Exam 1,2,3 review
connective tissue in tendons is
dense regular collagenous tissue
which of the following situations occurs during an action potential in a muscle or nerve cell
depolarization to threshold causes voltage- gated sodium ion channels to open
what is the end of a long bone
epiphysis
What is the site of long bone growth
epithelial plate
acetylcholine is released from the presynaptic terminal by the process of
exocytosis
which muscle extends the four lateral toes
extensor digitorum longus
which abdominal wall muscle is the most superficial of the oblique muscles
external abdominal oblique
which skull canal conveys sound waves to the eardrum
external auditory canal
When you lick frosting off a knife with the tip of your tongue and find the frosting has an orange flavor to it, which cranial nerve is being used to determines the taste
facial
motor control of the face is the function of the _____ nerve, while sensation from the face is determined by the ____ nerve
facial, trigeminal
if a person fell down the steps and then developed pain down his anterior thigh into the knee, which spinal nerve was probably damaged
femoral
which of the following is not a coxal bone
femur
the opposite of extension is
flexion
if a person drums their fingers on the table, they would be using hat muscle
flexor digitorum profundus
the spinal cord begins at the
foramen magnum
intramembranous ossification
forms the bones of the roof of the skull
a neuron is receiving a stimulus which gets stronger and stronger the result is
frequency of occurrence of action potentials increases
the central sulcus separates the
frontal and parietal lobes
raising the eyebrows is an action of the ____ muscle
frontalis
the adductor longus is named for its
function and size
adipose tissue
functions as an insulator and a site of energy storage
cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in
ganglia
which of the following muscles is used when walking on your tiptoes
gastrocnemius
the insertion for the supraspinatus is the ____ and the primary action is ______
greater tubercle of the humerus, abducts the arm
troponin
has a calcium binding site
woven bone
has collagen fibers randomly oriented
lower motor neurons can be described as
having axons extending into peripheral nerves
which of the following muscles is part of the rotator cuff
infraspinatus
when a skeletal muscle contracts to cause a given movement, the more movable end of attachment to the muscle is termed
insertion
the cerebellum functions as a comparator. this means that the cerebellum compares....
intended movements with actual movements
which of the following muscles contracts during forced expiration/ exhale
internal intercostals
a neuron within the CNS that carries action potentials from one neuron to another is called
interneuron
the site where spinal nerves exit the vertebral column is the
intervertebral foramen
muscles that change the shape of the tongue are called
intrinsic muscles
the opposite of eversion is
inversion
which of the following is correctly matched A) lateral malleolus- distal end of tibia B) patella- bone within the quads C) medial malleolus- proximal end of tibia D) greater trochanter- distal shaft of femur E)tibial tuberosity- superior to the patella
patella- bone within the quads
in an EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)there is a
local depolarization of the cell body or dendrite
which of the following muscles of the chest has its insertion on the humerus
pectoralis major
the covering of the outer surface of the bone is the
periosteum
reflexes function in
maintaining blood pressure, removing the bod from painful stimuli, maintaining blood CO2 levels, keeping the body from falling (all choices)
the extrapyramidal system
maintains control of unconscious movements
Some marrow of long bones is termed red marrow. The function of red marrow is to
manufacture blood cells
which of the following muscles is involved with chewing
masseter
which of these activities is associated with the left cerebral hemisphere
math and speech
Which of the following bones contains a sinus
maxilla
the muscles responsible for extending the wrist and fingers are mostly found on the _____ of the forearm, while the muscles responsible for flexing the wrist and fingers are found mostly on the ____ of the forearm
posterior, anterior
