Exam 1 Questions

The theory-data cycle A. Allows researchers to refine their theories in response to new data. B. Is only used for translational research C. Only concerns theories that make causal claims D. Is a measure of how valid an operational definition is

A. Allows researchers to refine their theories in response to new data

Identify the type of claim. "Listening to white noise increases the proportion of time people spend in deep sleep." A. Causal claim B. Frequency claim C. Association claim D. None of the above

A. Causal claim

Identify the validity that best goes with the description below. The extent to which the scale appears to be measuring the variable. A. Face B. Predictive C. External D. Construct

A. Face

Jeremy is reading the following headline on an online blog: "Greek Life raises self-esteem." In the study, they surveyed students from different colleges in the US and asked them number of months they spent in a fraternity or sorority. They measured self-esteem using the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy (JFI) Scale, which is a validated self-report inventory that measures self-esteem. This self-esteem scale also has been shown to have a good test-retest correlation of r = .92 over a 1-week interval and a Cronbach's alpha of .83. The results showed a significant relationship between time spent in a Greek organization (fraternity or sorority) and self-esteem. Pearson's r for the correlation was .65. Suppose you want to replicate this study, but you would like to use a different measure of self-esteem that you developed. You administer the same questionnaire to participants one week apart, and find that participants' responses were very different the second time they took the questionnaire, you would have a problem with: A. Test-retest reliability. B. Confirmation bias. C. Statistical validity. D. Convergent validity.

A. Test-rest reliability

Audrey, a senior thesis student, is interested in the relation between childhood residential mobility and adulthood socio-emotional outcomes. She predicts that moving from one home to another as a child might negatively influence trust as an adult. To test her claim, she asks participants to self-identify whether they moved often as a child or not. She then asks them to complete questionnaires about trust in friendships. Later, she compares responses of those who moved with those who did not. Audrey's hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean? A. The theory may need to be revised. B. The theory is now proven wrong. C. Audrey must have collected the data incorrectly. D. Audrey must have picked her subjects incorrectly.

A. The theory may need to be revised

Identify the level of measurement for the following variable: Level of education coded as: 1=High School, 2=Some College, 3=College Graduate, 4=Graduate Degree A. Ordinal B. Interval C. Ratio D. Nominal

A. ordinal

Identify the validity that best goes with the description below. The extent to which the scale relates to a relevant outcome or behavior that occurs in the future after the scale is completed. A. Predictive B. Face C. Construct D. External

A. predictive

Which of the following is a problem presented by the availability heuristic? A. we do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of. B. we rely on the opinions of others rather than on our own opinions C. It keeps us from examining our own experience D. We will never be right in our conclusions

A. we do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of

Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research? A. undergoing a brain scan B. Administering an anxiety questionnaire C. Writing an opinion article about a psychological study D. Applying a new therapy technique

B. Administering an anxiety questionnaire

Dr. Valencia publishes a study where she finds that middle school students who use social media tend to be more narcissistic than those who don't use social media. To measure narcissism, she used the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Clarissa and her friends read Dr. Valencia's article and are discussing it. Clarissa questions the study, saying "I am not sure that I am convinced — I am not sure you can really measure narcissism." Quinn also questions the claim, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious whether the results generalize to both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between playing using social media and narcissism and whether there's a potential false positive here due to small sample size." Quinn's concern is addressing which of the following? A. Statistical validity B. External validity C. Construct validity D. Internal validity

B. External validity

Identify the level of measurement for the following variable: The number of problems a student successfully solves on a math test. A. ordinal B. ratio C. interval D. nominal

B. Ratio

For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement? A. Observational measurement B. Self-report measurement C. Physiological measurement D. Archival measurement

B. Self-report measurement

Dr. Valencia publishes a study where she finds that middle school students who use social media tend to be more narcissistic than those who don't use social media. To measure narcissism, she used the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Clarissa and her friends read Dr. Valencia's article and are discussing it. Manish is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between playing using social media and narcissism and whether there's a potential false positive here due to a small sample size." Manish's concern is addressing which of the following? A. Internal validity B. Statistical validity C. Construct validity D. External validity

