Exam 1 Review for modules 1-5
what is the name when both traits are expressed? example: the color of flowers
Codominance
what is the name for not expressed as presence/ absence rather as continuum? example; eye color
Continuous expression
what is (continuously present in a population) vs. Pandemic (extensive outbreak)
Endemic
current ethnography to help understand arch record is what?
Enthoarchaeology
what is the name for the study of gene expression as affected by environmental influences? example; rat licking
Epigenetics
View from your own cultural bias vs other cultures within their own perspective and recognizing their metris
Ethnocentrism vs Cultural relativism
what is a name for race improvement?
Eugenics
the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection is what?
Evolution
what does taxonomic classification allow us to find?
Evolution lineages
What factors act to change allele frequencies?
Factors that affect evolution(example; gene flow, genetic drift)
what is the name for notion that species, once created, can never change ?
Fixity of species
an expert who applies the study of physical anthropology and human skeletons in a legal setting, usually criminal cases is what?
Forensic Anthropology
What are some examples of natural selection?
Galapagos finches, peppered moths
Morphological similarities vs focus on derived traits (a lot more research)
phenetics vs cladistics
what is the name for the expression of genetic traits?
phenotype
what trait is observable and is a measurable trait?
phenotypic trait
what is composed of local populations that differ in the expression of one or more traits?
polytypic species
what was Malthus's theory?
population growth, food supplies
what is the distribution of one pair of alleles into gametes doe not influence the distribution of another pair ?
principle of independent assortment
what is alleles occur in pairs, in gamete production, members of each gene pair separate, during fertilization number of chromosomes restored)?
principle of segregation
claims that do not follow the scientific method but often claim to be science is what?
pseudoscience
what is the exchange of genetic material between different organisms during sexual reproduction, which leads to production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent & is a source of genetic variation?
recombination
what is the passing of genes onto the next generation in a way that they too can pass genes on?
reproductive sucess
what happens when there is insufficient amounts of Vitamin D during childhood?
rickets
a process of explaining natural phenomena by means of observation, developing explanations, or hypotheses is what?
science and the scientific method
what is the emergence of the ideas of science in the 16th century in Europe?
scientific revolution
If the environment changes, then what also changes?
selective pressures
what is the issue with race based medicine?
self identification vs genetic test
physical/visible differences between males and females within a group is what
sexual dimorphism
what is an example of gene flow (exchange of genes between populations)?
sickle cell trait
what kind of populations are affected by genetic drift/founder effect?
small populations
what is the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution?
speciation
-state the research problem -develop a hypothesis -test the hypothesis through data collection and analysis -is the hypothesis is verified, it may support a theory
steps for the scientific method
Cultural Archaeology Biological Linguistic are subfields of?
subfields of Anthropology
what is the branch of science concerned with the rules of classifying organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationships & who is the precursor to Darwin?
taxonomy & Linneaus
what is a broad statement of scientific relationship or underlying principles that has been substantially verified through the testing of hypothesis?
theory
what is genetically determined characteristic--measure of comparison for physical anthropology?
trait
what forces in the environment that influence reproductive success in individuals ?
Selective pressures
how bones and other materials come to be buried and the fossilized is what
Taphonomy
what are anthropologists interested in?
The human language, culture, societies, biological and material remains
what is based on the ideas that all species are related and gradually change over time ?
Theory of evolution
If there are long term environmental changes in a consistent direction then what also changes?
allele frequencies
what is another name for genes
alleles
what is Allens rule?
appendages and climate(colder climate=short limbs, warmer climate=long limbs)
what is the process by which living forms with traits better enable them to adapt to specific environmental pressures?
favorable variations
what measures the relative reproductive success of individuals?
fitness
Where does the alteration need to occur to have evolutionary significance?
gamete
what recombines genetic material into new ways?
genetic variation
what is the name for genetic traits
genotype
what trait is a set of genes in our DNA?
genotypic trait
what is the name for different alleles at the same locus?
heterozygous
what is a gradual change and relationships, natural selection, adapt ?
evolution
Existing variation may be favorable to certain individuals. This enables them to better adapt, survive and reproduce is how selective pressures affect what?
evolution/natural selection
how does fitness relate to natural selection?
favorable traits and passing them on
who came up with this theory?
Both Darwin and Wallace
three geological eras
Paleozoic, Mesozoic (dinos), Cenozoic (humans)
Explain why the rate of sickle cell gene lower in Africans?
Absence of malaria mosquitoes, gene flow
what appears during reproduction whether organisms are multiplying asexually or sexually?