an injury to the wrist that results in edema in the carpal tunnel would comoress the _____ and cause numbness in the thumb and 2-3 fingers and weakness of the thenar muscles
median nerve
which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord
medulla oblongata
the nervous system
monitors internal and external stimuli, interprets or assesses info, tansmits info in the form of action potentials, maintains homeostasis )all choices)
lesion of the basal nuclei could cause
movement dysfunction of the hands or the head
the sensory receptor of the stretch reflex is the
muscle spindle
the brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following
muscles of the arm and forearm
using the biceps brachii to flex the forearm requires innervation of the ____ nerve
musculocutaneus
ATPase is found in
myosin heads
which of the following is mismatched
myosin myofilaments- thin myofilaments
which of the following is not a carpal
navicular
when the myosin head flexes into a bend, pulling the actin filament along with it, this is called the
power stroke
the adaptive significance of the crossed extensor reflex when a person steps on a tack is to
prevent the person from falling done
chromatin condenses and nucleoli disappear during _____ of mitosis
prophase
which of the following matrix molecules in cartilage tends to trap large quantities of water
proteoglycan
flexion of the hip is a movement produced by the
psoas major and iliacus
If you break the lateral bone of your forearm, you have fractured you
radius
what type of tissue contains cells called neurons
nervous tissue
gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called
nodes of Ranvier
adduction of the thigh involves what nerve
obturator nerve
A person who gets hit on the back of the head might suffer injury to which of these bones
occipital
in the process of diffusion, net movement of substances is always from a region
of higher concentration to lower concentration
the sarcomere extends from
one Z disk to an adjacent Z disk
the ventral root of a spinal nerve contains
only motor fibers
the digastric muscle is involved in
opening the mouth
of the following muscles of the head, which one wraps around the orbits
orbicularis oculi
closing or puckering the lips is an action of the ____ muscle
orbicularis oris
the brachioradialis is named for its
origin and insertion
what type of cells break down bone tissue
osteoclast
the cell type that is responsible for maintaining bone once it has been formed is the
osteocyte
which type of bone cells lie in lacunae
osteocytes
Osteoclast activity is increased by
parathyroid hormone
muscles exhibit the property of excitability. this means that the muscle
responds to stimulation by the nervous system
the sleep/ wake cycle is influenced by the
reticular formation
which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton
rib
what organelles are the sites of protein synthesis
ribosomes
contracting the right sternocleidomastoid muscle would
rotate the head toward the left
the muscle that is used to cross the legs is the
sartorius
an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is
scoliosis
ATP
serves as the energy currency of the cell
which of the following is correctly matched? short bone- carpal bone irregular bone- femur flat bone- phalanges of the toes long bone- vertebra short bone- humerus
short bone- carpal bone
what type of epithelial tissue is found in the stomach
simple columnar epithelium
hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused by an increase in the
size of muscle fibers
movement of food through the digestive tract results from the action os
smooth muscle
which type of muscle tissue has spindle shaped cells
smooth muscle
depolarization of the nerve cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx of
sodium ions
during an action potential, depolarization of the cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid inflow of
sodium ions
ehich of the following is mismatched A PNS- sensory and motor divisions B CNS- brain C PNS- spinal nerves D somatic nervous system- sensory division of the PNS E ANS- sympathetic and parasympathetic
somatic nervous system- sensory division of the PNS
when two action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron
spatial summation occurs
The foramen magnum is a large opening in the base o the skill for the ____.