B. Statistical validity

Audrey, a senior thesis student, is interested in the relation between childhood residential mobility and adulthood socio-emotional outcomes. She predicts that moving from one home to another as a child might negatively influence trust as an adult. To test her claim, she asks participants to self-identify whether they moved often as a child or not. She then asks them to complete questionnaires about trust in friendships. Later, she compares responses of those who moved with those who did not. What is the dependent variable in Audrey's study? A. Trust B. This is a correlational study so there are no dependent variables C. the students who participate D. Moving

B. This is a correlational study so there are no dependent variables

Jeremy is reading the following headline on an online blog: "Greek Life raises self-esteem." In the study, they surveyed students from different colleges in the US and asked them number of months they spent in a fraternity or sorority. They measured self-esteem using the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy (JFI) Scale, which is a validated self-report inventory that measures self-esteem. This self-esteem scale also has been shown to have a good test-retest correlation of r = .92 over a 1-week interval and a Cronbach's alpha of .83. The results showed a significant relationship between time spent in a Greek organization (fraternity or sorority) and self-esteem. Pearson's r for the correlation was .65. What kind of a variable is the duration of Greek affiliation? A. A manipulated nominal variable B. A measured ratio variable C. A measured quantitative variable D. A manipulated quantitative variable

B. a measured ratio variable

RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse. "Which type of claim is Dr. Ramon making? A. association claim B. causal claim C. frequency claim D. anecdotal claim

B. causal claim

Identify the level of measurement for the following variable: Dates (1015, 2018 etc.) A. ratio B. interval C. ordinal D. nominal

B. interval

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing? A. the construct validity of the study B. the external validity of the study C. the statistical validity of the study D. the internal validity of the study

B. the external validity of the study

Selecting only homeless individuals to participate in our study even though we have no real theoretical reason to use the homeless violates which ethical principle? A. The principle of integrity. B. The principle of justice. C. The principle of respect for persons. D. The principle of beneficence.

B. the principle of justice

The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report? A. The principle of beneficence B. The principle of justice C. the principle of integrity D. the principle of respect for persons

B. the principle of justice

Jeremy is reading the following headline on an online blog: "Greek Life raises self-esteem." In the study, they surveyed students from different colleges in the US and asked them number of months they spent in a fraternity or sorority. They measured self-esteem using the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy (JFI) Scale, which is a validated self-report inventory that measures self-esteem. This self-esteem scale also has been shown to have a good test-retest correlation of r = .92 over a 1-week interval and a Cronbach's alpha of .83. The results showed a significant relationship between time spent in a Greek organization (fraternity or sorority) and self-esteem. Pearson's r for the correlation was .65. Jeremy has concerns about the blogpost. Why would Jeremy be concerned? A. Because the study only provides support for a causal claim, but the blogpost asserts an association claim. B. Because internal validity doesn't need to be evaluated when internal reliability is high. C. Because the study only provides evidence for an association claim, and but the blogpost asserts a causal claim. D. Because the study only provides evidence for a frequency claim.

C. Because the study only provides evidence for an association claim, and but the blogpost asserts a causal claim

Dr. Valencia publishes a study where she finds that middle school students who use social media tend to be more narcissistic than those who don't use social media. To measure narcissism, she used the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Clarissa and her friends read Dr. Valencia's article and are discussing it. Clarissa questions the study, saying "I am not sure that I am convinced — I am not sure you can really measure narcissism." Quinn also questions the claim, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious whether the results generalize to both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between playing using social media and narcissism and whether there's a potential false positive here due to small sample size." Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following? A. External validity B. Statistical validity C. Construct validity D. Internal validity

