microorganisms 5. before using the microscope 6. immediate after putting on gloves
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6
what is the advantage of using a wet mount? (check all that apply) 1. the motility of a specimen can be viewed under a microscope 2. the wet mount is a safer way to view pathogenic organisms 3. the specimen can be viewed as living cells 4. the contrast of a specimen is enhanced with the addition of water to the slide
1, 2, 3, and 4
which items can be discharged in a regular trash can? (check all that apply) 1. paper towels used to wipe up bacterial spills 2. uncontaminated waste paper 3. wrappers from swabs or from disposable pipettes 4. used glass slides
1, 2, 3, and 4
which of the following activities should never take place in the laboratory (check all that apply) 1. eating and/or drinking 2. handling contact lenses 3. applying makeup 4. writing in the lab notebook
1, 2, 3, and 4
why is it recommended that hands be wet prior to adding soap? (check all that apply) 1. applying soap to wet hands will enable it to go into solution and produce more lather 2. soap applied to to dry hands may irritate the skin 3. soap placed on dry hands kills more microorganisms than soap placed on wet hands 4. applying soap to dry hands makes the soap last longer
1, 2, 3, and 4
what total magnification will be achieved if the 10x eyepiece and the 100x objective are used?
1000
1. when the scanning (4x) objective is used the total magnification will be ___. 2. when the low power (10x) objective is used the total magnification will be ___. 3. when the high power (40x) objective is used the total magnification will be ___. 4. when the oil immersion (100x) objective is used the total magnification will be ___.
1. 40x 2. 100x 3. 400x 4. 1000x
1. pertaining to the neck is the __ surface region. 2. pertaining to the breastbone is the __ surface region. 3. pertaining to the belly button is the __ surface region. 4. pertaining to the groin is the __ body region. 5. pertaining to the area of the mons pubis in females is the __ body region.
1. cervical 2. sternal 3. umbilical 4. inguinal 5. pubic
1. pertaining to the thigh is the ___ body region. 2. pertaining to the back of the knee is the ____ body region. 3. pertaining to the calf is the ___ body region. 4. pertaining to the ankle is the ___ body region. 5. pertaining to the heel is the ___ body region.
1. femoral 2. popliteal 3. sural 4. tarsal 5. calcaneal
1. increases or decreases the light intensity: ___ 2. platform that supports a microscope slide: ___ 3. concentrates light onto the specimen: ___ 4. causes stage (or objective lens) to move upward or downward: __ 5. after light passes through the specimen, if next enters this lens system: ___ 6. holds a microscope slide in position: ___ 7. contains a lens at the top of the body tube: ___ 8. serves as a handle for carrying the microscope: ___ 9. part to which the objective lenses are attached: ___ 10. circular area seen through the eyepiece: ___
1. iris diaphragm 2. stage 3. condenser 4. adjustment knob (coarse) 5. objective lens system 6. stage (slide) clip 7. eyepiece (ocular) 8. arm 9. nosepiece 10. field of view
1. small chamber (depression) for an osteocyte 2. cylinder-shaped unit that contains centrally located blood vessels and nerves 3. also call Haversian or osteonic canal; contains blood vessels and nerves 4. composed of collagen and calcium phosphate 5. concentric rings of matrix around a central canal 6. minute tube containing cellular process of osteocytes
1. lacuna 2. osteon 3. central canal 4. bone extracellular matrix 5. lamella 6. canaliculus
preparing and observing a wet mount
1. obtain a clean slide and cover slip 2. using a transfer pipette, obtain a drop of specimen and place onto the center of the slide 3. carefully place the cover slip over the drop of specimen 4. observe preparation under the 10x objective lens 5. observe preparation under the 40x objective lens
1. each new daughter cell is approximately the same size and has the same ___. 2. each new daughter cell contains the same ___ information as the parent cell 3. mitosis is the division of the ___ 4. cytokinesis is the division of the ___ 5. division of the ___ includes mitosis and cytokinesis, as well as ___ when the cell is manufacturing all that is needed for these division processes
1. organelles 2. genetic 3. nucleus 4. cytoplasm 5. cell; interphase
1. pertaining to the area between the anus and genital is the ___ body region. 2. pertaining to the buttocks is the gluteal body region. 3. pertaining to the area between the hips is the ___ body region. 4. pertaining to the loin is the ___ body region. 5. pertaining to the spinal column is the ___ body region. 6. pertaining to the neck is the ___ body region. 7. pertaining to the back of the head is the ___ body region.