spinal cord
the sarcoplasmic reticulum
stores calcium ions
The epidermis of the skin is composed of
stratified squamous epithelium
during a spinal tap, cerebrospinal fluid is obtained from which of the following locations
subarachnoid space
which of the following describe the position of the nose
superior to the mouth
the junction of a neuron with another cell is a
synapse
most of the joints in the appendicular skeleton are _____ joints
synovial
transcription
synthesizes RNA from DNA
the tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and the fibula is the
talus
the region of the sarcomere that contains both actin and myosin myofilaments is called
the A band
oxygen deficit represents
the amount of oxygen that cells need to replenish ATP supplies after exercise
what if found in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord
the cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
what is found in the dorsal root ganglion
the cell bodies of pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons
homeostasis is defined as
the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body
the coccyx is
the most inferior portion of the vertebral column
the prime mover is
the muscle that does most of the movement
whole muscles can respond in a graded fashion to stimuli by varying
the number of motor units recruited
the primary somatic sensory or general sensory area is located in
the postcentral gyrus
impulses that initiate motivation of forethought originate in
the prefrontal area
the various types of epithelium are classified by
the shape of cells and number of cell layers
the origin in
the stationary end of the muscle
the cerebral gyri increase
the surface area of the cortex
the cerebral aqueduct connects
the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle
which of the following statements concerning fast twitch muscles is true
they split ATP rapidly
the speed of an action potential depends upon
thickness of the myelin sheath, whether an axon is myelinated or not, the diameter of the axon (all choices)
which ventricle is located between the two halves of the thalamus
third ventricle
the ribs articulate with the _____ vertebrae
thoracic
the extensor pollicis brevis moves the
thumb
which nerve is involved when a dancer points her toes
tibial
the sciatic nerve is composed of th
tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve
the type of cell connection that serves as a permeability barrier is a
tight junction
what type of epithelial tissue is found in the urinary bladder
transitional epithelium
which of the following muscles moves the scapula
trapezius
which of the following has its insertion on the olecranon process of the ulna
triceps brachii
a symporter will transport _____ across the cell membrane
two different ions or molecules in the same direction
the sagittal suture is located between the
two parietal bones
Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true
when blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases
which of the following correctly describes myoglobins special function in muscle tissue A) stores glucose B) acts as a reservoir for oxygen C) breaks down glycogen D) synthesizes ATP E) produces action potentials
B
which of these muscles origin in on the anterior inferior iliac spine A sartorius B rectus femoris C biceps femoris D vastus lateralis E all
B
an isometric contraction is described as
a muscle produces an increasing tension as the length remains constant
an eccentric contraction is described as
a muscle produces tension by the length of the muscle is increasing
an antagonist is
a muscle working in opposition to another muscle
dysfunction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle could result from damage to the
accessory nerve
which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera
accessory nerve
synaptic vesicles in the neuromuscular junction contain
acetylcholine
the active sites to which cross bridges attach are found on the
actin myofilaments
the oculomotor nerve
adjust pupil size to the level of lighting and controls four of the six eye muscles
saltatory conduction of an action potential means
an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node
All of the synthesis reactions in the body are called
anabolism
the middle, thin spider like layer of the meninges is the
arachnoid mater
haversian systems or osteons
are the basic units in compact bone tissue
dendrites
are the input system of of the neuron
smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both
are under involuntary control
the first cervical vertebrae is the
atlas
supination of the forearm and hand is accomplished by the
biceps brachii and supinator
which of the following muscles would be considered an antagonist to the rectus femoris
biceps femoris
which of these muscles origin in the ischial tuberosity and linea aspera
biceps femoris
neurons have a single axon and a single dendrite are
bipolar
A researcher discovered a new hormone that raises blood calcium levels. According to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when
blood calcium levels decrease
collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of
bone matrix
ligaments attach
bone to bone
The thumb and big toe are similar in that
both have two rather than three phalanges
which type of muscle tissue possesses striations
both skeletal and cardiac
which of the arteries supply blood to the brain
both the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries
spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the ____ plexus
brachial
cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the ____ and is reabsorbed by the ____
choroid plexus, arachnoid granulation
Which of the following events occurs during anaphase
chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell
what structural feature of the brain circulation creates collateral circulation for blood into the brain
circle of Willis
tracts of white matter that connect the right and left hemispheres are composed of
commissural fibers
T tubule
conduct action potentials deep into the muscle cell
a general characteristic of connective tissue is that it
consists of cells with much intercellular material (matrix) between them
a proper definition of muscle tone is
constant tension produced by muscles for long periods of time
the primary motor area
contains a larger area for control of the hand and fingers than for control of the arm and elbow
spongy bone tissue
contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae
muscle tissue is characterized by its
contractility
the zygomaticus major muscle
contributes to laughing and smiling
the ANS
controls organs and smooth muscles
the insertion for the pectoralis minor is
coracoid process
cutting off your nose would be a section in the _____ plane
coronal
what is the large C- shaped mass of white matter that consists of nerve fibers that connect to the two cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
the ___ tract and the ____ tract make up the pyramidal system
corticospinal, corticobulbar
articular cartilage
covers the ends of bones in synovial joints
rigor mortis occurs after death because
cross bridges form but cannot release
Synovial fluid
decreases friction between bone
enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions by
decreasing the activation energy of the reaction
the fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the
decussation of the pyramids in the medulla
arrange the lust of biochemical events that occur during excitation- contraction coupling in the correct sequence 1 action potential is conducted deep into the muscle fiber by the T tubule 2 calcium ions bind to troponin 3 the membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum become more permeable to calcium ions 4 calcium ions diffuse into the sarcoplasm around the myofibril 5 the troponin-tropomyosin complex moves exposing active sites
1,3,4,2,5
organize the following structural levels of the human body from simplest to most complex 1) cell 2) tissue 3) chemical 4) organ system 5) organ
3,1,2,5,4
arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct sequence 1) sodium ions diffuse into the cell and cause a local potential 2) neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell 3) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft 4) membrane permeability to sodium ions on postsynaptic cell increases 5) action potential causes release of neurotransmitter
5 3 2 4 1
place the parts of the reflex arc in the correct order beginning with sensory receptor ! motot nerron 2 interneuron 3 effectr 4 sensory enuron 5 sensory receptor
5 4 2 1 3
there are _____ cervical spinal nerves
8
which of the fllowing is true A optimal actina and myosin overlap will produce maximal contraction B overstretching a muscle will increase its tension C the greatest amount of tension is achieved when actin and myosin do not overlap D tension is great when actin and myosin overlap as much as they can E the greater the overlap of actin and myosin, the stronger the contraction
A
which of the following events is not a characteristic of an action potential A as sodium enters the, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative B in repolarization, K ios flow out of the cell C action potentials occur according to the all or none principle d at the peak of depolarization, sodium channels close and K channels open E the plasma membrane sodium channels open and depolarization results
A
which of the following helpe explain the increased tension seen in multiple wave summation A) increased concentration fo calcium ions around the myofibrils B decreased stimulus frequency C the breakdown of eleastic elements ub the cell D increased motor unit recruitment E exposure of more active sites on myosin myofilaments
A
which of the following is mismatched A microglia- support neuron celll body B astrocytes- blood brain barrier C oligodendrocytes- form myelin sheaths D ependymal cells- prodcue cerebral spinal fluid E ependymal cells- choroid plexus
A
which of the following statements regarding neuroglia is false A produce action potentials for skeletal muscles B form part of the blood brain barrier C serve as supporting tissue in CNS D produce cerebral spinal fluid E form myelin sheaths around some axons
A
whih of the following is true during the resting membrane potential A a greater concentration fo calcium ions is found inside the cell B potassium is concentrated ptmarily inside the cell C negatively charged proteins are more concentrated outside the cell D sodium ion concentration is greater inside the cells E none
B
which of the following is an example of procedural or implicit memory A reciting a poem B remembering your a name C riding a bike D locating russia on a globe E being afraid of snakes
C
which of the following is false A the ventral root of the spinal cord converys motor nerves impulses away from the spinal cord B the dorsal root of the spinal cord conveys sensory nerve impulses to the spinal cord C the posterior horn of the cord contains the cell bodies of motor neurons D the dorsal and ventral roots unite to form spinal nerves E the ventral root is formed by the axons of neurons in the lateral and anterior horns