C. Construct validity

Identify the validity that best goes with the description below. The extent to which the results of a study generalize to a larger population or to other situations A. Face B. predictive C. External D. Construct

C. External

Identify the level of measurement for the following variable: Discipline techniques parents use in response to their child's tantrum. 1=Bribes, 2=Ignoring, 3=Reasoning, 4=Threats, 5= Spanking, 6= Other A. Interval B. Ratio C. Nominal D. Ordinal

C. Nominal

Jeremy is reading the following headline on an online blog: "Greek Life raises self-esteem." In the study, they surveyed students from different colleges in the US and asked them number of months they spent in a fraternity or sorority. They measured self-esteem using the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy (JFI) Scale, which is a validated self-report inventory that measures self-esteem. This self-esteem scale also has been shown to have a good test-retest correlation of r = .92 over a 1-week interval and a Cronbach's alpha of .83. The results showed a significant relationship between time spent in a Greek organization (fraternity or sorority) and self-esteem. Pearson's r for the correlation was .65. What is a possible confound in this study? A. Self-esteem B. Duration of Greek affiliation C. Personality type D. Researchers do not have to worry about confounds in this study.

C. Personality Type

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. If Dr. Sheffield's measure does not actually measure pathological gambling, his measure is said to lack which of the following? A. Conceptualization B. Operationalization C. Validity D. Reliability

C. Validity

A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients, and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have: A. a reliable way to measure depressive symptoms B. psychotherapy to supplemental the drug C. a comparison group that did not receive the drug D. A hypothesis

C. a comparison group that did not receive the drug

Dr. Valencia publishes a study where she finds that middle school students who use social media tend to be more narcissistic than those who don't use social media. To measure narcissism, she uses the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Clarissa and her friends read Dr. Valencia's article and are discussing it. Clarissa questions the study, saying "I am not sure that I am convinced — I am not sure you can really measure narcissism." Quinn also questions the claim, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious whether the results generalize to both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between playing using social media and narcissism and whether there's a potential false positive here due to small sample size." In this scenario, Dr. Valencia uses multiple questions to improve: A. Criterion validity B. Face validity C. Convergent validity D. Discriminant validity

C. convergent validity

Jeremy is reading the following headline on an online blog: "Greek Life raises self-esteem." In the study, they surveyed students from different colleges in the US and asked them the number of months they spent in a fraternity or sorority. They measured self-esteem using the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy (JFI) Scale, which is a validated self-report inventory that measures self-esteem. This self-esteem scale also has been shown to have a good test-retest correlation of r = .92 over a 1-week interval and a Cronbach's alpha of .83. The results showed a significant relationship between time spent in a Greek organization (fraternity or sorority) and self-esteem. Pearson's r for the correlation was .65. Which of the following is NOT a variable in this study? A. Self-esteem B. College the student attends C. Country of origin D. Duration of Greek affiliation

C. country of origin

When is it acceptable for a researcher to study only participants from a specific group, such as a researcher studying depression in a sample of Native American women? A. if the research has a special access to the specific group (e.g the research works on a Native American reservation) B. If the specific group being studied has participated in similar research previously (e.g earlier studies of intelligence in Native American women) C. If the specific group being is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g if depression rates are higher in Native American women) D. It is never acceptable for such a specific group to be studied

C. if the specific group being studied (e.g. if depression rates are higher in Native American women)

Audrey, a senior thesis student, is interested in the relation between childhood residential mobility and adulthood socio-emotional outcomes. She predicts that moving from one home to another as a child might negatively influence trust as an adult. To test her claim, she asks participants to self-identify whether they moved often as a child or not. She then asks them to complete questionnaires about trust in friendships. Later, she compares responses of those who moved with those who did not. Audrey's prediction that "adults who moved from one home to another as a child will trust their friends less than those who did not move as a child" would best be described as which of the following? A. a theory B. research C. data D. a hypothesis