1. perineal 2. gluteal 3. sacral 4. lumbar 5. vertebral 6. cervical 7. occipital
1. collagen, reticular, or elastic fibers of connective tissues are composed of ___. 2. a muscle ___ is the same thing as a muscle fiber. 3. the ___ fibers are not part of a cell, so they are nonliving. 4. the nervous tissue fibers are actually ___ of neurons and are also called ___. 5. muscle fibers are ___. 6. the ___ fibers are a living part of a cell.
1. proteins 2. cell 3. connective tissue 4. axons; nerve fibers 5. living 6. nervous tissue
1. epithelial tissues are tightly packed single ___ to multiple ___ layer of cells that provide protective barriers. 2. the underside of the tissue layer contains an acellular ___ layer of adhesives and ___ with which the epithelial cells anchor to an underlying connective tissue. 3. the cells of epithelial tissue readily divide but lack ___. 4. epithelial cells always have a ___ exposed to the outside or to an open space internally and a ___ that attaches to the basement membrane. 5. many shapes of the cells, like ___ (flat), ___ (square), and ___ (elongated), exist that are used to name and identify the variations.
1. simple, stratified 2. basement membrane, collagen 3. blood vessels 4. free surface, basal surface 5. squamous, cuboidal, columnar
in order the major layers that the orthopedic surgeon must cut through to reach the femur (thigh bone) to help repair a fracture
1. stratum corneum 2. stratum granulosum 3. stratum spinosum 4. stratum basale 5. papillary layer of dermis 6. reticular layer of dermis 7. hypodermis 8. fascia connective tissue 9. skeletal muscle 10. femur (bone)
brain 1. abdominal cavity 2. cranial cavity 3. pelvic cavity 4. thoracic cavity 5. ventral canal (spinal cavity)
2
which of the following items may be on the laboratory bench top while doing lab work? (check all that apply) 1. cultures (broth tubes, agar plates, agar slants) 2. equipment items specifically needed to complete the lab activity 3. backpack, purse 4. pencil or pen 5. cell phone
2, 3, 4, and 5
how long should the hands be lathered with soap and water?
20 seconds
Jackie went to the sink at the end of lab to wash her hands. After removing her watch and rings, she turned on the water, wet her hands, added soap and thoroughly rubbed and lathered her hands for 30 seconds, cleaning the backs of her hands, her fingernails, and between her fingers. She then turned off the water, and reached for the paper towels to dry her hands. Identify the correct statement below. 1. jackie used the correct protocol for washing her hands. 2. jackie should have applied the soap to dry hands, and then added the water for lathering 3. jackie should have used paper towels to turn off the facuet 4. jackie should not have removed her watch and rings prior to watch and rings prior to washing her hands
3
internal reproductive organs, urinary bladder 1. abdominal cavity 2. cranial cavity 3. pelvic cavity 4. thoracic cavity 5. ventral canal (spinal cavity)
3
lungs, heart 1. abdominal cavity 2. cranial cavity 3. pelvic cavity 4. thoracic cavity 5. ventral canal (spinal cavity)
4
what lens could get dirty with oil if you move the revolving nose piece in the wrong direction after viewing under oil immersion?
40x
diploid cells contain ___ chromosomes in human
46
spinal cord 1. abdominal cavity 2. cranial cavity 3. pelvic cavity 4. thoracic cavity 5. ventral canal (spinal cavity)
5
which of the following liquids can be safety pipetted by mouth? (check all that apply) 1. tap water 2. sterile distilled water 3. a glucose solution 4. a broth culture of staphylococcus epidermidis 5. none of these choices
5
bone (compact)
Cells in solid matrix arranged around central canal
which of the following cellular structures is NOT easily visible with the compound light microscope?
DNA
hyaline cartilage
Forms the flexible part of the nasal septum and ends of long bones
Adipose
Functions as heat insulator beneath skin
Which represents the correct sequence of stages in the cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, M
which stage is most associated with a cell that is unable to divide again, such as a muscle or nerve cell
G^o phase
dna synthesis (replication) occurs during the ___ of interphase
S phase
interphase is divided into three phases: ____
S phase, G1, and G2
bone tissue requires a correct balance a hormone called calcitonin secreted from the thyroid gland to help it maintain its calcium phosphate levels. calcium phosphate is a large part of the inorganic component of the extracellular matrix that gives bone its hardness and compressional strength. calcitonin levels begin to drop as a person gets older. what are some predictions you can make concerning this drop in calcitonin levels and it could cause?