Accumulation of variations
evolutionary process that fits organisms to their environment, enhancing their evolutionary fitness is what?
Adaptation
how does the shape of the sickle cell relate to fighting malaria?
Affected cells, no oxygen, parasite can survive
a proposed epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on earth geology and ecosystems nut isn't limited to anthropogenic climate change is what
Anthropocene
What did Darwin use for Malthus?
Availability of resources, favorable traits, competition
why were peas easy to study phenotypically
Because they had 7 characteristics affected at alleles at only one genetic locus Shape, color, texture
Human biology and culture influence each other is what?
Bicultural evolution
examples of mendelian traits
Blood type, cheek dimples (dominant), face freckles (dominant)
gene structure and action; patterns of trait inheritance, parent to offspring is what?
Genetics
catastrophism- the earth changes through sudden catastrophic events, all species are well adapted to their environments. Who is this?
Georges Curvier
who Crossed different strains of purebred plants and studied their pogency and his work illustrates the basic rules of inheritance?
Gregor Mendel
what is the mathematical formula, helps predict distribution of alleles in a population. Central theorem of population genetics ?
Hardy Weinburg Equilibrium
Inheritance of acquired characteristics is what precursor to Darwin?
Lamarck
What focuses on how language influences society and people's lives ?
Linguistic anthropology
long term of evolution
Long term (skin color) vs short term physiological responses (high altitude)
big change in changes in evolution is what?
Macroevolution
small change in changes in evolution is what?
Microevolution
evolution of relationships, humans, non human primates, DNA, relatedness is what?
Molecular anthropology
factors that produce and redistribute variation?
Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift/founder effect, natural selection, recombination)
A trait must be inherited if natural selection is to act on it Natural selection cannot occur without population variation in inherited characteristics Fitness is a relative measure that changes as the environment changes Natural selection acts on traits that interact with the environment and are genetic ARE ALL ELEMENTS OF ?
Natural selection
what is the name for the product or result of something; an animals child?
Offspring
what is the name for skeletal material?
Osteology
what is the name for tasing disease in skeletal remains?
Paleopathology
what is the name for the branch of zoology that deals with primates?
Primatology
Think about traits that individuals have inherited from an ancestor or those they have developed independently is what?
Primitive vs derived traits
what does dark skin protect from?
UV burns and skin cancer and protects from folate degradation
what is the name for theory that earth's features are the result of long term processes that continue to operate in the present & who's theory is this?
Uniformitarianism and Lyell
what is a different or distinct form of a version of something ?
Variation
how is uniformitarianism different from catastrophism?
View that the earth's geological landscapes is the result of violent cataclysmic events
who are the both men published a joint paper arguing the theories of evolution and natural selection?
Wallace and Darwin
what is the temporary or permanent depending on how long the individual experiences changes in the environment?
accumulation
how was his view different from Lamarcks?
acquired/ inherited vs selection
species taking advantage of new ecological niches---can also lead to new species is what
adaptive radiation
what is the idea that the cultural and biological variations are inherited in the same way ?
biological determinism
what is begmanns rules?
body size climate (stockier=cold, slender=heat)
A group based on evolutionary relationships with a common ancestor and its descendants & forms through speciation
clade
homologies vs analogies
common ancestors vs function
what is the activity or condition of competing?
competition
Detailed descriptive studies of human societies is what?
cultural anthropology: Ethnography
what happens when dark skin are in places with not a lot of skin?
dark skin can preclude UV absorption which helps provide vitamin D
The number of young raised successfully to the point where they can, themselves, reproduce and pass on their genes is what?
differential net reproductive success
what is the name for the dominant allele that is expressed over the recessive one?
dominance
what is the name for the same alleles at the same locus?
homozygous
lactose intolerance examples
how culture influence genetics
what is a proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation?
hypothesis
what traits genetically transmitted from parents to offspring?
inherited
a big change in evolution is what?
macroevolution
what trait deals with the characteristics that are influenced by alleles at only one genetic locus ?
mendelian traits
a small change in evolution is what?
microevolution
examples of disease vectors
mosquitos and fleas
what is the only way to produce a new gene?
mutation
what is the productive directional change in allele frequency relative to specific environmental factors?
natural selection
what is variation already exists, nature acts on it, some individuals survive/reproduce, and pass on their genes & who's view of evolution is this?
natural selection & Darwin Wallace
is Darwin the only one credited with evolution?
no, Alfred Wallace had equal contributions
how does evolution affect our everyday?
viruses, pest control, crop production