D. A hypothesis

Identify the type of claim. "Preschoolers who skip naps are worse at a memory game than those who take naps." None of the above Causal claim Frequency claim Association claim

D. Association claim

Identify the type of claim. According to Frank Sinatra "People who make it in New York City tend to make it anywhere" A. Causal claim B. Frequency claim C. None of the above D. Association claim

D. Association claim

Which of the following is an example of being a consumer of research? A. Measuring dopamine levels in patients with schizophrenia B. Consenting to participate in a research study C. Administering a questionnaire of PTSD symptoms D. Attending a psychological conference

D. Attending a psychological conference

What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially? A. anonymous research and confidential research are the same thing B. Anonymous research collects sensitive information about participants confidential research collects non-sensitive information about participants C. Confidential research collects sensitive information about participants anonymous research collects non-sensitive information about participants D. Confidential research collects participants names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants names

D. Confidential research collects participants' names but separate them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names

Identify the validity that best goes with the description below. The extent to which the measure provides an accurate estimate of the theoretical construct. A. Predictive B. Face C. External D. Construct

D. Construct

Lana is writing her first empirical journal article. Although she thinks she knows why she found the results she did, she also wants to mention some alternative explanations for her findings. In which section will she mention these alternative explanations? A. method B. references C. results D. Discussion

D. Discussion

___________ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory. A. Application B. Falsifiability C. Theorizing D. Empiricism

D. Empiricism

Which of the following is true of variables? A. All variables can be manipulated B. Variables are the same as constants C. Variables only need conceptual definitions D. Some variables can be either manipulated or measured

D. Some variables can be either manipulated or measured

The defining characteristic of empirical reasoning is that we use _______ in order to evaluate our ideas about the nature of the world: A. Replication B. Reliable anecdotes C. Introspection D. Systematic observations

D. Systemic observations

Dr. Valencia finds an association between social media use and narcissism, but then over the next couple of years 10 studies with large representative sample do not show an effect. Dr. Valencia here may have initially committed a ______ error in her conclusion. A. Measurement error B. Type II error C. Random error D. Type I error

D. Type I error

_____ indicates accuracy. _____ indicates consistency. A. Sensitivity, Lack of Bias B. Falsifiability, Lack of Bias C. Reliability, Validity D. Validity, Reliability

D. Validity, Reliability

Which view in SPSS shows information about the variables in your data? A. None of the above, these only allow me to view information and not enter it myself. B. Data view C. Output view D. Variable view

D. Variable view

Audrey, a senior thesis student, is interested in the relation between childhood residential mobility and adulthood socio-emotional outcomes. She predicts that moving from one home to another as a child might negatively influence trust as an adult. To test her claim, she asks participants to self-identify whether they moved often as a child or not. She then asks them to complete questionnaires about trust in friendships. Later, she compares responses of those who moved with those who did not. Audrey's general statement on "negative relations between residential mobility and adulthood socioemotional outcomes" would best be described as which of the following? A. Research B. Data C. A hypothesis D. A theory

D. a theory

Naomi is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To do this, she has elementary school students rate how popular each member of their class is. She then uses this information to rank the students on popularity (e.g., John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular). Which of the following best describes this variable? A. an interval scale of measurement B. a self-report measurement C. a categorical measurement D. an ordinal scale of measurement

D. an ordinal scale of measurement

Sasha recently saw a news story about a woman run over by a horse. She began to believe that such tragedies are quite common. She is now refusing to let anyone in her family even get close to a horse. This is an example of which of the following? A. Fourth cell reasoning B. overconfidence C. cherry-picking of evidence D. availability heuristic

D. availability heuristic

A clinician is testing an intervention that treats dyslexia (reading disability). He has administered the intervention to all his patients and all of them have experienced an increase in their reading performance as measured by standardized measures of reading. Although this is interesting, his approach is limited because he does not have a: A. Reliable way to measure reading. B. A drug to supplement the intervention. C. Hypothesis. D. Comparison group that did not receive the intervention.