a drop in calcitonin could contribute to osteoporosis, a disease of reduced bone mass; a drop in calcitonin could cause bone weakening; a drop in calcitonin could lead to more frequent bone fractures
if a circular object or specimen extends halfway across the scanning field, what is its diameter in millimeters?
about 2.2
you have successfully focused on an object with the 10x and 40x objective lenses. you have rotated the 100x objective lens into position but are unable to obtain a sharp image by rotating the fine focus adjustment knob. which of the following is most likely to correct this problem?
add a drop of immersion oil before rotating the 100x lens into position
because it is primarily composed of ___ connective tissue, the ___ layer beneath the skin provides some thermal regulation
adipose; hypodermis
when should soap be added to the hands?
after the hands are wet
which chemical would you predict to move the fastest (and thus go furthest in a given time period) through air
ammonia (mw=17)
describe the differences you observed in the type and distribution of hair on the front (anterior) and back (posterior) of your forearm. there is less hair on the ___ forearm compared to the ___ forearm. the hair is more ___ on the forearm than the hair that grows on the head or axillary and genital regions.
anterior; posterior; fine
which of the following is NOT considered to be a type of skin (cutaneous) gland
apocrine sweat, sebaceous, mammary, ceruminous
which statement about mitosis and cytokinesis is TRUE?
at the end of cytokinesis there are two daughter cells with a normal complement of diploid genetic material
areolar connective tissue
binds the skin to the underlying organs
which muscle tissue is branches and contains intercalated discs?
cardiac
Transport of nutrients, wastes, and gases throughout the body
cardiovascular system
the ___ consists of a series of changes the cell undergoes from the time it forms until it ___.
cell cycle; divides
dense regular tissue
cells in a fluid-gel matrix with parallel collagen fibers
which of the following is an example of osmosis
cells of our kidneys reabsorb water to prevent it from all leaving through our urine
which of the following events occurs in prophase?
chromosomes condense
blood
contains large amounts of fluid and lacks fibers
areolar connective
contains loose arrangement of elastic and collagen fibers
a ___ plane (section) divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
coronal
the stage of the cell cycle during which the cytoplasm divides to form two cells is called
cytokinesis
which of the following event occurs during telophase?
cytokinesis
the deeper portion of the dermis layer is composed of ___ tissue
dense irregular connective
the deeper portion of the dermis layer is composed of ____ tissue
dense irregular connective
the reticular region of the dermis consists of ___ tissue
dense irregular connective
immediately deep to the epidermis are fingerlike projections called ___ that provide nourishment to the deeper strata of the epidermis and provide unique ___
dermal papilla; fingerprints
in which layer of the skin are sebaceous glands found
dermis
which of the following is not a body cavity?
diaphragm
which of the following structures separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?
diaphragm
small lipid soluble molecules would move through the plasma membrane by
diffusion.
converts food molecules into forms that are absorbable
digestive system
main system that secretes hormones
endocrine
elastic cartilage
forms framework of outer ear
reticular connective
forms supporting tissue in walls of thymus and spleen
with a long bone, what does the presence of a epiphyseal plate indicate?
growth in height is not yet complete
the function of mitosis is
growth of the organism and tissue repair, to ensure that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information, and asexual reproduction in some species
the epiphyseal plate represents the
growth zone of hyaline cartilage
Explain how hair is formed. cell divisions occur within the ___. as the cells are forced ___ the surface, they become keratinized and die.
hair bulb; toward
the ducts of apocrine sweat glands open into the
hair follicles
what part of the hair extends from the hair papilla to the body surface
hair root
the ___ in humans serves to protect parts of the body such as the scalp, but it also provides cutaneous ___ because of its intertwined sensory receptors
hair; sensation
which of the following organs lacks smooth muscle?
heart
assuming that all of the following substances are permeable across a selectively permeable membrane, which of the following molecules would you predict to move fastest across the membrane
hydrochloric acid (mw=36)
During a hurricane, salt water invades fresh water marshes causing many of the plants to die. The plants are killed because the salt water solution is __________________ to the plants, drawing water from their cells.
hypertonic
a ___ solution has a lower concentration of water than the cell placed in it.
hypertonic
after soaking for one hour in a solution of unknown concentration, a slice of potato appears to be soft and limp. you can determine that the solution is
hypertonic
after focusing on an object with the low power objective lens, you are trying to bring it into focus under the 40x objective lens, but the field of view is very dark. which of the following may remedy this problem?