C
which of the following is not a function of the cerebellum A control of posture, locomotion, fine motor coordination B control of spinal muscles to maintain balance C control the heart rate D coordinate the control of voluntary movements E help with muscle tone
C
which of the following sets of directional terms are most appropriately rferred to as oppsoites A) medial and inferior B anterior and deeo C distal and proximal D superior and central E lateral and superior
C
which of the following is correctly associated with the medulla oblongata A contains enlargements called cerebral peduncles B gives rise to conscious thoughts C relays sensory info D contains nuclei for regulation of heart rate and blood vessel diameters E most superior portion of the brainstem
D
callie is a world class marathon runner. which of the descriptions about her dominant type of skeltal muscle in her legs is false A they have a well developed blood supply they have large deposits of myoglobin they have low glycogen stores D they split ATP rabidly E they are well developed to anaerobic activity
E
whch of the following is NOT a function of skeletal musscle A respiration B production of heat C maintainence of posture D body movement E constriction of organs
E
which of the following muscles in names for its shape A adductor pollicis B pectoralis major C pectoralis minor D vastus lateralis E trapezius
E
which of the following pairs of terms are opposites A) pronation - rotation B) inversion - retraction C) elevation- protraction D) abduction- extension E) plantar flexion- dorsiflexion
E
which of the following statements are true A) the spinal cord protects the vertebral column B) lumbar vertebraae are generally smaller than thoracic vertebrae C) the ffirst certical vertebrae is the axis D) the sacral vertebrae are superior to the lumbar vertebrae E) thoracic vertebrae have long, thin spinous processes
E
which of these muscles inserts on the greater trocanter A vastus lateralis psoas gluteus maximus tensor fascia lata gluteus medius
E
Scwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which way
Scwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons
a synergist is
a group of muscles that work together to cause movement
the function of acetylcholinesterase is to
breakdown acetylcholine in the synapse
the perineurium
bundles axons into fascicles
white matter is composed of
bundles of myelinated axons
when a nerve action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of the neuromuscular junction, the next step is?
calcium ions diffuse into the presynaptic terminal through voltage gated ion channels
dermatomal maps are important clinically because they
can be used to help locate nerve damage
what type of muscle is found in the wall of the heart
cardiac muscle
which type of muscle tissue causes contraction of the heart
cardiac muscle
chondroblasts produce
cartilage matrix
the _____ region of the vertebral column located in the neck
cervical
the major movement produced during quiet breathing is accomplished y the
diaphragm
An x-ray determines that Peter fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _____ of the bone
diaphysis
damage to the phrenic nerve would result in
difficulty breathing
the thickest of the meninges is the
dura mater
cations and anions that dissociate in water are sometimes called
electrolytes, because they can conduct an electrical current
covalent bonds form when
electrons are shared between two atoms
Ossification that involves replacing cartilage with bone is
endochondral
the study of tissues is
histology
which of the following brain areas serves as the major control center of the ANS and the endocrine system
hypothalamus
the conus medullaris
is a tapered, cone like region inferior to the lumbar enlargement
during absolute refractory period, the cell
is insensitive to further stimulation
a fasciculus
is surrounded by perimysium
complete tetanus
is the condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there is no intervening relaxations
a person with a fractures mandible has a broken
jaw
in the body's lever systems, the
joint represents the fulcrum point
a waste product of anaerobic respiration in muscles cells is
lactic acid
the time between application of the stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of contraction is called the _____ phase
latent or lag
the thumb is ____ to the fifth digit
lateral
the infraspinatus
laterally rotates the arm
cartilaginous joints
unite two bones by means of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
which of the following nitrogen bases is found in RNA but not DNA
uracil
if abdominal muscles are contracted while the vertebral column is fixed this will aid in
urination, defecation, vomiting, childbirth (all choices)
a deer hunter lost the hearing in his right ear, his hearing loss is the result of damage to what nerve
vestibulocochlear
what chemical ingested or synthesized by the body is necessary for calcium absorption from the intestines
vitamin D
channels that open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge or voltage across the plasma membrane are called
voltage- gated ion channels
a reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the
withdrawal reflex
aerobic respiration
yields as many as 36 ATP per glucose molecule metabolized