D. comparison group that did not receive the intervention

Jeremy is reading the following headline on an online blog: "Greek Life raises self-esteem." In the study, they surveyed students from different colleges in the US and asked them number of months they spent in a fraternity or sorority. They measured self-esteem using the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy (JFI) Scale, which is a validated self-report inventory that measures self-esteem. This self-esteem scale also has been shown to have a good test-retest correlation of r = .92 over a 1-week interval and a Cronbach's alpha of .83. The results showed a significant relationship between time spent in a Greek organization (fraternity or sorority) and self-esteem. Pearson's r for the correlation was .65. Suppose you want to replicate this study, but you would like to develop a new measure of self-esteem. You believe your measure is better because you see a strong correlation between your measure and the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy (JFI) Scale, and your measure is not as correlated with introversion as the JFI measure is. Thus, you have support for: A. Good convergent but poor discriminant validity. B. Good criterion validity and good discriminant validity. C. Poor convergent but good discriminant validity. D. Good convergent and good discriminant validity.

D. good convergent and good discriminant validity

Audrey, a senior thesis student, is interested in the relation between childhood residential mobility and adulthood socio-emotional outcomes. She predicts that moving from one home to another as a child might negatively influence trust as an adult. To test her claim, she asks participants to self-identify whether they moved often as a child or not. She then asks them to complete questionnaires about trust in friendships. Later, she compares responses of those who moved with those who did not. Audrey wants to increase the external validity of her study. To meet this goal, she should: A. Check whether there are any confounds in the study. B. Hold as many variables constant as possible. C. Ensure that the questionnaires have high internal reliability. D. Include participants from different countries.

D. include participants from different countries

Audrey, a senior thesis student, is interested in the relation between childhood residential mobility and adulthood socio-emotional outcomes. She predicts that moving from one home to another as a child might negatively influence trust as an adult. To test her claim, she asks participants to self-identify whether they moved often as a child or not. She then asks them to complete questionnaires about trust in friendships. Later, she compares responses of those who moved with those who did not. What type of measurement is Audrey using? A. Observational B. Archival C. Physiological D. Self-report

D. self-report

Jeremy is reading the following headline on an online blog: "Greek Life raises self-esteem." In the study, they surveyed students from different colleges in the US and asked them number of months they spent in a fraternity or sorority. They measured self-esteem using the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy (JFI) Scale, which is a validated self-report inventory that measures self-esteem. This self-esteem scale also has been shown to have a good test-retest correlation of r = .92 over a 1-week interval and a Cronbach's alpha of .83. The results showed a significant relationship between time spent in a Greek organization (fraternity or sorority) and self-esteem. Pearson's r for the correlation was .65. How can we BEST interpret the result for the relationship between Greek affiliation and self-esteem? A. Duration of Greek affiliation is not related to self-esteem levels. B. It is proven that there is a strong relationship between Greek affiliation and self-esteem in this sample. C. Greater durations of Greek affiliation are related to lower self-esteem. D. The longer students are affiliated with a Greek organization, the higher is their self-esteem

D. the longer students are affiliated with a Greek organization, the higher is their self-esteem

Jeremy is reading the following headline on an online blog: "Greek Life raises self-esteem." In the study, they surveyed students from different colleges in the US and asked them number of months they spent in a fraternity or sorority. They measured self-esteem using the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy (JFI) Scale, which is a validated self-report inventory that measures self-esteem. This self-esteem scale also has been shown to have a good test-retest correlation of r = .92 over a 1-week interval and a Cronbach's alpha of .83. The results showed a significant relationship between time spent in a Greek organization (fraternity or sorority) and self-esteem. Pearson's r for the correlation was .65. How can we interpret the Cronbach's alpha? A. The measure has inter-rater reliability. B. The measure has strong test-retest reliability. C. The measure has strong internal validity. D. The measure has strong internal reliability.

D. the measure has strong internal reliability