increase the light intensity
easily attainable living cells observed in the lab are from
inside the cheek
provides an outer covering of the body for protection
integumentary system
the period during which the cell prepares for mitosis is called ___.
interphase
three important events or stages of the cell cycle are ___.
interphase, mitosis, and differentiation
tonicity
is the comparison of relative concentrations of two solutions, separated by a selectively permeable membrane
which of the following is NOT true of the stratum basale
it contains melanocytes, it is the deepest layer of the epidermis, it consists of only one layer of cuboidal or columnar cells, and is it the layer of the epidermis in which cell division is occuring
which item should be worn at ALL times in the laboratory? -lab coat -face mask
lab coat
basic lens cleaning is accomplished using
lens paper
the sebaceous glands secrete sebum that helps ___ the hair shaft, while the merocrine sweat glands allow humans to ___ when temperatures rise
lubricate and waterproof; cool down
transports excess fluid from tissues to blood and produces immune cells
lymphatic system
after pregnancy, the uterus decreases in size (involution)with the help of ___ that contain ___ enzymes that help return the organ to its original size
lysosomes; digestive
dense irregular tissue
main tissue of dermis
dense regular connective
main tissue of tendons and ligaments
people who have albinism appear white because they cannot synthesize the pigment ___, so they have an increased susceptibility to ___.
melanin; sunburn and skin cancers
which type of sweat gland is most important in maintaining normal body temperature
merocrine glands
during which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
metaphase
upon death, active transport cannot occur because the ___ cannot synthesize ___ that is required to power the process
mitochondria; ATP
division of the nucleus is called ___ and division of the cytoplasm is called ___
mitosis; cytokinesis
interphase is followed by the ___, which includes division of the nucleus and division of the cytoplasm
mitotic phase
which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system
movement
watches, bracelets, and rings should be removed prior to washing hands. true/ false
true
stimulates muscles to contract and interprets information from sensory organ
nervous system
which of the following cells have multiple processes extending from the soma?
neurons
how are sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles? what do they secrete?
next to one another sebum
the outer boundary of the nucleus is the
nuclear envelope
which of the following stained cellular structures is the most visible with the compound light microscope?
nucleus
which of the following choices describes interphase?
occupies the majority of the cell cycle, includes G1,S, and G2 stages, results in an increase in cell size
elastic connective
occurs in some ligament attachments between vertebrae and larger artery walls
living bone tissue is composed of __.
one- third organic matrix and two- thirds inorganic matrix
diffusion of water through a differentially permeable membrane is called
osmosis
Frequent cell division occurs in the ___________________ of the epidermis.
stratum basale
frequent cell division occurs in the ___ of the epidermis
stratum basale
in the set-up in the figure below, which of the following statements would describe what would be observed after 12 hours of time have elapsed
the level of the solution in the tube would rise because there are now more dissolved solutes in the tube than the beaker
in the set-up shown in the figure below, which of the following statements would describe what wold be observed after 12 hours of time have elapsed?
the level of the solution in the tube would rise because there are now more dissolved solutes in the tube than the beaker
what changed occurred in the intensity of the light in the field of view when you exchanged the low- power objective?
the light intensity decreased when exchanged the low-power object for the high-power objective
all of the following structures are considered parts of the integumentary system, except
the skin, skin glands, hair, and nails
what is the function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?
they dissolve bone to release calcium salts into the blood
how does the skin of your palm differ from that on the back (posterior) of your hand? the skin of the palm is ___ than the back of the hand. there are also are ___ on the palm that may help function in grasping objects such as when opening a jar. the back of the hand is ___ because it is exposed to ___ more than the palm.
thicker; creases; grasping; darker; UV sun rays
which of the following is the function of the endocrine system?
to secrete hormones
if your classmates asked you to point your digital region, where would you point?
to your fingers or toes
blood
transports nutrients and defends against disease
the ___ plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
transverse
a frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. true/ false
true
a transverse plane can also be called a horizontal plane. true/ false
true
adipose, areolar, and reticular connective tissue are considered loose connective tissue types. true/ false
true
cell membranes are freely permeable to water. true/ false
true
diffusion is the movement of a molecule from an area of high to low concentration. true/ false
true
the anterior body cavitry consists of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. true/ false
true
the nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores. true/ false
true
when should the chemical fume hood be used?
when using hazardous chemicals
in the tonicity in potato cells activity
when water entered the cells it caused the potato to stay crisp
in the tonicity in potato strips activity, you soaked potato strips in different solutions. you were then able to determine the tonicity of the solutions based on
whether the potato was crips or flaccid